50835 Results for: "Alsto"

Supplier: Bioss

SPDEF, also known as PDEF is an ETS transcription factor expressed in the prostate epithelial cells. It is thought to act as an androgen-independent transactivator of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) promoter and also as a transcriptional activator for the SERPINB5 promoter. It is highly expressed in prostate carcinoma cells and is thought to be involved in the regulation of the prostate gland and/or prostate cancer development. It is also expressed in epithelial breast carcinoma.

Supplier: Merck

For the isolation and differentiation of Salmonella from food and animal feed, water and other materials. RAMBACH® agar ref. to ISO 6579 is also known as Propylene glycol deoxycholate neutral red agar.

Supplier: Bioss

Members of the transforming growth factor b superfamily bind to a pair of transmembrane proteins, known as receptor types I and II, which contain serine/threonine kinases and associate to form a signaling complex (1). Activin has been shown to bind a heteromeric noncovalent complex, which consists of a type I receptor, ACTR-IA (also designated ACVRI and ALK-2) or ACTR-IB (also designated ALK-4 and SKR2), and a type II receptor, ACTR-IIA (also designated ACVR2A) or ACTR-IIB (also designated ACVR2B) (1-6). Both receptor types are highly expressed in brain (5). The activin receptor family members are thought to mediate distinct effects on gene expression, cell differentiation, and morpho- genesis in a dose dependent fashion (5,6).

Supplier: Bioss

Members of the transforming growth factor b superfamily bind to a pair of transmembrane proteins, known as receptor types I and II, which contain serine/threonine kinases and associate to form a signaling complex (1). Activin has been shown to bind a heteromeric noncovalent complex, which consists of a type I receptor, ACTR-IA (also designated ACVRI and ALK-2) or ACTR-IB (also designated ALK-4 and SKR2), and a type II receptor, ACTR-IIA (also designated ACVR2A) or ACTR-IIB (also designated ACVR2B) (1–6). Both receptor types are highly expressed in brain (5). The activin receptor family members are thought to mediate distinct effects on gene expression, cell differentiation, and morpho- genesis in a dose dependent fashion (5,6).

Supplier: Bioss

Members of the transforming growth factor b superfamily bind to a pair of transmembrane proteins, known as receptor types I and II, which contain serine/threonine kinases and associate to form a signaling complex (1). Activin has been shown to bind a heteromeric noncovalent complex, which consists of a type I receptor, ACTR-IA (also designated ACVRI and ALK-2) or ACTR-IB (also designated ALK-4 and SKR2), and a type II receptor, ACTR-IIA (also designated ACVR2A) or ACTR-IIB (also designated ACVR2B) (1–6). Both receptor types are highly expressed in brain (5). The activin receptor family members are thought to mediate distinct effects on gene expression, cell differentiation, and morpho- genesis in a dose dependent fashion (5,6).

Supplier: Merck

Pure and Ultra Pure Water System, Milli-Q®, ech2o oxidation lamp (also compatible with Milli-Q® IQ 7000), Water quality (Type): Type II (pure water), Type I (ultra pure water)

Supplier: Biotium

Hepatocyte Specific Antigen, also called Hepatocyte Paraffin 1 or HepPar1, localizes to the mitochondria of hepatocytes. It is a sensitive marker for distinguishing hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) from other metastatic carcinomas as well as cholangio-carcinomas. HCC's occur primarily in the stomach, but they are also found in many other organs. The Hepatocyte Specific Antigen may also be a useful marker for intestinal metaplasia. Reportedly, strong expression of the Hepatocyte Specific Antigen correlates with smaller tumor size and longer patient survival. Occasionally, Hepatocyte Specific Antigen is also found in gastric carcinomas as well as in a few other non-hepatic tumors.

Supplier: Bioss

Integrins alpha-4/beta-1 (VLA-4) and alpha-4/beta-7 are receptors for fibronectin. They recognize one or more domains within the alternatively spliced CS-1 and CS-5 regions of fibronectin. They are also receptors for VCAM1. Integrin alpha-4/beta-1 recognizes the sequence Q-I-D-S in VCAM1. Integrin alpha-4/beta-7 is also a receptor for MADCAM1. It recognizes the sequence L-D-T in MADCAM1. On activated endothelial cells integrin VLA-4 triggers homotypic aggregation for most VLA-4-positive leukocyte cell lines. It may also participate in cytolytic T-cell interactions with target cells.

