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Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an antioxidant enzyme involved in the defense system against reactive oxygen species (ROS). SOD catalyzes the dismutation reaction of superoxide radical anion (O2-) to hydrogen peroxide, which is then catalyzed to innocuous O2 and H2O by glutathione peroxidase and catalase. Several classes of SOD have been identified. These include intracellular copper, zinc SOD (Cu, Zn-SOD/SOD-1), mitochondrial manganese SOD (Mn-SOD/SOD-2) and extracellular Cu, Zn-SOD (EC-SOD/SOD-3). SOD1 is found in all eukaryotic species as a homodimeric 32 kDa enzyme containing one each of Cu and Zn ion per subunit. The manganese containing 80 kDa tetrameric enzyme SOD2, is located in the mitochondrial matrix in close proximity to a primary endogenous source of superoxide, the mitochondrial respiratory chain. SOD3 is a heparin-binding multimer of disulfide-linked dimers, primarily expressed in human lungs, vessel walls and airways. SOD4 is a copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase (CCS), which specifically delivers Cu to copper/zinc superoxide dismutase. CCS may activate copper/zinc superoxide dismutase through direct insertion of the Cu cofactor.

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Guanylate cyclases belong to the adenylyl cyclase class-4/guanylyl cyclase family. There are two forms of guanylate cyclase. The soluble form, known as GCS or sGC, act as receptors for nitric oxide (NO). The membrane-bound receptor form, known as GC, are peptide hormone receptors. GCS is a cGMP-synthesizing enzyme, which is the major receptor for the neurotransmitter nitric oxide. It plays a crucial role in smooth muscle contractility, platelet reactivity and neurotransmission. GCS is a heme-containing heterodimer, consisting of one alpha subunit and one beta subunit. The heme moeity mediates NO activation, and this heme group also binds carbon monoxide (CO), which weakly stimulates the enzyme. Both NO and CO stimulation are enhanced by the allosteric activator 3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'furyl)-benzyl-indazole, YC-1. YC-1 can also stimulate GCS in a NO-independent manner. Both alpha and beta subunits are required for cGMP generation, and at least two isoforms exist for each subunit. Heterodimers consisting of alpha-1/beta-1 and alpha-2/beta-1 have been identified, and both display similar enzymatic activity. The distribution of the beta-2 subunit seems to be much more restricted than the beta-1 subunit, with predominant expression in kidney and liver.

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HSPC300 (hematopoietic stem cell protein 300) is also known as probable protein BRICK1 or C3orf10 (chromosome 3 open reading frame 10) and is a 75 amino acid protein that is expressed as two isoforms and localizes to both the cytoplasm and the cytoskeleton. HSPC300 is thought to regulate cytoskeletal organization and Actin polymerization. Free HSPC300 exists as homotrimers prior to its incorporation into the WAVE complex. The WAVE complex includes five proteins, one of which is HSPC300, that regulate the ARC (Arp2/3 complex) which is responsible for Actin nucleation and is Rac 1-dependent. Because HSPC300 is a highly conserved subunit of the WAVE complex across many species, it is thought to have the same or similar functions in many different organisms. In Drosophila, the WAVE/ARC pathway may affect the development of the nervous system. HSPC300 is thought to localize to axons of the central nervous system of Drosophila embryos and thus may also be involved in axonogenesis. In addition, HSPC300 is thought to be necessary for synaptic morphogenesis by motoneurons. In mice, the knockout of the WAVE complex leads to learning and memory defects, and it is therefore hypothesized that HSPC300 may also be involved in cognitive functions. Genetic depletion of HSPC300 results in cytoskeletal abnormalities and prevents cytokinesis of cells, suggesting that decreased levels of HSPC300 may be associated with tumor suppression.

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Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an antioxidant enzyme involved in the defense system against reactive oxygen species (ROS). SOD catalyzes the dismutation reaction of superoxide radical anion (O2-) to hydrogen peroxide, which is then catalyzed to innocuous O2 and H2O by glutathione peroxidase and catalase. Several classes of SOD have been identified. These include intracellular copper, zinc SOD (Cu, Zn-SOD/SOD-1), mitochondrial manganese SOD (Mn-SOD/SOD-2) and extracellular Cu, Zn-SOD (EC-SOD/SOD-3). SOD1 is found in all eukaryotic species as a homodimeric 32 kDa enzyme containing one each of Cu and Zn ion per subunit. The manganese containing 80 kDa tetrameric enzyme SOD2, is located in the mitochondrial matrix in close proximity to a primary endogenous source of superoxide, the mitochondrial respiratory chain. SOD3 is a heparin-binding multimer of disulfide-linked dimers, primarily expressed in human lungs, vessel walls and airways. SOD4 is a copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase (CCS), which specifically delivers Cu to copper/zinc superoxide dismutase. CCS may activate copper/zinc superoxide dismutase through direct insertion of the Cu cofactor.

