192502 Results for: "Comparator+Kits&pageNo=50&view=easy"

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Cysteine string proteins (CSPs) are synaptic vesicle-associated, secretory vesicle proteins that are involved in Ca2+-regulated exocytosis of synaptic vesicles and modulation of presynaptic transmembrane calcium fluxes in neuroendocrine and endocrine cell types. CSP contains a J-domain that binds HSP 70/HSC 70 chaperone ATPases and a membrane-targeting, palmitoylated cysteine-rich string region. CSPs may act as molecular chaperones in synapses, and mediate conformational folding of components of the vesicular exocytotic machinery. CSP is involved in the fine tuning of neurotransmission through its interaction with receptor-coupled trimeric GTP binding proteins (G proteins) and N-type Ca2+ channels. Two variants of CSP have been described: CSP1; and the 31 amino acid, C-terminally truncated isoform, CSP2. Subcellular fractionation of insulinoma cells shows CSP1 in granular fractions, while the membrane and cytosol fractions contain predominantly CSP2. The fractions also contain additional proteins, presumably CSP dimers. Furthermore, in various mammalian cell lines (including rat brain) CSP1 expression predominates CSP2 expression.

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Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by bone marrow failure, birth defects and chromsomal instability (1,2). The FA Group C complementation group gene encodes the protein FANCC, which is located in both cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments. FANCC is expressed in a cell cycle-dependent manner, with the lowest levels at the G1/S boundary and the highest levels in the M-phase. The FANCC protein interacts with other FA complementation group proteins as well as non-FA proteins (3). A human a spectrin II (designated aSpIIs) acts as a scaffold to enhance interactions between FANCC and FANCA to form a nuclear complex (4,5). Another binding partner of FANCC is the BTB/POZ domain containing protein FAZF, which is a transcriptional repressor (6). In hematopoietic cells expressing mutant FANCC, PKR is constitutively phosphorylated and has increased binding affinity for double-stranded RNA (7,8), which suggests that FANCC indirectly suppresses the activity of PKR. These cells are also apoptotic and are hypersensitive to IFNg and TNFa (8). In addition, FANCC protein is involved in the activation of STAT1 through receptors for at least three hematopoietic growth and survival factors (8).

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Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by bone marrow failure, birth defects and chromsomal instability (1,2). The FA Group C complementation group gene encodes the protein FANCC, which is located in both cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments. FANCC is expressed in a cell cycle-dependent manner, with the lowest levels at the G1/S boundary and the highest levels in the M-phase. The FANCC protein interacts with other FA complementation group proteins as well as non-FA proteins (3). A human a spectrin II (designated aSpIIs) acts as a scaffold to enhance interactions between FANCC and FANCA to form a nuclear complex (4,5). Another binding partner of FANCC is the BTB/POZ domain containing protein FAZF, which is a transcriptional repressor (6). In hematopoietic cells expressing mutant FANCC, PKR is constitutively phosphorylated and has increased binding affinity for double-stranded RNA (7,8), which suggests that FANCC indirectly suppresses the activity of PKR. These cells are also apoptotic and are hypersensitive to IFNg and TNFa (8). In addition, FANCC protein is involved in the activation of STAT1 through receptors for at least three hematopoietic growth and survival factors (8).

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Caspases are a family of intracellular proteases that mediate cell death and are the principal effectors of apoptosis. Caspase 10 (Mch4, ICE-LAP4, FLICE2) plays an important role in apoptosis induced by a variety of inducers such as TNF alpha and Anti-Fas antibody. It is a large prodomain caspase classified together with caspases 2, 8, and 9 as a signaling caspase. Four isoforms of caspase 10 (caspase 10a, 10b, 10c, and 10d) having the same prodomain but different mature large and small subdomain, have been described. Caspase 10 contains two death domains (DED) involved in linking to the death effector domain of the adapter protein FADD and recruiting the complex to TNFR1 and Fas. The inactive procaspase 10 is variably expressed in many tissues and cell lines as a cytosolic protein. The mature form of caspase 10 comprises two subunits, p23/p17 (splice isoforms) and p12. Interestingly, a caspase 9- dependent processing of caspase 10 by caspase 6 in cell-free extracts has recently been suggested. Caspase 10 can cleave and activate caspases 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 9. This is followed by cleavage of numerous key proteins, including the nuclear protein PARP.

