54503 Results for: "Enzyme+Assays"

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) was initially characterized as a growth factor that can support the in vitro colony formation of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors. It is produced by a number of different cell types (including activated T cells, B cells, macrophages, mast cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts) in response to cytokine of immune and inflammatory stimuli. Besides granulocyte-macrophage progenitors, GM-CSF is also a growth factor for erythroid, megakaryocyte and eosinophil progenitors. On mature hematopoietic, monocytes/ macrophages and eosinophils. GM-CSF has a functional role on non-hematopoitic cells. It can induce human endothelial cells to migrate and proliferate. Additionally, GM-CSF can also stimulate the proliferation of a number of tumor cell lines, including osteogenic sarcoma, carcinoma and adenocarcinoma cell lines.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

Immunoglobulin alpha Fc Receptor (IgA Fc Receptor) is a member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily. It is a transmembrane glycoprotein present on the surface of myeloid lineage cells such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and eosinophils, where it mediates immunologic responses to pathogens through the charged arginin residue within its transmembrane domain. IgA Fc Receptor binds both IgA1 and IgA2 with similar affinity. The site of interaction between FCAR and IgA was identified in the first extracellular domain of FCAR and the C2/C3 junction of IgA. It interacts with IgA-opsonized targets and triggers several immunologic defense processes, including phagocytosis, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and stimulation of the release of inflammatory mediators. FCAR is also expressed on Kupffer cells in the liver, where it was suggested to provide a second line of defense.

Supplier: Bioss

Ubiquitin is an abundant, highly conserved protein found in all eukaryotic cells either free or covalently attached to cellular proteins. The primary function of ubiquitin in mammalian systems is to clear abnormal, foreign, and improperly folded proteins by targeting them for proteosome degradation. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ubiquitin-like proteins include Rub1, Ula1, Uba3, Smt3, Ubc2, Ubc12 and Ubc9. Rub1 shares 53% homology with ubiquitin and requires activation via the E2 proteins, including Ula1, Uba3 and Ubc12 in order to conjugate to substrates directed to different proteolytic systems. Ubc4 catalyzes ubiquitination of IkBa in a phosphorylation and SCFB-TRCP dependent manner. In this particular reaction, E1 first transfers ubiquitin to the E2 component Ubc4, and Ubc4 then associates with E3 ligase, which conjugates the poly-ubiquitin chain on a target protein. In this fashion, the chain tags the IkBa for degradation by a proteasome thus lifting the inhibitory effect of IkBa on NFkB and allowing NFkB to enter the nucleus.

Supplier: Bioss

Function as a weak apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endodeoxyribonuclease in the DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway of DNA lesions induced by oxidative and alkylating agents. Initiates repair of AP sites in DNA by catalyzing hydrolytic incision of the phosphodiester backbone immediately adjacent to the damage, generating a single-strand break with 5'-deoxyribose phosphate and 3'-hydroxyl ends. Displays also double-stranded DNA 3'-5' exonuclease, 3'-phosphodiesterase activities. Shows robust 3'-5' exonuclease activity on 3'-recessed heteroduplex DNA and is able to remove mismatched nucleotides preferentially. Shows fairly strong 3'-phosphodiesterase activity involved in the removal of 3'-damaged termini formed in DNA by oxidative agents. In the nucleus functions in the PCNA-dependent BER pathway. Required for somatic hypermutation (SHM) and DNA cleavage step of class switch recombination (CSR) of immunoglobulin genes. Required for proper cell cycle progression during proliferation of peripheral lymphocytes.