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Atypical chemokine receptor that controls chemokine levels and localization via high-affinity chemokine binding that is uncoupled from classic ligand-driven signal transduction cascades, resulting instead in chemokine sequestration, degradation, or transcytosis. Also known as interceptor (internalizing receptor) or chemokine-scavenging receptor or chemokine decoy receptor. Acts as a receptor for chemokines CXCL11 and CXCL12/SDF1. Chemokine binding does not activate G-protein-mediated signal transduction but instead induces beta-arrestin recruitment, leading to ligand internalization and activation of MAPK signaling pathway. Required for regulation of CXCR4 protein levels in migrating interneurons, thereby adapting their chemokine responsiveness. In glioma cells, transduces signals via MEK/ERK pathway, mediating resistance to apoptosis. Promotes cell growth and survival. Not involved in cell migration, adhesion or proliferation of normal hematopoietic progenitors but activated by CXCL11 in malignant hemapoietic cells, leading to phosphorylation of ERK1/2 (MAPK3/MAPK1) and enhanced cell adhesion and migration. Plays a regulatory role in CXCR4-mediated activation of cell surface integrins by CXCL12. Required for heart valve development. Acts as coreceptor with CXCR4 for a restricted number of HIV isolates.

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The autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias (ADCA) are a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by progressive degeneration of the cerebellum, brain stem and spinal cord. Clinically, ADCA has been divided into three groups: ADCA types I-III. ADCAI is genetically heterogeneous, with five genetic loci, designated spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6, being assigned to five different chromosomes. ADCAII, which always presents with retinal degeneration (SCA7), and ADCAIII often referred to as the `pure' cerebellar syndrome (SCA5), are most likely homogeneous disorders. Several SCA genes have been cloned and shown to contain CAG repeats in their coding regions. ADCA is caused by the expansion of the CAG repeats, producing an elongated polyglutamine tract in the corresponding protein. The expanded repeats are variable in size and unstable, usually increasing in size when transmitted to successive generations. The function of the ataxins is not known. This locus has been mapped to chromosome 6, and it has been determined that the diseased allele contains41-81 CAG repeats, compared to 6-39 in the normal allele, and is associated with spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1). At least two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq].

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Cell surface protein involved in cell-cell-interactions, exocytosis of secretory granules and regulation of signal transmission. Function is isoform-specific. Alpha-type isoforms have a long N-terminus with six laminin G-like domains and play an important role in synaptic signal transmission. Alpha-type isoforms play a role in the regulation of calcium channel activity and Ca(2+)-triggered neurotransmitter release at synapses and at neuromuscular junctions. They play an important role in Ca(2+)-triggered exocytosis of secretory granules in pituitary gland. They may effect their functions at synapses and in endocrine cells via their interactions with proteins from the exocytotic machinery. Likewise, alpha-type isoforms play a role in regulating the activity of postsynaptic NMDA receptors, a subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels. Both alpha-type and beta-type isoforms may play a role in the formation or maintenance of synaptic junctions via their calcium-dependent interactions (via the extracellular domains) with neuroligin family members, CBLN1 or CBLN2. In vitro, triggers the de novo formation of presynaptic structures. May be involved in specification of excitatory synapses. Alpha-type isoforms were first identified as receptors for alpha-latrotoxin from spider venom (By similarity).