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Uteroglobin belongs to the family of secretoglobins and is a secreted protein product of nonciliated bronchiolar Clara cells. There is convincing data suggesting it has phospholipase A2 inhibitory activity, as well as, a number of other immunomodulatory features including inhibition of interferon gamma signalling and Th1 vs. Th2 lymphocyte regulation. It was proposed as a potential peripheral marker of respiratory epithelial injury and bronchial dysfunction. Clara Cell Protein 16 concentrations have been determined in both serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in numerous studies since 1994. In serum, its increase is associated with age, asbestos, nitrogen chloride and ozone exposure, sarcoidosis and high PEEP ventilation. Decreased serum CC16 levels are found after pulmonary resection, in silica-exposed workers, smokers and in asthma. Decreased CC16 concentrations were also found in the amniotic fluid of fetuses suffering from pulmonary hypoplasia caused by various mechanisms (diaphragmatic hernia, diabetic fetopathy, Turner and Down syndrome). In pleural effusions, the CC16 concentration appears to be associated with its diffusion from the lung as evidenced by high CC16 levels in cardiac pleural congestion.

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Uteroglobin belongs to the family of secretoglobins and is a secreted protein product of nonciliated bronchiolar Clara cells. There is convincing data suggesting it has phospholipase A2 inhibitory activity, as well as, a number of other immunomodulatory features including inhibition of interferon gamma signalling and Th1 vs. Th2 lymphocyte regulation. It was proposed as a potential peripheral marker of respiratory epithelial injury and bronchial dysfunction. Clara Cell Protein 16 concentrations have been determined in both serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in numerous studies since 1994. In serum, its increase is associated with age, asbestos, nitrogen chloride and ozone exposure, sarcoidosis and high PEEP ventilation. Decreased serum CC16 levels are found after pulmonary resection, in silica-exposed workers, smokers and in asthma. Decreased CC16 concentrations were also found in the amniotic fluid of fetuses suffering from pulmonary hypoplasia caused by various mechanisms (diaphragmatic hernia, diabetic fetopathy, Turner and Down syndrome). In pleural effusions, the CC16 concentration appears to be associated with its diffusion from the lung as evidenced by high CC16 levels in cardiac pleural congestion.

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The mitotic checkpoint ensures that chromosomes are divided equally between daughter cells and is a primary mechanism preventing the chromosome instability often seen in aneuploid human tumors. This gene encodes a protein that is one of many involved in mechanisms to ensure proper chromosome segregation during cell division. The encoded protein binds to centromeres during the prophase, metaphase, and early anaphase cell division stages and to kinetochore microtubules during metaphase. It is part of the MIS12 complex, which may be fundamental for kinetochore formation and proper chromosome segregation during mitosis. In mitotic human cells ZW10 resides in a complex with Rod and Zwilch, whereas another ZW10 partner, Zwint-1, is part of a separate complex of structural kinetochore components including Mis12 and Ndc80-Hec1. Zwint-1 is critical for recruiting ZW10 to unattached kinetochores. Depletion from human cells demonstrates that the ZW10 complex is essential for stable binding of a Mad1-Mad2 complex to unattached kinetochores. Thus, ZW10 functions as a linker between the core structural elements of the outer kinetochore and components that catalyze generation of the mitotic checkpoint-derived "stop anaphase" inhibitor.