Supplier: Bioss

Ubiquitin is an abundant, highly conserved protein found in all eukaryotic cells either free or covalently attached to cellular proteins. The primary function of ubiquitin in mammalian systems is to clear abnormal, foreign, and improperly folded proteins by targeting them for proteosome degradation. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ubiquitin-like proteins include Rub1, Ula1, Uba3, Smt3, Ubc2, Ubc12 and Ubc9. Rub1 shares 53% homology with ubiquitin and requires activation via the E2 proteins, including Ula1, Uba3 and Ubc12 in order to conjugate to substrates directed to different proteolytic systems. Ubc4 catalyzes ubiquitination of IkBa in a phosphorylation and SCFB-TRCP dependent manner. In this particular reaction, E1 first transfers ubiquitin to the E2 component Ubc4, and Ubc4 then associates with E3 ligase, which conjugates the poly-ubiquitin chain on a target protein. In this fashion, the chain tags the IkBa for degradation by a proteasome thus lifting the inhibitory effect of IkBa on NFkB and allowing NFkB to enter the nucleus.

Supplier: Bioss

Function as a weak apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endodeoxyribonuclease in the DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway of DNA lesions induced by oxidative and alkylating agents. Initiates repair of AP sites in DNA by catalyzing hydrolytic incision of the phosphodiester backbone immediately adjacent to the damage, generating a single-strand break with 5'-deoxyribose phosphate and 3'-hydroxyl ends. Displays also double-stranded DNA 3'-5' exonuclease, 3'-phosphodiesterase activities. Shows robust 3'-5' exonuclease activity on 3'-recessed heteroduplex DNA and is able to remove mismatched nucleotides preferentially. Shows fairly strong 3'-phosphodiesterase activity involved in the removal of 3'-damaged termini formed in DNA by oxidative agents. In the nucleus functions in the PCNA-dependent BER pathway. Required for somatic hypermutation (SHM) and DNA cleavage step of class switch recombination (CSR) of immunoglobulin genes. Required for proper cell cycle progression during proliferation of peripheral lymphocytes.

Supplier: Thermo Fisher Scientific

GeneJET™ Whole Blood Genomic DNA Purification Mini Kit utilises silica-based membrane technology in the form of a convenient spin column, eliminating the need for expensive resins, toxic phenol-chloroform extractions, or time-consuming alcohol precipitation. The standard procedure takes less than 20 minutes following cell lysis and yields purified DNA greater than 30 kb in size. Isolated DNA can be used directly in PCR, Southern blotting, and enzymatic reactions.

Supplier: VWR Collection

Multi-purpose, high wattage, constant temperature, VWR® digital block heaters are economical, versatile and compact. These digital models provide reproducable results, exceptional temperature uniformity, and are ideal for a wide range of applications. Temperature calibration mode allows the user to calibrate the unit to an external temperature device. In timed mode, an alarm will sound when the time reaches zero and the unit reaches set point temperature.

Supplier: EPPENDORF

Eppendorf® Safe-Lock 1,5 ml microtubes ensure secure sample storage. With a patented Safe-Lock design, these microtubes prevent accidental opening, safeguarding samples. Ideal for diverse applications, they offer reliability, durability, and ease of use in a 1,5 ml capacity.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

CCL16 is a member of CC chemokine family. CCL16 cDNA encodes a 120 amino acid peptide along with a 23 amino acids signal peptide that is cleaved to generate 97 amino acid protein. CCL16 is distantly related to other CC chemokines, showing less than 30% sequence identity. CCL16 elicits its effects on cells by interacting with cell surface chemokine receptors such as CCR1, CCR2, CCR5 and CCR8. Recombinant CCL16 has been shown to chemoattract human monocytes and THP1 cells but not resting lymphocytes nor neutrophils. CCL16 has potent myelosuppressive activity, suppresses proliferation of myeloid progenitor cells. CCL16ninduces a calcium flux in THP1 cells that can be desensitized by prior exposure to RANTES, suggesting that CCL16 and RANTES share the same receptor in THP1 cells.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

Hemoglobin subunit theta-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HBQ1 gene. Theta-globin mRNA is originally found in human fetal erythroid tissue but not in adult erythroid or other nonerythroid tissue. Theta-1 is a member of the human alpha-globin gene cluster that includes five functional genes and two pseudogenes. Research supports a transcriptionally active role for the gene and a functional role for the peptide in specific cells, possibly those of early erythroid tissue. Hemoglobin has a quaternary structure characteristically composed of many multi-subunit globular proteins. Most of the amino acids in hemoglobin form alpha helices, connected by short non-helical segments. Hydrogen bonds stabilize the helical sections inside this protein, causing attractions within the molecule, folding each polypeptide chain into a specific shape. Hemoglobin's quaternary structure comes from its four subunits in roughly a tetrahedral arrangement.