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Ran (ras-related nuclear protein) is a small GTP binding protein belonging to the RAS superfamily that is essential for the translocation of RNA and proteins through the nuclear pore complex. The Ran protein is also involved in control of DNA synthesis and cell cycle progression. Nuclear localization of Ran requires the presence of regulator of chromosome condensation 1 (RCC1). Mutations in Ran disrupt DNA synthesis. Because of its many functions, it is likely that Ran interacts with several other proteins. Ran regulates formation and organization of the microtubule network independently of its role in the nucleus-cytosol exchange of macromolecules. Ran could be a key signaling molecule regulating microtubule polymerization during mitosis. RCC1 generates a high local concentration of Ran-GTP around chromatin which, in turn, induces the local nucleation of microtubules. Ran is an androgen receptor (AR) coactivator that binds differentially with different lengths of polyglutamine within the androgen receptor. Polyglutamine repeat expansion in the AR is linked to Kennedy's disease (X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy). Ran coactivation of the AR diminishes with polyglutamine expansion within the AR, and this weak coactivation may lead to partial androgen insensitivity during the development of Kennedy's disease.

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Guanylate cyclases belong to the adenylyl cyclase class-4/guanylyl cyclase family. There are two forms of guanylate cyclase. The soluble form, known as GCS or sGC, act as receptors for nitric oxide (NO). The membrane-bound receptor form, known as GC, are peptide hormone receptors. GCS is a cGMP-synthesizing enzyme, which is the major receptor for the neurotransmitter nitric oxide. It plays a crucial role in smooth muscle contractility, platelet reactivity and neurotransmission. GCS is a heme-containing heterodimer, consisting of one alpha subunit and one beta subunit. The heme moeity mediates NO activation, and this heme group also binds carbon monoxide (CO), which weakly stimulates the enzyme. Both NO and CO stimulation are enhanced by the allosteric activator 3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'furyl)-benzyl-indazole, YC-1. YC-1 can also stimulate GCS in a NO-independent manner. Both alpha and beta subunits are required for cGMP generation, and at least two isoforms exist for each subunit. Heterodimers consisting of alpha-1/beta-1 and alpha-2/beta-1 have been identified, and both display similar enzymatic activity. The distribution of the beta-2 subunit seems to be much more restricted than the beta-1 subunit, with predominant expression in kidney and liver.

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ATF2 is a member of the ATF/CREB family of basic region leucine zipper DNA binding proteins that regulates transcription by binding to a consensus cAMP response element (CRE) in the promoter of various viral and cellular genes. Many of these genes are important in cell growth and differentiation, and in stress and immune responses. ATF2 is a nuclear protein that binds DNA as a dimer and can form dimers with members of the ATF/CREB and Jun/Fos families. It is a stronger activator as a heterodimer with cJun than as a homodimer. Several isoforms of ATF2 arise by differential splicing. The stable native full length ATF2 is transcriptionally inactive as a result of an inhibitory direct intramolecular interaction of its carboxy terminal DNA binding domain with the amino terminal transactivation domain. Following dimerization ATF2 becomes a short lived protein that undergoes ubiquitination and proteolysis, seemingly in a protein phosphatase-dependent mechanism. Stimulation of the transcriptional activity of ATF2 occurs following cellular stress induced by several genotoxic agents, inflammatory cytokines, and UV irradiation. This activation requires phosphorylation of two threonine residues in ATF2 by both JNK/SAP kinase and p38 MAP kinase. ATF2 is abundantly expressed in brain.

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ErbB3 is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family of receptor tyrosine kinases. ErbB3 is a membrane-bound protein which has a neuregulin binding domain but not an active kinase domain. It can therefore bind this ligand but cannot convey a signal into the cell via protein phosphorylation. However it does form heterodimers with other EGF receptor family members which do have kinase activity. Heterodimerization leads to the activation of pathways which lead to cell proliferation or differentiation. Amplification of this gene and/or overexpression of its protein have been reported in numerous cancers including prostate, bladder and breast tumors. Alternate transcriptional splice variants encoding different isoforms have been characterized. Isoform 2 lacks the intermembrane region and is secreted outside the cell. This form acts to modulate the activity of the membrane-bound form. Additional splice variants have also been reported but they have not been thoroughly characterized. Defects in ERBB3 are the cause of lethal congenital contracture syndrome type 2 (LCCS2); also called Israeli Bedouin multiple contracture syndrome type A. LCCS2 is an autosomal recessive neurogenic form of a neonatally lethal arthrogryposis that is associated with atrophy of the anterior horn of the spinal cord.