Supplier: Bioss

Integrins alpha-4/beta-1 (VLA-4) and alpha-4/beta-7 are receptors for fibronectin. They recognize one or more domains within the alternatively spliced CS-1 and CS-5 regions of fibronectin. They are also receptors for VCAM1. Integrin alpha-4/beta-1 recognizes the sequence Q-I-D-S in VCAM1. Integrin alpha-4/beta-7 is also a receptor for MADCAM1. It recognizes the sequence L-D-T in MADCAM1. On activated endothelial cells integrin VLA-4 triggers homotypic aggregation for most VLA-4-positive leukocyte cell lines. It may also participate in cytolytic T-cell interactions with target cells.

Supplier: Bioss

G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by a major product of dietary fiber digestion, the short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and that plays a role in the regulation of whole-body energy homeostasis and in intestinal immunity. In omnivorous mammals, the short chain fatty acids acetate, propionate and butyrate are produced primarily by the gut microbiome that metabolizes dietary fibers. SCFAs serve as a source of energy but also act as signaling molecules. That G protein-coupled receptor is probably coupled to the pertussis toxin-sensitive, G(i/o)-alpha family of G proteins but also to the Gq family (PubMed:12496283, PubMed:12711604, PubMed:23589301). Its activation results in the formation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, the mobilization of intracellular calcium, the phosphorylation of the MAPK3/ERK1 and MAPK1/ERK2 kinases and the inhibition of intracellular cAMP accumulation. May play a role in glucose homeostasis by regulating the secretion of GLP-1, in response to short-chain fatty acids accumulating in the intestine. May also regulate the production of LEP/Leptin, a hormone acting on the central nervous system to inhibit food intake. Finally, may also regulate whole-body energy homeostasis through adipogenesis regulating both differentiation and lipid storage of adipocytes. In parallel to its role in energy homeostasis, may also mediate the activation of the inflammatory and immune responses by SCFA in the intestine, regulating the rapid production of chemokines and cytokines. May also play a role in the resolution of the inflammatory response and control chemotaxis in neutrophils. In addition to SCFAs, may also be activated by the extracellular lectin FCN1 in a process leading to activation of monocytes and inducing the secretion of interleukin-8/IL-8 in response to the presence of microbes (PubMed:21037097).

Supplier: Bioss

G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by a major product of dietary fiber digestion, the short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and that plays a role in the regulation of whole-body energy homeostasis and in intestinal immunity. In omnivorous mammals, the short chain fatty acids acetate, propionate and butyrate are produced primarily by the gut microbiome that metabolizes dietary fibers. SCFAs serve as a source of energy but also act as signaling molecules. That G protein-coupled receptor is probably coupled to the pertussis toxin-sensitive, G(i/o)-alpha family of G proteins but also to the Gq family (PubMed:12496283, PubMed:12711604, PubMed:23589301). Its activation results in the formation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, the mobilization of intracellular calcium, the phosphorylation of the MAPK3/ERK1 and MAPK1/ERK2 kinases and the inhibition of intracellular cAMP accumulation. May play a role in glucose homeostasis by regulating the secretion of GLP-1, in response to short-chain fatty acids accumulating in the intestine. May also regulate the production of LEP/Leptin, a hormone acting on the central nervous system to inhibit food intake. Finally, may also regulate whole-body energy homeostasis through adipogenesis regulating both differentiation and lipid storage of adipocytes. In parallel to its role in energy homeostasis, may also mediate the activation of the inflammatory and immune responses by SCFA in the intestine, regulating the rapid production of chemokines and cytokines. May also play a role in the resolution of the inflammatory response and control chemotaxis in neutrophils. In addition to SCFAs, may also be activated by the extracellular lectin FCN1 in a process leading to activation of monocytes and inducing the secretion of interleukin-8/IL-8 in response to the presence of microbes (PubMed:21037097).