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Cytokeratins, a group comprising at least 29 different proteins, are characteristic of epithelial and trichocytic cells. Cytokeratins 1, 4, 5, 6, and 8 are members of the type II neutral to basic subfamily. Antibody to cytokeratins are specific markers of epithelial cell differentiation and have been widely used as tools in tumor identification and classification. Anti Pan Cytokeratin (mixture) is a broadly reactive reagent, which recognizes epitopes present in most human epithelial tissues. It facilitates typing of normal, metaplastic and neoplastic cells. Synergy between the various components results in staining amplification. This enables identification of cells, which would otherwise be stained only marginally. The mixture may aid in the discrimination of carcinomas and nonepithelial tumors such as sarcomas, lymphomas and neural tumors. It is also useful in detecting micrometastases in lymph nodes, bone marrow and other tissues and for determining the origin of poorly differentiated tumors. There are two types of cytokeratins the acidic type I cytokeratins and the basic or neutral type II cytokeratins. Cytokeratins are usually found in pairs comprising a type I cytokeratin and a type II cytokeratin. Usually the type II cytokeratins are 8kD larger than their type I counterparts.

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Receptor tyrosine kinase that transduces signals from the extracellular matrix into the cytoplasm by binding to hepatocyte growth factor/HGF ligand. Regulates many physiological processes including proliferation, scattering, morphogenesis and survival. Ligand binding at the cell surface induces autophosphorylation of MET on its intracellular domain that provides docking sites for downstream signaling molecules. Following activation by ligand, interacts with the PI3-kinase subunit PIK3R1, PLCG1, SRC, GRB2, STAT3 or the adapter GAB1. Recruitment of these downstream effectors by MET leads to the activation of several signaling cascades including the RAS-ERK, PI3 kinase-AKT, or PLCgamma-PKC. The RAS-ERK activation is associated with the morphogenetic effects while PI3K/AKT coordinates prosurvival effects. During embryonic development, MET signaling plays a role in gastrulation, development and migration of muscles and neuronal precursors, angiogenesis and kidney formation. In adults, participates in wound healing as well as organ regeneration and tissue remodeling. Promotes also differentiation and proliferation of hematopoietic cells. Acts as a receptor for Listeria internalin inlB, mediating entry of the pathogen into cells.

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FAM36A is a multi-pass membrane protein. It belongs to the FAM36 family. The exact function of FAM36A remains unknown.Chromosome 1 is the largest human chromosome spanning about 260 million base pairs and making up 8% of the human genome. There are about 3,000 genes on chromosome 1, and considering the great number of genes there are also a large number of diseases associated with chromosome 1. Notably, the rare aging disease Hutchinson-Gilford progeria is associated with the LMNA gene which encodes lamin A. When defective, the LMNA gene product can build up in the nucleus and cause characteristic nuclear blebs. The mechanism of rapidly enhanced aging is unclear and is a topic of continuing exploration. The MUTYH gene is located on chromosome 1 and is partially responsible for familial adenomatous polyposis. Stickler syndrome, Parkinsons, Gaucher disease and Usher syndrome are also associated with chromosome 1. A breakpoint has been identified in 1q which disrupts the DISC1 gene and is linked to schizophrenia. Aberrations in chromosome 1 are found in a variety of cancers including head and neck cancer, malignant melanoma and multiple myeloma. The FAM36A gene product has been provisionally designated FAM36A pending further characterization.

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This gene encodes coagulation factor XII which circulates in blood as a zymogen. This single chain zymogen is converted to a two-chain serine protease with an heavy chain (alpha-factor XIIa) and a light chain. The heavy chain contains two fibronectin-type domains, two epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains, a kringle domain and a proline-rich domain, whereas the light chain contains only a catalytic domain. On activation, further cleavages takes place in the heavy chain, resulting in the production of beta-factor XIIa light chain and the alpha-factor XIIa light chain becomes beta-factor XIIa heavy chain. Prekallikrein is cleaved by factor XII to form kallikrein, which then cleaves factor XII first to alpha-factor XIIa and then to beta-factor XIIa. The active factor XIIa participates in the initiation of blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, and the generation of bradykinin and angiotensin. It activates coagulation factors VII and XI. Defects in this gene do not cause any clinical symptoms and the sole effect is that whole-blood clotting time is prolonged. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008].