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The Lyl1 gene encodes a basic helix–loop–helix transcription factor involved in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The expression of Lyl1 is at higher levels in the majority of cases of acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) or myelodysplastic syndrome when compared to normal bone marrow. Lyl1 is highly expressed in most AML cell lines.Lyl-1, TAL1 and TAL2 are part of a family of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins implicated in T cell acute leukemia. TAL1, also designated SCL, is a serine phosphoprotein and basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor known to regulate embryonic hematopoiesis. TAL2 is a protein involved in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia through a chromosomal translocation involving TAL2 and T cell receptor ∫ chain genes. TAL2 includes a helix-loop-helix protein dimerization and DNA-binding domain that is homologous to TAL1 and Lyl-1 proto-oncogenes. Lyl-1 (lymphoblastic leukemia-derived sequence 1) is a nuclear protein. Endogenous Lyl-1 exists in complex with E2å proteins. Lyl-1 and E2å protein can form heterodimeric complexes with distinctive DNA-binding properties in hematolymphoid cells. Lyl-1 is involved in a chromosomal aberration which causes a form of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL).

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As part of the heterotrimeric replication protein A complex (RPA/RP-A), binds and stabilizes single-stranded DNA intermediates, that form during DNA replication or upon DNA stress. It prevents their reannealing and in parallel, recruits and activates different proteins and complexes involved in DNA metabolism. Thereby, it plays an essential role both in DNA replication and the cellular response to DNA damage. In the cellular response to DNA damage, the RPA complex controls DNA repair and DNA damage checkpoint activation. Through recruitment of ATRIP activates the ATR kinase a master regulator of the DNA damage response. It is required for the recruitment of the DNA double-strand break repair factors RAD51 and RAD52 to chromatin in response to DNA damage. Also recruits to sites of DNA damage proteins like XPA and XPG that are involved in nucleotide excision repair and is required for this mechanism of DNA repair. Plays also a role in base excision repair (BER) probably through interaction with UNG. Through RFWD3 may activate CHEK1 and play a role in replication checkpoint control. Also recruits SMARCAL1/HARP, which is involved in replication fork restart, to sites of DNA damage. May also play a role in telomere maintenance.

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Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase involved in numerous cellular mechanisms including cell proliferation, neuronal navigation, cell migration, and cell differentiation upon binding with glial cell derived neurotrophic factor family ligands. Phosphorylates PTK2/FAK1. Regulates both cell death/survival balance and positional information. Required for the molecular mechanisms orchestration during intestine organogenesis; involved in the development of enteric nervous system and renal organogenesis during embryonic life, and promotes the formation of Peyer's patch-like structures, a major component of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Modulates cell adhesion via its cleavage by caspase in sympathetic neurons and mediates cell migration in an integrin (e.g. ITGB1 and ITGB3)-dependent manner. Involved in the development of the neural crest. Active in the absence of ligand, triggering apoptosis through a mechanism that requires receptor intracellular caspase cleavage. Acts as a dependence receptor; in the presence of the ligand GDNF in somatotrophs (within pituitary), promotes survival and down regulates growth hormone (GH) production, but triggers apoptosis in absence of GDNF. Regulates nociceptor survival and size. Triggers the differentiation of rapidly adapting (RA) mechanoreceptors. Mediator of several diseases such as neuroendocrine cancers; these diseases are characterized by aberrant integrins-regulated cell migration.

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The eight members of the recently identified Suppressor of Cytokines Signaling (SOCS) family are SOCS1, SOCS2, SOCS3, SOCS4, SOCS5, SOCS6, SOCS7, and CIS. Structurally the SOCS proteins are composed of an N- terminal region of variable length and amino acid composition, a central SH2 domain, and a C-terminal motif called the SOCS box. The SOCS proteins appear to form part of a classical negative feedback loop that regulates cytokine signal transduction. Transcription of each of the SOCS genes occurs rapidly in vitro and in vivo in response to cytokines, and once produced, the various members of the SOCS family appear to inhibit signaling in different ways. During Th1 differentiation a reduction in the association of Jak1 with the IL4 Receptor correlated with the appearance of SOCS5. SOCS5 protein was preferentially expressed in committed Th1 cells and interacted with the cytoplasmic region of the IL4 Receptor alpha chain irrespective of receptor tyrosine phosphorylation. This unconventional interaction of SOCS5 protein with IL4 Receptor resulted in the inhibition of IL4-mediated signal transducer and activator of transcription-6 activation. T cells from transgenic mice constitutively expressing SOCS5 exhibited a significant reduction of IL4-mediated Th2 development. Therefore, the induced SOCS5 protein in Th1 differentiation environment may play an important role by regulating Th1 and Th2 balance.