Supplier: Bioss

G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by a major product of dietary fiber digestion, the short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and that plays a role in the regulation of whole-body energy homeostasis and in intestinal immunity. In omnivorous mammals, the short chain fatty acids acetate, propionate and butyrate are produced primarily by the gut microbiome that metabolizes dietary fibers. SCFAs serve as a source of energy but also act as signaling molecules. That G protein-coupled receptor is probably coupled to the pertussis toxin-sensitive, G(i/o)-alpha family of G proteins but also to the Gq family (PubMed:12496283, PubMed:12711604, PubMed:23589301). Its activation results in the formation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, the mobilization of intracellular calcium, the phosphorylation of the MAPK3/ERK1 and MAPK1/ERK2 kinases and the inhibition of intracellular cAMP accumulation. May play a role in glucose homeostasis by regulating the secretion of GLP-1, in response to short-chain fatty acids accumulating in the intestine. May also regulate the production of LEP/Leptin, a hormone acting on the central nervous system to inhibit food intake. Finally, may also regulate whole-body energy homeostasis through adipogenesis regulating both differentiation and lipid storage of adipocytes. In parallel to its role in energy homeostasis, may also mediate the activation of the inflammatory and immune responses by SCFA in the intestine, regulating the rapid production of chemokines and cytokines. May also play a role in the resolution of the inflammatory response and control chemotaxis in neutrophils. In addition to SCFAs, may also be activated by the extracellular lectin FCN1 in a process leading to activation of monocytes and inducing the secretion of interleukin-8/IL-8 in response to the presence of microbes (PubMed:21037097).

Supplier: Bioss

G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by a major product of dietary fiber digestion, the short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and that plays a role in the regulation of whole-body energy homeostasis and in intestinal immunity. In omnivorous mammals, the short chain fatty acids acetate, propionate and butyrate are produced primarily by the gut microbiome that metabolizes dietary fibers. SCFAs serve as a source of energy but also act as signaling molecules. That G protein-coupled receptor is probably coupled to the pertussis toxin-sensitive, G(i/o)-alpha family of G proteins but also to the Gq family (PubMed:12496283, PubMed:12711604, PubMed:23589301). Its activation results in the formation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, the mobilization of intracellular calcium, the phosphorylation of the MAPK3/ERK1 and MAPK1/ERK2 kinases and the inhibition of intracellular cAMP accumulation. May play a role in glucose homeostasis by regulating the secretion of GLP-1, in response to short-chain fatty acids accumulating in the intestine. May also regulate the production of LEP/Leptin, a hormone acting on the central nervous system to inhibit food intake. Finally, may also regulate whole-body energy homeostasis through adipogenesis regulating both differentiation and lipid storage of adipocytes. In parallel to its role in energy homeostasis, may also mediate the activation of the inflammatory and immune responses by SCFA in the intestine, regulating the rapid production of chemokines and cytokines. May also play a role in the resolution of the inflammatory response and control chemotaxis in neutrophils. In addition to SCFAs, may also be activated by the extracellular lectin FCN1 in a process leading to activation of monocytes and inducing the secretion of interleukin-8/IL-8 in response to the presence of microbes (PubMed:21037097).

Supplier: Bioss

G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by a major product of dietary fiber digestion, the short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and that plays a role in the regulation of whole-body energy homeostasis and in intestinal immunity. In omnivorous mammals, the short chain fatty acids acetate, propionate and butyrate are produced primarily by the gut microbiome that metabolizes dietary fibers. SCFAs serve as a source of energy but also act as signaling molecules. That G protein-coupled receptor is probably coupled to the pertussis toxin-sensitive, G(i/o)-alpha family of G proteins but also to the Gq family (PubMed:12496283, PubMed:12711604, PubMed:23589301). Its activation results in the formation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, the mobilization of intracellular calcium, the phosphorylation of the MAPK3/ERK1 and MAPK1/ERK2 kinases and the inhibition of intracellular cAMP accumulation. May play a role in glucose homeostasis by regulating the secretion of GLP-1, in response to short-chain fatty acids accumulating in the intestine. May also regulate the production of LEP/Leptin, a hormone acting on the central nervous system to inhibit food intake. Finally, may also regulate whole-body energy homeostasis through adipogenesis regulating both differentiation and lipid storage of adipocytes. In parallel to its role in energy homeostasis, may also mediate the activation of the inflammatory and immune responses by SCFA in the intestine, regulating the rapid production of chemokines and cytokines. May also play a role in the resolution of the inflammatory response and control chemotaxis in neutrophils. In addition to SCFAs, may also be activated by the extracellular lectin FCN1 in a process leading to activation of monocytes and inducing the secretion of interleukin-8/IL-8 in response to the presence of microbes (PubMed:21037097).