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Tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9(TNFRSF9), also known as CD137 and 4-1BB, is an inducible T cell surface protein belonging to the tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily. It is a single-pass type I membrane protein which contains 4 TNFR-Cys repeats. The human and mouse proteins share 60% amino acid sequence identity. CD137 is expressed by mesenchymal cells, including endothelial cells, chondrocytes, and cells of the central nervous system. CD137 is also broadly expressed by cells of the human immune system, is broadly expressed by cells of the human immune system, including activated CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, activated natural killer (NK) cells, follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) and monocytes. CD137 has diverse roles in the immune response, the one key function is to promote the survival of both T cells and dendritic cells by binding the cognate ligand CD137L (4-1BBL).

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

Serpins are a group of proteins with similar structures that were first identified as a set of proteins able to inhibit proteases. They are the largest and most diverse family of serine protease inhibitors which are involved in a number of fundamental biological processes such as blood coagulation, complement activation, fibrinolysis, angiogenesis, inflammation and tumor suppression and are expressed in a cell-specific manner. Serpin E1 is a secreted protein which belongs to the Serpin family. Serpin E1 acts as 'bait' for tissue plasminogen activator, urokinase, and protein C. Its rapid interaction with TPA may function as a major control point in the regulation of fibrinolysis. Defects in SERPINE1 are characterized by abnormal bleeding due to Serpin E1 defect in the plasma. High concentrations of Serpin E1 have been associated with thrombophilia which is an autosomal dominant disorder in which affected individuals are prone to develop serious spontaneous thrombosis.

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CD276, also known as B7-H3, is a member of the B7 superfamily with signature IgV and IgG regions in extracellular domains. It is a type I transmembrane protein and shares 20–27% amino acid identity with other B7 family members. B7-H3 is involved in the activation of T lymphocytes, and regulates murine bone formation. It is also reported that B7-H3 may play an important role in muscle-immune interactions, providing further evidence of the active role of muscle cells in local immunoregulatory processes. B7-H3 is expressed on T-cells, natural killer cells, and antigen presenting cells, as well as some non-immune cells, such as osteoblasts, fibroblasts, fibroblast-like synoviocytes and epithelial cells. High expression of B7-H3 in tumour vasculature also correlates with poor survival in patients, suggesting that it may play a role in tumour cell migration.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

ST2, also called IL-1 R4, is an Interleukin-1 receptor family glycoprotein that plays a role in Th2 immune responses. ST2 is expressed on the surface of mast cells, activated Th2 cells, macrophages, and cardiac myocytes. This receptor is very similar to the IL-1 receptor type I and the IL-18 receptor alpha chain in that ST2 also has three extracellular Ig domains and an intracellular Toll domain. ST2 binds IL-33, enhances inflammatory cytokines by activating nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinases. ST2 exists as either a membrane bound form (ST2L) or as a soluble form (sST2). ST2L acts as a transmembrane signalling receptor for IL-33 by mediating the effect of IL-33 on the inflammatory process, while sST2 can suppress IL-33 activity.

Supplier: Tonbo Biosciences

The PC61.5 antibody is specific for mouse CD25, a 55 kDa surface protein also known as the Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha chain, or IL-2R alpha. CD25 may bind IL-2 by itself, although with low affinity and without induction of cell signaling. CD25 is also expressed within a high-affinity complex, along with the IL-2R beta chain (CD122) and the common gamma chain (CD132), to form a signaling receptor complex. Expression of CD25 varies during developmental stages of T and B cells, is induced on activated mature T and B cells, and is present on subsets of dendritic cells. CD25 signaling as part of the IL-2 receptor complex triggers T cell activation and proliferation, as well as modulating the differentiation and function of Th17 cells, T regulatory (Treg) cells, and dendritic cells.