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Functions in mitochondrial and peroxisomal division. Mediates membrane fission through oligomerization into membrane-associated tubular structures that wrap around the scission site to constrict and sever the mitochondrial membrane through a GTP hydrolysis-dependent mechanism. Through its function in mitochondrial division, ensures the survival of at least some types of postmitotic neurons, including Purkinje cells, by suppressing oxidative damage. Required for normal brain development, including that of cerebellum. Facilitates developmentally regulated apoptosis during neural tube formation. Required for a normal rate of cytochrome c release and caspase activation during apoptosis; this requirement may depend upon the cell type and the physiological apoptotic cues. Also required for mitochondrial fission during mitosis. Required for formation of endocytic vesicles. Proposed to regulate synaptic vesicle membrane dynamics through association with BCL2L1 isoform Bcl-X(L) which stimulates its GTPase activity in synaptic vesicles; the function may require its recruitment by MFF to clathrin-containing vesicles. Required for programmed necrosis execution. Isoform 1 and isoform 4 inhibit peroxisomal division when overexpressed.

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Neurexins comprise a family of neuronal cell surface proteins, which include neurexin I (NRXN1), neurexin II (NRXN2), neurexin III (NRXN3) and Caspr (neurexin IV). Neurexins I-III are expressed as a and b isoforms. The a isoforms are made of three cassettes, which contain two LNS (Laminin A, Neurexins, Sex hormone-binding)-domains separated by EGF domains, followed by a transmembrane region and a 55 amino acid cytoplasmic C-terminal. The a isoforms bind to neurexophilins at the second LNS site and to the excitatory neurotoxin a-latrotoxin. The b isoforms have only one LNS-domain, bind to neuroligins, and play a role in the formation and remodeling of synapes. Caspr (for Contactin-Associated Protein 1, also designated Paranodin in mouse), contains an extracellular domain similar to the other three neurexins, and binds to the surface glycoprotein Contactin. Caspr and the closely related Caspr2, a mammalian homolog of Drosophila Neurexin IV (Nrx-IV), demarcate distinct subdomains in myelinated axons. Specifically, Caspr exists at the paranodal junctions, while Caspr2 colocalizes with Shaker-like K+ channels in the juxtaparanodal region. Caspr may play a role in the communication of glial cells and neurons during development.

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Actin polymerization is required for a variety of cell functions, including chemotaxis, cell migration, cell adhesion, and platelet activation. Cells trigger actin polymerization through either the de novo nucleation of filaments from monomeric actin, the severing of existing filaments to create uncapped barbed ends, or the uncapping of existing barbed ends. The nucleation of actin is a rate-limiting and unfavorable reaction in actin polymerization and therefore requires the involvement of the Arp2/3 complex, which helps create new filaments and promotes the end-to-side cross-linking of actin filaments into the branching meshwork. The Arp2/3 complex consists of the actin-related proteins Arp2 and Arp3, and various other accessory proteins. The Arp2/3 complex promotes actin nucleation by binding the pointed end of actin filaments, or by associating with the side of an existing filament, and nucleates growth in the barbed direction. In addition, the Arp2/3 complex also mediates actin cytoskeletal outgrowths that are regulated by the Rho family of small GTPases. In response to GTP-binding Cdc42, the Arp2/3 complex binds the Cdc42 substrates, namely the WASP proteins, and initiates the formation of lamellipodia and filopodia.

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The activation of RaP1 by cAMP is independent of PKA and is mediated by recently discovered family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) called cAMP-GEFs or Epacs. The Epac signaling therefore represents a novel mechanism for cAMP signaling with in the cAMP cascade. There are 2 members of the Epac family, Epac1 and Epac 2. Both proteins are multidomain proteins containing an autoinhibitory cAMP-binding domain that inhibits the catalytic region and a DEP domain (dishevelled, Egl-10 and pleckstrin homology domain) targeting the membrane anchors. EPAC2 has an additional cAMP-binding site in its N-terminus that binds cAMP with low affinity. EPAC1 mRNA is broadly expressed, with particularly high levels occurring in the thyroid, ovary, kidney and certain brain regions, whereas expression of EPAC2 mRNA appears to be restricted to the brain and adrenal glands. Epac 1 and Epac 2 also interact with light chain 2 (LC2) or MAP1A that serves as a scaffolding structure to stabilize the signal transduction complex. The Epac 1-selective were generated against unique antigenic sequences form near N-terminus and between RasGEFN and Ras GEF domains. The to Epac 1are affinity purified over immobilized antigen based chromatography.