Supplier: VWR Chemicals

Viability pH indicator goes from yellow to purple over a range of 5.2 to 6.8. Also used for live/dead differentiation of yeast.

Supplier: Bioss

NCS-1 (for neuronal calcium sensor-1, also designated frequenin) belongs to a highly conserved family of EF-hand-containing Ca++-binding proteins expressed mainly in neurons. NCS-1 is localized to neuronal cell bodies and axons throughout the brain and spinal cord. It is also expressed in glial cells and in neuroendocrine bovine adrenal chromaffin and PC12 cells. NCS-1 is a regulatory protein involved in Ca++-dependent exocytosis of synaptic vesicles and dense core granules. NCS-1 also functions in the voltage-independent autocrine pathway that negatively regulates non-L-type Ca++ channels.

Supplier: Bioss

Synthesizes the second messagers cyclic ADP-ribose and nicotinate-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, the former a second messenger for glucose-induced insulin secretion. Also has cADPr hydrolase activity. Also moonlights as a receptor in cells of the immune system.

Supplier: Bioss

Serine/threonine-protein kinase which is required for checkpoint-mediated cell cycle arrest, activation of DNA repair and apoptosis in response to the presence of DNA double-strand breaks. May also negatively regulate cell cycle progression during unperturbed cell cycles. Following activation, phosphorylates numerous effectors preferentially at the consensus sequence [L-X-R-X-X-S/T]. Regulates cell cycle checkpoint arrest through phosphorylation of CDC25A, CDC25B and CDC25C, inhibiting their activity. Inhibition of CDC25 phosphatase activity leads to increased inhibitory tyrosine phosphorylation of CDK-cyclin complexes and blocks cell cycle progression. May also phosphorylate NEK6 which is involved in G2/M cell cycle arrest. Regulates DNA repair through phosphorylation of BRCA2, enhancing the association of RAD51 with chromatin which promotes DNA repair by homologous recombination. Also stimulates the transcription of genes involved in DNA repair (including BRCA2) through the phosphorylation and activation of the transcription factor FOXM1. Regulates apoptosis through the phosphorylation of p53/TP53, MDM4 and PML. Phosphorylation of p53/TP53 at 'Ser-20' by CHEK2 may alleviate inhibition by MDM2, leading to accumulation of active p53/TP53. Phosphorylation of MDM4 may also reduce degradation of p53/TP53. Also controls the transcription of pro-apoptotic genes through phosphorylation of the transcription factor E2F1. Tumor suppressor, it may also have a DNA damage-independent function in mitotic spindle assembly by phosphorylating BRCA1. Its absence may be a cause of the chromosomal instability observed in some cancer cells.

Supplier: Bioss

Serine/threonine-protein kinase which is required for checkpoint-mediated cell cycle arrest, activation of DNA repair and apoptosis in response to the presence of DNA double-strand breaks. May also negatively regulate cell cycle progression during unperturbed cell cycles. Following activation, phosphorylates numerous effectors preferentially at the consensus sequence [L-X-R-X-X-S/T]. Regulates cell cycle checkpoint arrest through phosphorylation of CDC25A, CDC25B and CDC25C, inhibiting their activity. Inhibition of CDC25 phosphatase activity leads to increased inhibitory tyrosine phosphorylation of CDK-cyclin complexes and blocks cell cycle progression. May also phosphorylate NEK6 which is involved in G2/M cell cycle arrest. Regulates DNA repair through phosphorylation of BRCA2, enhancing the association of RAD51 with chromatin which promotes DNA repair by homologous recombination. Also stimulates the transcription of genes involved in DNA repair (including BRCA2) through the phosphorylation and activation of the transcription factor FOXM1. Regulates apoptosis through the phosphorylation of p53/TP53, MDM4 and PML. Phosphorylation of p53/TP53 at 'Ser-20' by CHEK2 may alleviate inhibition by MDM2, leading to accumulation of active p53/TP53. Phosphorylation of MDM4 may also reduce degradation of p53/TP53. Also controls the transcription of pro-apoptotic genes through phosphorylation of the transcription factor E2F1. Tumor suppressor, it may also have a DNA damage-independent function in mitotic spindle assembly by phosphorylating BRCA1. Its absence may be a cause of the chromosomal instability observed in some cancer cells.