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Involucrin is expressed in a range of stratified squamous epithelia, including the cornea, which lacks a distinct cornified layer. In normal epidermis, it is first expressed in the upper spinous layers, and in keratinocyte cultures, all cells that have left the basal layer express it. Involucrin expression is altered in pathological conditions: in psoriasis and other benign epidermal hyperplasias, involucrin expression begins closer to the basal layer than normal; expression is abnormal in squamous cell carcinomas and premalignant lesions, and is reduced in severe dysplasias of the larynx and cervix.

Supplier: Seward (FermionX)

Stomacher® lab blenders offer fast reliable blending and homogenisation of a broad range of laboratory samples. The Stomacher® machines work by the action of twin reciprocating paddles on the sample contained inside a sterile plastic bag.

Supplier: Tonbo Biosciences

The CD28.2 antibody reacts with human CD28, a 44 kDa type I surface glycoprotein which acts as a co-stimulatory receptor in support of the T cell receptor (TCR). CD28 exists as a homodimer with specificity for two known ligands, known as B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86), which are expressed on activated B cells and antigen-presenting cells. These ligands trigger CD28 signaling in concert with TCR activation to drive T cell proliferation, induce high-level expression of IL-2, impart resistance to apoptosis, and enhance T cell cytotoxicity. The interaction / co-stimulatory signaling between the B7 ligands and CD28 provides crucial communication between T cells and B cells or APCs to coordinate the adaptive immune response. Other members of the CD28 family of receptors include CTLA-4 (CD152), PD-1 (CD279), ICOS and BTLA.

Supplier: Tonbo Biosciences

The CD28.2 antibody reacts with human CD28, a 44 kDa type I surface glycoprotein which acts as a co-stimulatory receptor in support of the T cell receptor (TCR). CD28 exists as a homodimer with specificity for two known ligands, known as B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86), which are expressed on activated B cells and antigen-presenting cells. These ligands trigger CD28 signaling in concert with TCR activation to drive T cell proliferation, induce high-level expression of IL-2, impart resistance to apoptosis, and enhance T cell cytotoxicity. The interaction / co-stimulatory signaling between the B7 ligands and CD28 provides crucial communication between T cells and B cells or APCs to coordinate the adaptive immune response. Other members of the CD28 family of receptors include CTLA-4 (CD152), PD-1 (CD279), ICOS and BTLA.

Supplier: Tonbo Biosciences

The UCHT1 antibody is specific for human CD3e, also known as CD3 epsilon, a 20 kDa subunit of the T cell receptor complex, along with CD3 gamma and CD3 delta. These integral membrane protein chains assemble with additional chains of the T cell receptor (TCR), as well as CD3 zeta chain, to form the T cell receptor – CD3 complex. Together with co-receptors CD4 or CD8, the complex serves to recognize antigens bound to MHC molecules on antigen-presenting cells. These interactions promote T cell receptor signaling (T cell activation), inducing cell proliferation, differentiation, production of cytokines or activation-induced cell death. CD3 is differentially expressed during thymocyte-to-T cell development and on all mature T cells.

