33224 Results for: "Eosin+Y&pageNo=68"

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Protein A is a 40-60 kDa surface protein originally found in the cell wall of the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (SPA). SPA binds proteins from many of mammalian species, most notably IgGs, and helps inhibit phagocytic engulfment and acts as an immunological disguise via this type of interaction, thus the bacteria will disrupts opsonisation and phagocytosis. SPA is known to bind with Fc region of immunoglobulins preferentially through interaction with the VH3 variable region of the heavy chain. SPA has been shown to bind with high affinity to human IgG1 and IgG2 as well as mouse IgG2a and IgG2b, whereas bind with moderate affinity to human IgM, IgA and IgE as well as mouse IgG3 and IgG1. SPA is often produced in E. coli and is practically coupled to other molecules such as enzymes, biotin, radioactive iodine for use in immunology and other biological research. SPA is also immobilised onto solid supports such as agarose beads for total IgG purifying or interest protein or protein complex identifying in immunoprecipitation studies.

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Induces susceptibility to atherosclerosis (By similarity). Cell adhesion molecule which is required for leukocyte transendothelial migration (TEM) under most inflammatory conditions. Tyr-69 plays a critical role in TEM and is required for efficient trafficking of PECAM1 to and from the lateral border recycling compartment (LBRC) and is also essential for the LBRC membrane to be targeted around migrating leukocytes. Prevents phagocyte ingestion of closely apposed viable cells by transmitting 'detachment' signals, and changes function on apoptosis, promoting tethering of dying cells to phagocytes (the encounter of a viable cell with a phagocyte via the homophilic interaction of PECAM1 on both cell surfaces leads to the viable cell's active repulsion from the phagocyte. During apoptosis, the inside-out signaling of PECAM1 is somehow disabled so that the apoptotic cell does not actively reject the phagocyte anymore. The lack of this repulsion signal together with the interaction of the eat-me signals and their respective receptors causes the attachment of the apoptotic cell to the phagocyte, thus triggering the process of engulfment). Isoform Delta15 is unable to protect against apoptosis. Modulates BDKRB2 activation. Regulates bradykinin- and hyperosmotic shock-induced ERK1/2 activation in human umbilical cord vein cells (HUVEC).

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GCN1L1 is a 2,671 amino acid protein that is ubiquitously expressed and belongs to the GCN1 family. Functioning as a translation activator, GCN1L1 interacts with IMPACT to regulproteinate GCN2 kinase activity. GCN1L1 contains 24 HEAT repeats and is encoded by a gene that maps to human chromosome 12q24.23. Chromosome 12 encodes over 1,100 genes and comprises approximately 4.5% of the human genome. Chromosome 12 is associated with a variety of diseases and afflictions, including hypochondrogenesis, achondrogenesis, Kniest dysplasia, Noonan syndrome and trisomy 12p, which causes facial developmental defects and seizure disorders.

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Contactin 2 is a neuronal cell adhesion molecule (CAM) that influences the formation of axon connections in the developing nervous system. Contactin 2 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) and contains a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor, six immunogobulin (Ig)-like and four Fibronectin type III (FNIII)-like domains. Contactin 2 is expressed predominantly during neural development on the cell membrane of axons in nerve fiber tracts in order to guide commissural axons without promoting their growth. Contactin 2 binds with NgCAM in the plane of the same membrane (cis-binding). The Contactin 2 heterophilic (Contactin 2/NgCAM and Contactin 2/NrCAM) binding sites are localised to the first four Ig domains. The Contactin 2 homophilic (Contactin 2/Contactin 2) binding site is localised to the FNIII domain.

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The WRCH1 protein is a member of the Rho family of GTPases. This protein can activate PAK1 and JNK1, and can induce filopodium formation and stress fibre dissolution. It may also mediate the effects of WNT1 signaling in the regulation of cell morphology, cytoskeletal organization, and cell proliferation.

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Regulator that plays a central role in regulation of apoptosis and transcription via its interaction with NF-kappa-B and p53/TP53 proteins. Blocks transcription of HIV-1 virus by inhibiting the action of both NF-kappa-B and SP1. Also inhibits p53/TP53 function, possibly by preventing the association between p53/TP53 and ASPP1 or ASPP2, and therefore suppressing the subsequent activation of apoptosis.

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Together with dynein may be involved in spindle assembly and cytokinesis.Tissue specificity:Ubiquitously expressed. Highly expressed in muscle and pancreas and detected at lower levels in brain.

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This gene encodes a transmembrane Signalling polypeptide which contains an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) in its cytoplasmic domain. The encoded protein may associate with the killer-cell inhibitory receptor (KIR) family of membrane glycoproteins and may act as an activating signal transduction element. This protein may bind zeta-chain (TCR) associated protein kinase 70kDa (ZAP-70) and spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) and play a role in signal transduction, bone modeling, brain myelination, and inflammation. Mutations within this gene have been associated with polycystic lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy (PLOSL), also known as Nasu-Hakola disease. Its putative receptor, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), also causes PLOSL. Multiple alternative transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene.