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Receptor tyrosine kinase that transduces signals from the extracellular matrix into the cytoplasm by binding to hepatocyte growth factor/HGF ligand. Regulates many physiological processes including proliferation, scattering, morphogenesis and survival. Ligand binding at the cell surface induces autophosphorylation of MET on its intracellular domain that provides docking sites for downstream signaling molecules. Following activation by ligand, interacts with the PI3-kinase subunit PIK3R1, PLCG1, SRC, GRB2, STAT3 or the adapter GAB1. Recruitment of these downstream effectors by MET leads to the activation of several signaling cascades including the RAS-ERK, PI3 kinase-AKT, or PLCgamma-PKC. The RAS-ERK activation is associated with the morphogenetic effects while PI3K/AKT coordinates prosurvival effects. During embryonic development, MET signaling plays a role in gastrulation, development and migration of muscles and neuronal precursors, angiogenesis and kidney formation. In adults, participates in wound healing as well as organ regeneration and tissue remodeling. Promotes also differentiation and proliferation of hematopoietic cells. Acts as a receptor for Listeria internalin inlB, mediating entry of the pathogen into cells.

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FAHD1 is a 224 amino acid protein belonging to the FAH family. Present as a homodimer, FAHD1 is thought to have hydrolase activity and uses magnesium and calcium as cofactors. The gene that encodes FAHD1 maps to human chromosome 16, which encodes over 900 genes in approximately 90 million base pairs, making up nearly 3% of human cellular DNA. The GAN gene is located on chromosome 16 and, with mutation, may lead to giant axonal neuropathy, a nervous system disorder characterized by increasing malfunction with growth. The rare disorder Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome is also associated with chromosome 16, though through the CREBBP gene which encodes a critical CREB binding protein. Signs of Rubinstein-Taybi include mental retardation and predisposition to tumor growth and white blood cell neoplasias. Crohn's disease is a gastrointestinal inflammatory condition associated with chromosome 16 through the NOD2 gene. An association with systemic lupus erythematosis and a number of other autoimmune disorders with the pericentromeric region of chromosome 16 has led to the identification of SLC5A11 as a potential autoimmune modifier.

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CCDC17, also known as FLJ17921 or RP4-697E16.4, is a 622 amino acid protein expressed as four isoforms and encoded by a gene mapping to human chromosome 1. Chromosome 1 is the largest human chromosome spanning about 260 million base pairs and making up 8% of the human genome. There are about 3,000 genes on chromosome 1, and considering the great number of genes there are also a large number of diseases associated with chromosome 1. Notably, the rare aging disease Hutchinson-Gilford progeria is associated with the LMNA gene which encodes lamin A. When defective, the LMNA gene product can build up in the nucleus and cause characteristic nuclear blebs. The mechanism of rapidly enhanced aging is unclear and is a topic of continuing exploration. The MUTYH gene is located on chromosome 1 and is partially responsible for familial adenomatous polyposis. Stickler syndrome, Parkinsons, Gaucher disease and Usher syndrome are also associated with chromosome 1. A breakpoint has been identified in 1q which disrupts the DISC1 gene and is linked to schizophrenia. Aberrations in chromosome 1 are found in a variety of cancers including head and neck cancer, malignant melanoma and multiple myeloma.

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C19orf28, also known as PP3501, is a multi-pass membrane protein that belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. The gene encoding C19orf28 localizes to chromosome 19 and, due to alternative splicing events, C19orf28 exists as two isoforms. Consisting of around 63 million bases with over 1,400 genes, chromosome 19 makes up over 2% of human genomic DNA. Chromosome 19 includes a diversity of interesting genes and is recognized for having the greatest gene density of the human chromosomes. It is the genetic home for a number of immunoglobulin superfamily members including the killer cell and leukocyte Ig-like receptors, a number of ICAMs, the CEACAM and PSG family, and Fc receptors. Key genes for eye color and hair color also map to chromosome 19. Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, spinocerebellar ataxia type 6, the stroke disorder CADASIL, hypercholesterolemia and insulin-dependent diabetes have been linked to chromosome 19. Translocations with chromosome 19 and chromosome 14 can be seen in some lymphoproliferative disorders and typically involve the proto-oncogene BCL3. The C19orf28 gene product has been provisionally designated C19orf28 pending further characterization.