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During vertebrate embryogenesis, a left right axis is established. Secreted growth factors of the TGF beta family, including gene products derived from nodal, lefty 1 and lefty 2, play crucial roles in establishing left right asymmetries. TGF beta (Transforming growth factor beta) is a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates growth and differentiation of diverse types of cells. TGF beta actions are directed by ligand induced activation of TGF beta receptors. Complexes formed move into the nucleus, where they act as components of a transcriptional complex. Lefty, a novel member of the TGF beta superfamily, inhibits TGF beta signaling. Lefty acts to inhibit phosphorylation of Smad2 following activation of the TGF beta receptor. Lefty also inhibits events downstream from R Smad phosphorylation. Lefty provides a repressed state of TGF beta responsive genes. The Lefty family is comprised of Lefty 1 and Lefty 2 in mouse, and Lefty A and Lefty B in humans. Members of the TGF beta superfamily require processing for their activation. Cleavage is therefore an essential step for Lefty activation. Lefty is synthesized as a large inactive precursor (41 Kda) that must be endoproteolytically processed to release the bioactive polypeptide (28 kDa and 34 kDa forms). The 28kDa form induces MAPK activity.

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This gene encodes a member of the estrogen receptor-related receptor (ESRR) family, which belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. All members of the ESRR family share an almost identical DNA binding domain, which is composed of two C4-type zinc finger motifs. The ESRR members are orphan nuclear receptors; they bind to the estrogen response element and steroidogenic factor 1 response element, and activate genes controlled by both response elements in the absence of any ligands. The ESRR family is closely related to the estrogen receptor (ER) family. They share target genes, co-regulators and promoters, and by targeting the same set of genes, the ESRRs seem to interfere with the ER-mediated estrogen response in various ways. It has been reported that the family member encoded by this gene functions as a transcriptional activator of DNA cytosine-5-methyltransferases 1 (Dnmt1) expression by direct binding to its response elements in the DNMT1 promoters, modulates cell proliferation and estrogen signaling in breast cancer, and negatively regulates bone morphogenetic protein 2-induced osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been identified, which mainly differ at the 5' end and some of which encode protein isoforms differing in the N-terminal region.

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Smad2 is a 58 kDa member of a family of proteins involved in cell proliferation, differentiation and development. The Smad family is divided into three subclasses: receptor-regulated Smad's, activin/TGF alpha receptor-regulated (Smad2 and 3) or BMP receptor regulated (Smad1, 5, and 8); the common partner, (Smad4) that functions via its interaction to the various Smad's; and the inhibitory Smad's, (Smad6 and Smad7). Smad2 consists of two highly conserved domains, the N terminal Mad homology (MH1) and the C-terminal Mad homology 2 (MH2) domains. The MH1 domain binds DNA and regulates nuclear import and transcription while the MH2 domain conserved among all the Smad's regulates Smad2 oligomerization and binding to cytoplasmic adaptors and transcription factors. Activated Smad2 associates with Smad4 and translocates as a complex into the nucleus, allowing its binding to DNA and transcription factors. This translocation of Smad2 (as well as Smad3) into the nucleus is a central event in TGF beta signaling. Phosphorylation of threonine 8 in the calmodulin binding region of the MH1 domain by extracellular signal regulated kinase 1(ERK 1) enhances Smad2 transcriptional activity, which is negatively regulated by calmodulin. The regulation of Smad2 phosphorylation on threonine 8 by ERK 1 and calmodulin is critical for Smad2 mediated signaling.

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Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of serine- and threonine-specific protein kinases that can be activated by calcium and second messenger diacylglycerol. PKC family members phosphorylate a wide variety of protein targets and are known to be involved in diverse cellular signaling pathways. PKC also serve as major receptors for phorbol esters, a class of tumor promoters. Each member of the PKC family has a specific expression profile and is believed to play distinct roles in cells. The protein encoded by this gene is one of the PKC family members. There have been at least 12 different PKC isoforms identified in humans to date including alpha, beta I, beta II, gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, eta, theta, iota, lambda, and mu. PKC gamma is expressed solely in the brain and spinal cord and its localization is restricted to neurons. It has been demonstrated that several neuronal functions, including long term potentiation (LTP) and long term depression (LTD), specifically require this kinase. Knockout studies in mice also suggest that this kinase may be involved in neuropathic pain development. Defects in this protein have been associated with neurodegenerative disorder spinocerebellar ataxia-14 (SCA14).