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Inactivates MAPK1 and MAPK3 which leads to dephosphorylation of heat shock factor protein 4 and a reduction in its DNA-binding activity. Inhibits MAP kinase p38 by dephosphorylating it and inhibits p38-mediated apoptosis in anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. Can also induce activation of MAP kinase p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK).Tissue specificity:Brain. In the brain it is expressed ubiquitously except in the hippocampus. Expressed in embryonal cancers (retinoblastoma, neuroepithilioma and neuroblastoma) and in anaplatic thyroid cancer.

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Catalyzes the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to other proteins. Seems to function in the selective degradation of misfolded membrane proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum.

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The cJun proto-oncogene was first identified as the cellular homolog of the avian sarcoma virus vjun oncogene. JunB and JunD have been shown to be almost identical to cJun in their C terminal regions, which are involved in dimerization and DNA binding, whereas their N terminal domains, which are involved in transcriptional activation, diverge. JunB is a transcription factor involved in regulating gene activity following the primary growth factor response. It binds to the DNA sequence 5'-TGA[CG]TCA-3'.The protein encoded by this intronless gene is a member of the JUN family, and a functional component of the AP1 transcription factor complex. It has been proposed to protect cells from p53-dependent senescence and apoptosis. Alternate translation initiation site usage, including non-AUG codons, results in the production of different isoforms.

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The protein encoded by this gene contains a PDZ domain and a LIM domain, indicating that it may be involved in cytoskeletal assembly. In support of this, the encoded protein has been shown to bind the spectrin-like repeats of alpha-actinin-2 and to colocalise with alpha-actinin-2 at the Z lines of skeletal muscle. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed for this gene. Aberrant alternative splicing of this gene may play a role in myotonic dystrophy.

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Integrin alpha-6/beta-1 is a receptor for laminin on platelets. Integrin alpha-6/beta-4 is a receptor for laminin in epithelial cells and it plays a critical structural role in the hemidesmosome.

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The GLP2 receptor (GLP2R) is a G protein-coupled receptor superfamily member closely related to the glucagon receptor ans GLP1 receptor. Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP2) is a 33-amino acid proglucagon-derived peptide produced by intestinal enteroendocrine cells. Like glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) and glucagon itself, it is derived from the proglucagon peptide encoded by the GCG gene. GLP2 stimulates intestinal growth and upregulates villus height in the small intestine, concomitant with increased crypt cell proliferation and decreased enterocyte apoptosis. Moreover, GLP2 prevents intestinal hypoplasia resulting from total parenteral nutrition. GLP2R, a G protein-coupled receptor superfamily member is expressed in the gut and closely related to the glucagon receptor (GCGR) and the receptor for GLP1 (GLP1R).

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DENND4C is a 1673 amino acid multi-pass membrane protein. DENND4C contains a dDENN domain, DENN domain, uDENN domain and a PPR (pentatricopeptide) repeat. As a result of alternative splicing, six DENND4C isoforms exist. The gene encoding DENND4C maps to human chromosome 9, which houses over 900 genes and comprises nearly 4% of the human genome. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, which is characterised by harmful vascular defects, and Familial dysautonomia, are both associated with chromosome 9. Notably, chromosome 9 encompasses the largest interferon family gene cluster.

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Lissencephaly (smooth brain) is an abnormality of brain development characterised by incomplete neuronal migration and a smooth cerebral surface, manifesting as severe mental retardation. Genetic analysis has identified two proteins that are mutated in some cases of lissencephaly, designated lissencephaly-1 protein (LIS1) and doublecortin. LIS1 displays sequence homology to subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins, and doublecortin contains a consensus Abl phosphorylation site. In addition, the DCAMKL1 (doublecortin-like and CAM kinase-like 1) protein shows homology to doublecortin. All three proteins are highly expressed in developing brain and may function together to regulate microtubules involved in neuronal migration. The DCAMKL1 protein encodes a functional kinase that is capable of phosphorylating myelin basic protein and itself, but its kinase activity does not appear to affect its microtubule polymerization activity.

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ANKRD28 selectively inhibits the phosphatase activity of PPP1C and targets PPP1C to modulate HNRPK phosphorylation. It contains twenty seven ANK repeats. There are two named isoforms.

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The tetraspanin family is a group of cell surface proteins that regulate cell development, activation, growth and motility. Each member contains four hydrophobic domains and participates in the mediation of signal transduction. NET-5, also known as TSPAN9 (tetraspanin 9), is a 239 amino acid multi-pass membrane protein that belongs to the tetraspanin (TM4SF) family. NET-5 forms a complex with GPVI in the tetraspanin microdomains on the platelet surface, and is encoded by a gene that maps to human chromosome 12p13.33. Chromosome 12 encodes over 1100 genes and comprises approximately 4,5% of the human genome. Chromosome 12 is associated with a variety of diseases and afflictions, including hypochondrogenesis, achondrogenesis, Kniest dysplasia, Noonan syndrome and trisomy 12p, which causes facial developmental defects and seizure disorders.