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The LIN-12/Notch family of transmembrane receptors plays a central role in development by regulating cell fate and establishing boundaries of gene expression. Notch signaling activates the Hairy/Enhancer of split (HES) genes, which encode basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcriptional repressors that are critical for directing embryonic patterning and development. The Hairy-related transcription factors (HRTs) comprise a subclass of bHLH proteins that exhibit structural similarity with the HES proteins and include HRT1, HRT2 and HRT3. The HRT family (also designated Hesr, Hey, CHF and Gridlock) contain a bHLH domain, an Orange domain and a novel YRPW domain, which is absent in HRT3. The Hairy-related genes map to human chromosomes 8q21, 6q21 and 1p34.3 for HRT1, HRT2 and HRT3, respectively, and are downstream targets for Notch signaling. HRT1 is expressed in the somitic mesoderm, central nervous system, kidney, heart, nasal epithelium and limb buds in murine embryos as well as in adult tissues. It has altered expression in many breast, lung and kidney tumors. Like HRT1, HRT2 and HRT3 are also expressed in developing somites, heart and nervous system.

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Members of the NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) family of transcription factors are related to NFkB/Rel proteins and form cooperative complexes with the AP-1 proteins, Fos and Jun, on DNA to regulate cytokine expression in T cells. NFAT proteins are widely expressed and alternatively modified to generate splice variants, and they are localized to both the cytosol (NFATc) and to the nucleus (NFATn). NFAT1, NFAT2, and NFAT4 are predominantly expressed in immune cells, and NFAT2 and NFAT3 are expressed at high levels in cardiac tissues. In addition to activating cytokine gene transcription, NFAT2 is also implicated in cardiac valve development, and NFAT3 is involved in cardiac hypertrophy. NFAT5 is detected in both immune and nonimmune cells and, like other NFAT proteins, contains a highly conserved Rel-like binding domain that mediates NFAT proteins associating with specific consensus sequences on DNA. NFAT proteins are activated by increases in intracellular calcium, which leads to the calmodulin-dependent phosphatase, calcineurin, dephosphorylating NFAT proteins. This activating event induces a conformational change in the protein structure that exposes the nuclear localization signal and facilitates the translocation of NFAT proteins from the cytosol into the nucleus.

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Transcriptional coactivator of the p300/CBP-mediated trancription complex. Acts as a bridge, linking TFAP2 transcription factors and the p300/CBP transcriptional coactivator complex in order to stimulate TFAP2-mediated transcriptional activation. Positively regulates TGF-beta signaling through its association with the SMAD/p300/CBP-mediated transcriptional coactivator complex. Stimulates the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors PPARA transcriptional activity. Enhances estrogen-dependent transactivation mediated by estrogen receptors. Acts also as a transcriptional corepressor; interferes with the binding of the transcription factors HIF1A or STAT2 and the p300/CBP transcriptional coactivator complex. Participates in sex determination and early gonad development by stimulating transcription activation of SRY. Plays a role in controlling left-right patterning during embryogenesis; potentiates transcriptional activation of NODAL-mediated gene transcription in the left lateral plate mesoderm (LPM). Plays an essential role in differentiation of the adrenal cortex from the adrenogonadal primordium (AGP); stimulates WT1-mediated transcription activation thereby up-regulating the nuclear hormone receptor NR5A1 promoter activity. Associates with chromatin to the PITX2 P1 promoter region.