Supplier: Bioss

Serine/threonine-protein kinase which is required for checkpoint-mediated cell cycle arrest, activation of DNA repair and apoptosis in response to the presence of DNA double-strand breaks. May also negatively regulate cell cycle progression during unperturbed cell cycles. Following activation, phosphorylates numerous effectors preferentially at the consensus sequence [L-X-R-X-X-S/T]. Regulates cell cycle checkpoint arrest through phosphorylation of CDC25A, CDC25B and CDC25C, inhibiting their activity. Inhibition of CDC25 phosphatase activity leads to increased inhibitory tyrosine phosphorylation of CDK-cyclin complexes and blocks cell cycle progression. May also phosphorylate NEK6 which is involved in G2/M cell cycle arrest. Regulates DNA repair through phosphorylation of BRCA2, enhancing the association of RAD51 with chromatin which promotes DNA repair by homologous recombination. Also stimulates the transcription of genes involved in DNA repair (including BRCA2) through the phosphorylation and activation of the transcription factor FOXM1. Regulates apoptosis through the phosphorylation of p53/TP53, MDM4 and PML. Phosphorylation of p53/TP53 at 'Ser-20' by CHEK2 may alleviate inhibition by MDM2, leading to accumulation of active p53/TP53. Phosphorylation of MDM4 may also reduce degradation of p53/TP53. Also controls the transcription of pro-apoptotic genes through phosphorylation of the transcription factor E2F1. Tumor suppressor, it may also have a DNA damage-independent function in mitotic spindle assembly by phosphorylating BRCA1. Its absence may be a cause of the chromosomal instability observed in some cancer cells.

Supplier: Bioss

Serine/threonine-protein kinase which is required for checkpoint-mediated cell cycle arrest, activation of DNA repair and apoptosis in response to the presence of DNA double-strand breaks. May also negatively regulate cell cycle progression during unperturbed cell cycles. Following activation, phosphorylates numerous effectors preferentially at the consensus sequence [L-X-R-X-X-S/T]. Regulates cell cycle checkpoint arrest through phosphorylation of CDC25A, CDC25B and CDC25C, inhibiting their activity. Inhibition of CDC25 phosphatase activity leads to increased inhibitory tyrosine phosphorylation of CDK-cyclin complexes and blocks cell cycle progression. May also phosphorylate NEK6 which is involved in G2/M cell cycle arrest. Regulates DNA repair through phosphorylation of BRCA2, enhancing the association of RAD51 with chromatin which promotes DNA repair by homologous recombination. Also stimulates the transcription of genes involved in DNA repair (including BRCA2) through the phosphorylation and activation of the transcription factor FOXM1. Regulates apoptosis through the phosphorylation of p53/TP53, MDM4 and PML. Phosphorylation of p53/TP53 at 'Ser-20' by CHEK2 may alleviate inhibition by MDM2, leading to accumulation of active p53/TP53. Phosphorylation of MDM4 may also reduce degradation of p53/TP53. Also controls the transcription of pro-apoptotic genes through phosphorylation of the transcription factor E2F1. Tumor suppressor, it may also have a DNA damage-independent function in mitotic spindle assembly by phosphorylating BRCA1. Its absence may be a cause of the chromosomal instability observed in some cancer cells.

Supplier: Bioss

High density lipoprotein-binding protein, HDLBP, also known as vigilin, specifically binds HDL molecules and may function in the removal of excess cellular cholesterol. It may also be involved in the regulation of the delivery of fats to cells for energy and storage as fats in the bloodstream are not readily metabolized in the absence of HDLBP.

Supplier: SIGMA ALDRICH MICROSCOPY

Quinaldine red has been used as a fluorescent probe for α1-acid glycoprotein (AAG). It is also used a diagnostic assay manufacturing, hematology, histology.