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The Lyl1 gene encodes a basic helix–loop–helix transcription factor involved in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The expression of Lyl1 is at higher levels in the majority of cases of acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) or myelodysplastic syndrome when compared to normal bone marrow. Lyl1 is highly expressed in most AML cell lines.Lyl-1, TAL1 and TAL2 are part of a family of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins implicated in T cell acute leukemia. TAL1, also designated SCL, is a serine phosphoprotein and basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor known to regulate embryonic hematopoiesis. TAL2 is a protein involved in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia through a chromosomal translocation involving TAL2 and T cell receptor ∫ chain genes. TAL2 includes a helix-loop-helix protein dimerization and DNA-binding domain that is homologous to TAL1 and Lyl-1 proto-oncogenes. Lyl-1 (lymphoblastic leukemia-derived sequence 1) is a nuclear protein. Endogenous Lyl-1 exists in complex with E2å proteins. Lyl-1 and E2å protein can form heterodimeric complexes with distinctive DNA-binding properties in hematolymphoid cells. Lyl-1 is involved in a chromosomal aberration which causes a form of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL).

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Serine/threonine-protein kinase that performs 2 crucial functions during mitosis: it is essential for spindle-assembly checkpoint signaling and for correct chromosome alignment. Has a key role in the assembly of checkpoint proteins at the kinetochore, being required for the subsequent localization of CENPF, BUB1B, CENPE and MAD2L1. Required for the kinetochore localization of PLK1. Plays an important role in defining SGOL1 localization and thereby affects sister chromatid cohesion. Acts as a substrate for anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C) in complex with its activator CDH1 (APC/C-Cdh1). Necessary for ensuring proper chromosome segregation and binding to BUB3 is essential for this function. Can regulate chromosome segregation in a kinetochore-independent manner. Can phosphorylate BUB3. The BUB1-BUB3 complex plays a role in the inhibition of APC/C when spindle-assembly checkpoint is activated and inhibits the ubiquitin ligase activity of APC/C by phosphorylating its activator CDC20. This complex can also phosphorylate MAD1L1. Kinase activity is essential for inhibition of APC/CCDC20 and for chromosome alignment but does not play a major role in the spindle-assembly checkpoint activity. Mediates cell death in response to chromosome missegregation and acts to suppress spontaneous tumorigenesis.

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Phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) that phosphorylates PtdIns (Phosphatidylinositol), PtdIns4P (Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate) and PtdIns(4,5)P2 (Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate) to generate phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3). PIP3 plays a key role by recruiting PH domain-containing proteins to the membrane, including AKT1 and PDPK1, activating signaling cascades involved in cell growth, survival, proliferation, motility and morphology. Participates in cellular signaling in response to various growth factors. Involved in the activation of AKT1 upon stimulation by receptor tyrosine kinases ligands such as EGF, insulin, IGF1, VEGFA and PDGF. Involved in signaling via insulin-receptor substrate (IRS) proteins. Essential in endothelial cell migration during vascular development through VEGFA signaling, possibly by regulating RhoA activity. Required for lymphatic vasculature development, possibly by binding to RAS and by activation by EGF and FGF2, but not by PDGF. Regulates invadopodia formation in breast cancer cells through the PDPK1-AKT1 pathway. Participates in cardiomyogenesis in embryonic stem cells through a AKT1 pathway. Participates in vasculogenesis in embryonic stem cells through PDK1 and protein kinase C pathway. Has also serine-protein kinase activity: phosphorylates PIK3R1 (p85alpha regulatory subunit), EIF4EBP1 and HRAS.

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Receptor tyrosine kinase which plays a central role in the formation and the maintenance of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), the synapse between the motor neuron and the skeletal muscle (PubMed:25537362). Recruitment of AGRIN by LRP4 to the MUSK signaling complex induces phosphorylation and activation of MUSK, the kinase of the complex. The activation of MUSK in myotubes regulates the formation of NMJs through the regulation of different processes including the specific expression of genes in subsynaptic nuclei, the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and the clustering of the acetylcholine receptors (AChR) in the postsynaptic membrane. May regulate AChR phosphorylation and clustering through activation of ABL1 and Src family kinases which in turn regulate MUSK. DVL1 and PAK1 that form a ternary complex with MUSK are also important for MUSK-dependent regulation of AChR clustering. May positively regulate Rho family GTPases through FNTA. Mediates the phosphorylation of FNTA which promotes prenylation, recruitment to membranes and activation of RAC1 a regulator of the actin cytoskeleton and of gene expression. Other effectors of the MUSK signaling include DNAJA3 which functions downstream of MUSK. May also play a role within the central nervous system by mediating cholinergic responses, synaptic plasticity and memory formation (By similarity).