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PDZRN3 contains a RING-finger motif in its N-terminal region, two PDZ domains in its central region and a consensus-binding motif for PDZ domains at its C-terminus. It was identified in silico as a homolog of the protein known as LNX1 or SEMCAP1, which possesses ubiquitin ligase activity and binds the membrane protein Semaphorin 4C. However, PDZRN3 itself has not previously been characterized. We have now evaluated the properties and functions of PDZRN3. The PDZRN3 gene was shown to be expressed in various human tissues including the heart, skeletal muscle and liver and its expression in mouse skeletal muscle was developmentally regulated. Both the differentiation of C2C12 mouse skeletal myoblasts into myotubes and injury-induced muscle regeneration in vivo were found to be accompanied by up-regulation of PDZRN3. The differentiation-associated increase in the expression of PDZRN3 in C2C12 cells follows that of myogenin and precedes that of myosin heavy chain. Depletion of PDZRN3 by RNA interference inhibited the formation of myotubes as well as the associated up-regulation of myosin heavy chain in C2C12 cells. Our data suggest that PDZRN3 plays an essential role in the differentiation of myoblasts into myotubes by acting either downstream or independently of myogenin.

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Cysteine string proteins (CSPs) are synaptic vesicle-associated, secretory vesicle proteins that are involved in Ca2+-regulated exocytosis of synaptic vesicles and modulation of presynaptic transmembrane calcium fluxes in neuroendocrine and endocrine cell types. CSP contains a J-domain that binds HSP 70/HSC 70 chaperone ATPases and a membrane-targeting, palmitoylated cysteine-rich string region. CSPs may act as molecular chaperones in synapses, and mediate conformational folding of components of the vesicular exocytotic machinery. CSP is involved in the fine tuning of neurotransmission through its interaction with receptor-coupled trimeric GTP binding proteins (G proteins) and N-type Ca2+ channels. Two variants of CSP have been described: CSP1; and the 31 amino acid, C-terminally truncated isoform, CSP2. Subcellular fractionation of insulinoma cells shows CSP1 in granular fractions, while the membrane and cytosol fractions contain predominantly CSP2. The fractions also contain additional proteins, presumably CSP dimers. Furthermore, in various mammalian cell lines (including rat brain) CSP1 expression predominates CSP2 expression.

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Cysteine string proteins (CSPs) are synaptic vesicle-associated, secretory vesicle proteins that are involved in Ca2+-regulated exocytosis of synaptic vesicles and modulation of presynaptic transmembrane calcium fluxes in neuroendocrine and endocrine cell types. CSP contains a J-domain that binds HSP 70/HSC 70 chaperone ATPases and a membrane-targeting, palmitoylated cysteine-rich string region. CSPs may act as molecular chaperones in synapses, and mediate conformational folding of components of the vesicular exocytotic machinery. CSP is involved in the fine tuning of neurotransmission through its interaction with receptor-coupled trimeric GTP binding proteins (G proteins) and N-type Ca2+ channels. Two variants of CSP have been described: CSP1; and the 31 amino acid, C-terminally truncated isoform, CSP2. Subcellular fractionation of insulinoma cells shows CSP1 in granular fractions, while the membrane and cytosol fractions contain predominantly CSP2. The fractions also contain additional proteins, presumably CSP dimers. Furthermore, in various mammalian cell lines (including rat brain) CSP1 expression predominates CSP2 expression.

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Tect3 is a 607 amino acid single-pass type I membrane protein that belongs to the tectonic family and exists as four alternatively spliced isoforms. Tect3 interacts with MKS1 and may be involved in apoptosis regulation. The gene that encodes Tect3 contains approximately 31,560 bases and maps to human chromosome 10q24.1. Spanning nearly 135 million base pairs and encoding nearly 1,200 genes, chromosome 10 makes up approximately 4.5% of the human genome. Several protein-coding genes, including those that encode chemokines, cadherins, excision repair proteins, early growth response factors (Egrs) and fibroblast growth receptors (FGFRs), are located on chromosome 10. Defects in some of the genes that map to chromosome 10 are associated with Charcot-Marie Tooth disease, Jackson-Weiss syndrome, Usher syndrome, nonsyndromatic deafness, Wolman’s syndrome, Cowden syndrome, Cockayne syndrome, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 and porphyria. Tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency and a number of syndromes involving defective skull and facial bone fusion are also linked to chromosome 10.