Supplier: Bioss

APOBEC proteins inhibit retroviruses by deaminating cytosine residues of viral RNA and DNA. The seven APOBEC3 genes or pseudogenes are found in a cluster thought to result from gene duplication on chromosome 22. Like APOBEC3G, APOBEC3F deaminates deoxycytosine to deoxyuracil in the minus strand of HIV-1 DNA, resulting in G to A hypermutation in the plus strand of DNA. Thus, APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F provide a mechanism for innate immunity to retroviruses, and are also likely contribute to sequence variation observed in many viruses. Viral infectivity factor (Vif) imparts APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F resistance to HIV through impaired translation of their mRNA and accelerated posttranslational degradation of the APOBEC3 proteins by the 26S proteasome. Interestingly, HIV-1 Vif cannot form a complex with APOBEC3G or APOBEC3F of mouse origin as it does with the human protein, and thus mouse APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F function as a potent inhibitors of wildtype HIV-1 replication, where human APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F are only able to inhibit Vif-deficient HIV-1 replication. This implies that induction of APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F activity or a method of blocking their interaction with Vif may provide a method for therapeutic intervention.

Supplier: Bioss

APOBEC proteins inhibit retroviruses by deaminating cytosine residues of viral RNA and DNA. The seven APOBEC3 genes or pseudogenes are found in a cluster thought to result from gene duplication on chromosome 22. Like APOBEC3G, APOBEC3F deaminates deoxycytosine to deoxyuracil in the minus strand of HIV-1 DNA, resulting in G to A hypermutation in the plus strand of DNA. Thus, APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F provide a mechanism for innate immunity to retroviruses, and are also likely contribute to sequence variation observed in many viruses. Viral infectivity factor (Vif) imparts APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F resistance to HIV through impaired translation of their mRNA and accelerated posttranslational degradation of the APOBEC3 proteins by the 26S proteasome. Interestingly, HIV-1 Vif cannot form a complex with APOBEC3G or APOBEC3F of mouse origin as it does with the human protein, and thus mouse APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F function as a potent inhibitors of wildtype HIV-1 replication, where human APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F are only able to inhibit Vif-deficient HIV-1 replication. This implies that induction of APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F activity or a method of blocking their interaction with Vif may provide a method for therapeutic intervention.

Supplier: Bioss

APOBEC proteins inhibit retroviruses by deaminating cytosine residues of viral RNA and DNA. The seven APOBEC3 genes or pseudogenes are found in a cluster thought to result from gene duplication on chromosome 22. Like APOBEC3G, APOBEC3F deaminates deoxycytosine to deoxyuracil in the minus strand of HIV-1 DNA, resulting in G to A hypermutation in the plus strand of DNA. Thus, APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F provide a mechanism for innate immunity to retroviruses, and are also likely contribute to sequence variation observed in many viruses. Viral infectivity factor (Vif) imparts APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F resistance to HIV through impaired translation of their mRNA and accelerated posttranslational degradation of the APOBEC3 proteins by the 26S proteasome. Interestingly, HIV-1 Vif cannot form a complex with APOBEC3G or APOBEC3F of mouse origin as it does with the human protein, and thus mouse APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F function as a potent inhibitors of wildtype HIV-1 replication, where human APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F are only able to inhibit Vif-deficient HIV-1 replication. This implies that induction of APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F activity or a method of blocking their interaction with Vif may provide a method for therapeutic intervention.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

C-C Motif Chemokine 3-Like 1 (CCL3L1) is a secreted protein that belongs to the intercrine beta (chemokine CC) family. CCL3L1 is a ligand for CCR1, CCR3 and CCR5. CCL3L1 binds to several chemokine receptors including chemokine binding protein 2 and chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 (CCR5). CCR5 is a co-receptor for HIV, and binding of this protein to CCR5 inhibits HIV entry. The processed form LD78-beta (3-70) shows a 20-fold to 30-fold higher chemotactic activity and is a very potent inhibitor of HIV-1-infection. The copy number of this gene varies among individuals: most individuals have 1-6 copies in the diploid genome, although rare individuals have zero or more than six copies. The human genome reference assembly contains two full copies of the gene (CCL3L3 and CCL3L1) and a partial pseudogene. This record represents the more centromeric full-length gene.