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Required for proper activation of Rho GTPases and actin polymerization at the leading edge of locomoting cerebellar neurons and postmigratory hippocampal neurons in response to calcium influx triggered via NMDA receptors. Non-catalytic subunit of an acetylhydrolase complex which inactivates platelet-activating factor (PAF) by removing the acetyl group at the SN-2 position (By similarity). Positively regulates the activity of the minus-end directed microtubule motor protein dynein. May enhance dynein-mediated microtubule sliding by targeting dynein to the microtubule plus end. Required for several dynein- and microtubule-dependent processes such as the maintenance of Golgi integrity, the peripheral transport of microtubule fragments and the coupling of the nucleus and centrosome. Required during brain development for the proliferation of neuronal precursors and the migration of newly formed neurons from the ventricular/subventricular zone toward the cortical plate. Neuronal migration involves a process called nucleokinesis, whereby migrating cells extend an anterior process into which the nucleus subsequently translocates. During nucleokinesis dynein at the nuclear surface may translocate the nucleus towards the centrosome by exerting force on centrosomal microtubules. May also play a role in other forms of cell locomotion including the migration of fibroblasts during wound healing.

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Tumor suppressor serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in mTORC1 signaling and post-transcriptional regulation. Phosphorylates FOXO3, ERK3/MAPK6, ERK4/MAPK4, HSP27/HSPB1, p53/TP53 and RHEB. Acts as a tumor suppressor by mediating Ras-induced senescence and phosphorylating p53/TP53. Involved in post-transcriptional regulation of MYC by mediating phosphorylation of FOXO3: phosphorylation of FOXO3 leads to promote nuclear localization of FOXO3, enabling expression of miR-34b and miR-34c, 2 post-transcriptional regulators of MYC that bind to the 3'UTR of MYC transcript and prevent MYC translation. Acts as a negative regulator of mTORC1 signaling by mediating phosphorylation and inhibition of RHEB. Part of the atypical MAPK signaling via its interaction with ERK3/MAPK6 or ERK4/MAPK4: the precise role of the complex formed with ERK3/MAPK6 or ERK4/MAPK4 is still unclear, but the complex follows a complex set of phosphorylation events: upon interaction with atypical MAPK (ERK3/MAPK6 or ERK4/MAPK4), ERK3/MAPK6 (or ERK4/MAPK4) is phosphorylated and then mediates phosphorylation and activation of MAPKAPK5, which in turn phosphorylates ERK3/MAPK6 (or ERK4/MAPK4). Mediates phosphorylation of HSP27/HSPB1 in response to PKA/PRKACA stimulation, inducing F-actin rearrangement.

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Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes (SMC) family proteins play critical roles in various nuclear events that require structural changes of chromosomes, including mitotic chromosome organization, DNA recombination and repair and global transcriptional repression. The chromosome proteins are conserved in eukaryotes and can lead to mitotic chromosome segregation defects, suggesting a critical function of SMC family proteins in mitotic chromosome dynamics. SMC1 and SMC3 form a heterodimeric complex required for metaphase progression in mitotic cells. Specifically this SMC1/SMC3 complex is responsible for sister chromatid cohesion during metaphase. A number of cellular factors interact with hSMC1/hSMC3 during cell cycle. The major population of hSMC1/hSMC3 is in a compex with hRAD21 forming the human cohesion complex. Human cohesion complex associates with chromosomes which peaks at S phase and dissociates from chromosomes during G2/M transition. In addition, a subpopulation of hSMC1/hSMC3 associates tightly with nuclear matrix and centrosomes during interphase. A subset of hSMC1/hSMC3 is localized to spindle poles, spindles and kinetochores during mitosis when cohesin is in the cytoplasm. hSMC1/hSMC3 is required for spindle aster formation in vitro and reacts with nuclear mitotic apparatus protein in vivo.