Supplier: Bioss

Vasopressin, also known as arginine vasopressin (AVP) or antidiuretic hormone (ADH), is a posterior pituitary hormone that is synthesised in the hypothalamus. Vasopressin is synthesised as a precursor protein that consists of arginine vasopressin and two associated proteins, neurophysin 2 and the glycopeptide copeptin. Vasopressin, together with its carrier protein neurophysin II, is packaged into neurosecretory vesicles and transported axonally to the nerve endings in the neurohypophysis, where it is either stored or secreted into the bloodstream. Vasopressin acts as a growth factor by enhancing pH regulation through acid-base transport systems. It has a direct antidiuretic action on the kidney and also causes vasoconstriction of the peripheral vessels. Vasopressin can also contract smooth muscle during parturition and lactation. It also plays a role in cognition, tolerance, adaptation and complex sexual and maternal behaviour, as well as in the regulation of water excretion and cardiovascular functions. Mutations in the vasopressin precursor cause autosomal dominant neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus (ADNDI), which is characterised by persistant thirst, polydipsia and polyuria.

Supplier: Tonbo Biosciences

The EBVCS-5 antibody is specific for human CD23, also known as the low affinity IgE receptor (FceRII), a 45 kDa type II transmembrane protein and member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. It is expressed on most B cells and is upregulated upon activation. It is also present on mantle zone B cells, eosinophils, monocytes and a subset of T cells and platelets. CD23 plays a role in B cell development and differentiation, and also functions to regulate IgE production. Soluble secreted forms of CD23 have been reported to bind IgE, stimulate release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from monocytes, and play a role in B cell differentiation.

Supplier: Bioss

The synucleins, including Alpha-synuclein (also designated NACP for nonamyloid component precursor),Beta-synuclein (also designated PNP 14 for neuroprotein 14)and Gamma-synuclein (also designated persyn or BCSG1 for breast cancer-specific gene 1)are presynaptic protein abundant in neurons. Alpha-synuclein, a component of Alzheimer’s disease amyloid plaques, is localized to neuronal cell bodies and synapses. Coordinate expression of Alpha-synucleinand Beta-synuclein may be important during hematopoetic cell differentiation. In patients with Parkinson’s disease, a mutant form of Alpha-synuclein has been found and Gamma-synuclein is associated with axonal pathology.

Supplier: Bioss

The synucleins, including Alpha-synuclein (also designated NACP for nonamyloid component precursor),Beta-synuclein (also designated PNP 14 for neuroprotein 14)and Gamma-synuclein (also designated persyn or BCSG1 for breast cancer-specific gene 1)are presynaptic protein abundant in neurons. Alpha-synuclein, a component of Alzheimer’s disease amyloid plaques, is localized to neuronal cell bodies and synapses. Coordinate expression of Alpha-synucleinand Beta-synuclein may be important during hematopoetic cell differentiation. In patients with Parkinson’s disease, a mutant form of Alpha-synuclein has been found and Gamma-synuclein is associated with axonal pathology.

Supplier: Bioss

The synucleins, including Alpha-synuclein (also designated NACP for nonamyloid component precursor),Beta-synuclein (also designated PNP 14 for neuroprotein 14)and Gamma-synuclein (also designated persyn or BCSG1 for breast cancer-specific gene 1)are presynaptic protein abundant in neurons. Alpha-synuclein, a component of Alzheimer’s disease amyloid plaques, is localized to neuronal cell bodies and synapses. Coordinate expression of Alpha-synucleinand Beta-synuclein may be important during hematopoetic cell differentiation. In patients with Parkinson’s disease, a mutant form of Alpha-synuclein has been found and Gamma-synuclein is associated with axonal pathology.

Supplier: Merck

Solvent Yellow 124 is a marker dye, generally used in diesel oil as a green colorant, which can be analysed using high performance liquid chromatography method (HPLC). It is mainly used to prevent the misuse of low tax diesel fuel and as to also calculate the adulteration of road fuel with low tax diesel fuel.

Supplier: Apollo Scientific

Alaphosphin is an Alanine antagonist and can also be used in Murein biosynthesis.