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EGF-Like Repeat and Discoidin I-Like Domain-Containing Protein 3 (EDIL3) is a 52 kDa extracellular matrix protein that is expressed by endothelial tissues during embryonic vascular development. EDIL3 becomes quiescent at the time of birth, and is no longer expressed in normal adult tissues. EDIL3 has been found to be re-expressed in a number of human tumors as well as in ischemic muscles and ischemic brain tissue, which may play an important role in adult angiogenesis. EDIL3 promotes adherence and migration of endothelial cells, and acts as an endothelial cell survival agent through upregulation of Bcl-2 expression. EDIL3 has also been shown to be an endogenous inhibitor of inflammatory cell recruitment by interfering with the integrin LFA-1-dependent leukocyte-endothelial adhesion. Human EDIL3 is synthesized as a precursor with a 16 amino acid signal sequence and a 464 amino acid mature chain.

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CD274, also known as B7-H1 or programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), is a 40 kD type I transmembrane protein and a member of the B7 family within the immunoglobulin receptor superfamily. Programmed death-1 ligand-1 (PD-L1, CD274, B7-H1) has been identified as the ligand for the immunoinhibitory receptor programmed death-1(PD1/PDCD1) and has been demonstrated to play a role in the regulation of immune responses and peripheral tolerance. By binding to PD1 on activated T-cells and B-cells, PD-L1 may inhibit ongoing T-cell responses by inducing apoptosis and arresting cell-cycle progression. Accordingly, it leads to growth of immunogenic tumour growth by increasing apoptosis of antigen specific T cells and may contribute to immune evasion by cancers. PD-L1 thus is regarded as promising therapeutic target for human autoimmune disease and malignant cancers.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

Tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1B (TNFRSF1B) is a member of the tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily. Human TNF RII contains four cysteinerich repeats in its ECD, which shares 58% and 56% amino acid sequence identity with the mouse and rat orthologs, respectively.TNF RII is expressed predominantly on cells of the hematopoietic lineage, such as T and natural killer cells, as well as on endothelial cells, microglia, astrocytes,neurons, oligodendrocytes, cardiac myocytes, thymocytes, and mesenchymal stem cells. TNF RII binds to the membrane bound forms of TNF alpha and Lymphotoxin alpha/TNF beta ;soluble TNF is thought to signal predominately through TNF RI. Soluble TNF RII is believed to inhibit TNF biological activity by binding TNF thereby preventing it from activating membrane TNF receptors.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

Podoplanin is a type-1 transmembrane protein that belongs to Podoplanin family. PDPN expressed in various specialized cell types throughout the body. It highly expressed in placenta, lung, skeletal muscle and brain, weakly expressed in brain, kidney and liver. In placenta, PDPN expressed on the apical plasma membrane of endothelium, in lung, expressed in alveolar epithelium. PDPN physiological function is related to its mucin-type character. PDPN may be involved in cell migration and/or actin cytoskeleton organization. When expressed in keratinocytes, induces changes in cell morphology with transfected cells showing an elongated shape, numerous membrane protrusions, and major reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, increased motility and decreased cell adhesion. It requires for normal lung cell proliferation and alveolus formation at birth and Induces platelet aggregation. Nevertheless, it doesn’t have any effect on amino acid transport and the aquaporin-type water channels.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

Members of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family, including GDNF and Neurturin, play key roles in the control of vertebrate neuronal survivial and differentiation. GDNF is a glycosylated, disulfide-bonded homodimer that is distantly related to the TGF superfamily of growth factors. Three receptors for these factors, GFR alpha-1, GFR alpha-2, and GFR alpha-3 have been identified. The receptors do not contain transmembrane domains and are attached to the cell membrane by glycosyl-phosphoinositol linkage. Both GFR alpha-1 and GFR alpha-2 have been shown to mediate the GDNF-dependent and Neurturin-dependent phosphorylation and activation of the tyrosine kinase Ret. GFR-3 is expressed only during development. GFR alpha-2 binds Neurturin and mediates activation of RET receptor tyrosine kinase by both Neurturin and GDNF.