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ErbB3 is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family of receptor tyrosine kinases. ErbB3 is a membrane-bound protein which has a neuregulin binding domain but not an active kinase domain. It can therefore bind this ligand but cannot convey a signal into the cell via protein phosphorylation. However it does form heterodimers with other EGF receptor family members which do have kinase activity. Heterodimerization leads to the activation of pathways which lead to cell proliferation or differentiation. Amplification of this gene and/or overexpression of its protein have been reported in numerous cancers including prostate, bladder and breast tumors. Alternate transcriptional splice variants encoding different isoforms have been characterized. Isoform 2 lacks the intermembrane region and is secreted outside the cell. This form acts to modulate the activity of the membrane-bound form. Additional splice variants have also been reported but they have not been thoroughly characterized. Defects in ERBB3 are the cause of lethal congenital contracture syndrome type 2 (LCCS2); also called Israeli Bedouin multiple contracture syndrome type A. LCCS2 is an autosomal recessive neurogenic form of a neonatally lethal arthrogryposis that is associated with atrophy of the anterior horn of the spinal cord.

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The Lyl1 gene encodes a basic helix–loop–helix transcription factor involved in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The expression of Lyl1 is at higher levels in the majority of cases of acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) or myelodysplastic syndrome when compared to normal bone marrow. Lyl1 is highly expressed in most AML cell lines.Lyl-1, TAL1 and TAL2 are part of a family of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins implicated in T cell acute leukemia. TAL1, also designated SCL, is a serine phosphoprotein and basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor known to regulate embryonic hematopoiesis. TAL2 is a protein involved in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia through a chromosomal translocation involving TAL2 and T cell receptor ∫ chain genes. TAL2 includes a helix-loop-helix protein dimerization and DNA-binding domain that is homologous to TAL1 and Lyl-1 proto-oncogenes. Lyl-1 (lymphoblastic leukemia-derived sequence 1) is a nuclear protein. Endogenous Lyl-1 exists in complex with E2å proteins. Lyl-1 and E2å protein can form heterodimeric complexes with distinctive DNA-binding properties in hematolymphoid cells. Lyl-1 is involved in a chromosomal aberration which causes a form of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL).

Supplier: Bioss

During vertebrate embryogenesis, a left right axis is established. Secreted growth factors of the TGF beta family, including gene products derived from nodal, lefty 1 and lefty 2, play crucial roles in establishing left right asymmetries. TGF beta (Transforming growth factor beta) is a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates growth and differentiation of diverse types of cells. TGF beta actions are directed by ligand induced activation of TGF beta receptors. Complexes formed move into the nucleus, where they act as components of a transcriptional complex. Lefty, a novel member of the TGF beta superfamily, inhibits TGF beta signaling. Lefty acts to inhibit phosphorylation of Smad2 following activation of the TGF beta receptor. Lefty also inhibits events downstream from R Smad phosphorylation. Lefty provides a repressed state of TGF beta responsive genes. The Lefty family is comprised of Lefty 1 and Lefty 2 in mouse, and Lefty A and Lefty B in humans. Members of the TGF beta superfamily require processing for their activation. Cleavage is therefore an essential step for Lefty activation. Lefty is synthesized as a large inactive precursor (41 Kda) that must be endoproteolytically processed to release the bioactive polypeptide (28 kDa and 34 kDa forms). The 28kDa form induces MAPK activity.

Supplier: Bioss

ADAM11 was first described as MDC (Metalloproteinase-like disintergin-like cysteine-rich protein) from analysis of human brain libraries, in search of brain-specific proteins. Two splice variants with different carboxyterminal ends were described. The message was found only in the brain in this publication. Another group identified ADAM11 in the human brain, where ADAM11 was thought to be involved in cell migration and spatial patterning. ADAM11 was mapped to 17q21.3, a region of interest for breast cancer, and mutations in ADAM11 are associated with some breast cancers. Retinoic acid caused a doubling in ADAM11 message levels over 24 hours in NT2/D1 cells, a human embryonic carcinoma cell line. ADAM11 null mutant mice have deficits in spatial learning and motor coordination, although they did have normal cell migration and differentiation during development. ADAM11 is a member of the ADAMs family (A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase), but does not contain the canonical HExxHxxxxH zinc-binding metalloproteinase catalytic site. The domain structure of the full-length ADAM11 includes a signal sequence, propeptide domain, metalloproteinase-like domain, disintegrin-like domain, cys-rich domain, EGF-like domain, a spacer region, then the transmembrane domain and a short cytoplasmic domain.