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Crkl is a 34kDa adaptor protein which has been shown to activate the RAS and JUN kinase signalling pathways and transforms fibroblasts in a RAS dependant manner. Crkl is a substitute of BCR ABL tyrosine kinase. In addition, Crkl has oncogenic potential.

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Metalloproteinase which specifically cleaves IGFBP-4 and IGFBP-5, resulting in release of bound IGF. Cleavage of IGFBP-4 is dramatically enhanced by the presence of IGF, whereas cleavage of IGFBP-5 is slightly inhibited by the presence of IGF.

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Chromosome 7 is about 158 milllion bases long, encodes over 1000 genes and makes up about 5% of the human genome. Chromosome 7 has been linked to Osteogenesis imperfecta, Pendred syndrome, Lissencephaly, Citrullinemia and Shwachman-Diamond syndrome. The deletion of a portion of the q arm of chromosome 7 is associated with Williams-Beuren syndrome, a condition characterised by mild mental retardation, an unusual comfort and friendliness with strangers and an elfin appearance. Deletions of portions of the q arm of chromosome 7 are also seen in a number of myeloid disorders including cases of acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplasia.

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Facilitates tyrosination of alpha-tubulin in neuronal microtubules (By similarity). Phosphorylated MAP1B may play a role in the cytoskeletal changes that accompany neurite extension. Possibly MAP1B binds to at least two tubulin subunits in the polymer, and this bridging of subunits might be involved in nucleating microtubule polymerization and in stabilizing microtubules. Acts as a positive cofactor in DAPK1-mediated autophagic vesicle formation and membrane blebbing.

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The exact function of SDCCAG8 remains unknown. It is expressed in thymus, prostate, testis, ovary, small intestine, colon, mucosa, colon and renal cancer tumors.

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Olfactory receptors are G protein-coupled receptors that localize to the cilia of olfactory sensory neurons where they display affinity for and bind to a variety of odor molecules. The genes encoding olfactory receptors comprise the largest family in the human genome. The binding of olfactory receptor proteins to odor molecules triggers a signal transduction that propagates nerve impulses throughout the body, ultimately leading to transmission of the signal to the brain and the subsequent perception of smell. OR10J3 (olfactory receptor 10J3) is a 329 amino acid protein. The gene encoding OR10J3 maps to human chromosome 1.

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Inhibits IGF-mediated growth and developmental rates (By similarity). IGF-binding proteins prolong the half-life of the IGFs and have been shown to either inhibit or stimulate the growth promoting effects of the IGFs on cell culture. They alter the interaction of IGFs with their cell surface receptors.

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Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) which may activate RAB9A and RAB9B. Promotes the exchange of GDP to GTP, converting inactive GDP-bound Rab proteins into their active GTP-bound form.

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The BBSome complex is thought to function as a coat complex required for sorting of specific membrane proteins to the primary cilia. The BBSome complex is required for ciliogenesis but is dispensable for centriolar satellite function. This ciliogenic function is mediated in part by the Rab8 GDP/GTP exchange factor, which localizes to the basal body and contacts the BBSome. Rab8(GTP) enters the primary cilium and promotes extension of the ciliary membrane. Firstly the BBSome associates with the ciliary membrane and binds to RAB3IP/Rabin8, the guanosyl exchange factor (GEF) for Rab8 and then the Rab8-GTP localizes to the cilium and promotes docking and fusion of carrier vesicles to the base of the ciliary membrane. Required for proper BBSome complex assembly and its ciliary localisation.

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Hexokinases phosphorylate glucose to produce glucose-6-phosphate, the first step in most glucose metabolism pathways. Alternative splicing of this gene results in three tissue-specific forms of glucokinase, one found in pancreatic islet beta cells and two found in liver. The protein localises to the outer membrane of mitochondria. In contrast to other forms of hexokinase, this enzyme is not inhibited by its product glucose-6-phosphate but remains active while glucose is abundant. Mutations in this gene have been associated with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), maturity onset diabetes of the young, type 2 (MODY2) and persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (PHHI).

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C3orf58 (chromosome 3 open reading frame 58), also known as DIA1, is a 430 amino acid secreted protein that belongs to the UPF0672 family. C3orf58 is encoded by a gene that maps to human chromosome 3q24. Chromosome 3 is made up of approximately 214 million bases encoding over 1,100 genes. Notably, there is a chemokine receptor gene cluster and a variety of human cancer related loci on chromosome 3. Particular regions of the chromosome 3 short arm are deleted in many types of cancer cells. Key tumor suppressing genes on chromosome 3 encode apoptosis mediator RASSF1, cell migration regulator HYAL1 and angiogenesis suppressor SEMA3B. Marfan Syndrome, porphyria, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease are a few of the numerous genetic diseases associated with chromosome 3.

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VIP causes vasodilation, lowers arterial blood pressure, stimulates myocardial contractility, increases glycogenolysis and relaxes the smooth muscle of trachea, stomach and gall bladder. PHM and PHV also cause vasodilation. PHM-27 is a potent agonist of the calcitonin receptor CALCR, with similar efficacy as calcitonin.