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Voltage-modulated Ca(2+)-activated, monovalent cation channel (VCAM) that mediates a transient membrane depolarization and plays a central role in taste transduction. Monovalent-specific, non-selective cation channel that mediates the transport of Na(+), K(+) and Cs(+) ions equally well. Activated directly by increases in intracellular Ca(2+), but is impermeable to it. Gating is voltage-dependent and displays rapid activation and deactivation kinetics upon channel stimulation even during sustained elevations in Ca(2+). Also activated by a fast intracellular Ca(2+) increase in response to inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate-producing receptor agonists. The channel is blocked by extracellular acidification. External acidification has 2 effects, a fast reversible block of the current and a slower irreversible enhancement of current inactivation. Is a highly temperature-sensitive, heat activated channel showing a steep increase of inward currents at temperatures between 15 and 35 degrees Celsius. Heat activation is due to a shift of the voltage-dependent activation curve to negative potentials. Activated by arachidonic acid in vitro. May be involved in perception of bitter, sweet and umami tastes. May also be involved in sensing semiochemicals.

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P19ARF Capable of inducing cell cycle arrest in G1 and G2 phases. Acts as a tumor suppressor. Binds to MDM2 and blocks its nucleocytoplasmic shuttling by sequestering it in the nucleolus. This inhibits the oncogenic action of MDM2 by blocking MDM2-induced degradation of p53 and enhancing p53-dependent transactivation and apoptosis. Also induces G2 arrest and apoptosis in a p53-independent manner by preventing the activation of cyclin B1/CDC2 complexes. Binds to BCL6 and down-regulates BCL6-induced transcriptional repression. Binds to E2F1 and MYC and blocks their transcriptional activator activity but has no effect on MYC transcriptional repression. Binds to TOP1/TOPOI and stimulates its activity. This complex binds to rRNA gene promoters and may play a role in rRNA transcription and/or maturation. Interacts with NPM1/B23 and promotes its polyubiquitination and degradation, thus inhibiting rRNA processing. Interacts with UBE2I/UBC9 and enhances sumoylation of a number of its binding partners including MDM2 and E2F1. Binds to HUWE1 and represses its ubiquitin ligase activity. May play a role in controlling cell proliferation and apoptosis during mammary gland development.

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Influenza A virus is a major public health threat. Novel influenza virus strains caused by genetic drift and viral recombination emerge periodically to which humans have little or no immunity, resulting in devastating pandemics. Influenza A can exist in a variety of animals; however it is in birds that all subtypes can be found. These subtypes are classified based on the combination of the virus coat glycoproteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) subtypes. During 1997, an H5N1 avian influenza virus was determined to be the cause of death in 6 of 18 infected patients in Hong Kong. There was some evidence of human to human spread of this virus, but it is thought that the transmission efficiency was fairly low. HA interacts with cell surface proteins containing oligosaccharides with terminal sialyl residues. Virus isolated from a human infected with the H5N1 strain in 1997 could bind to oligosaccharides from human as well as avian sources, indicating its species jumping ability. Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin recognize the influenza hemagglutinin epitope, which has been used extensively as a general epitope tag in expression vectors. The extreme specificity of this antibody allows for unambiguous identification and quantitative analysis of the tagged protein.

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Ankyrins are membrane adaptor molecules that play important roles in coupling integral membrane proteins to the spectrin-based cytoskeleton network. Mutations of ankyrin genes can lead to severe genetic diseases, such as fatal cardiac arrhythmias and hereditary spherocytosis. ANKRD13B (ankyrin repeat domain 13B) is a 626 amino acid protein that contains two ANK repeats and three ubiquitin-interacting motif (UIM) repeats. Conserved in dog, cow, mouse and rat, ANKRD13B exists as two alternatively spliced isoforms. The gene that encodes ANKRD13B maps to human chromosome 17, which makes up over 2.5% of the human genome, with about 81 million bases encoding over 1,200 genes. Two key tumor suppressor genes are associated with chromosome 17, namely, p53 and BRCA1. Malfunction or loss of p53 expression is associated with malignant cell growth and Li-Fraumeni syndrome. BRCA1 is recognized as a genetic determinant of early onset breast cancer. Chromosome 17 is also linked to neurofibromatosis, dysregulated Schwann cell growth, Alexander disease, Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome and Canavan disease.