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Involved in osteopontin/bone sialoprotein dephosphorylation. Its expression seems to increase in certain pathological states such as Gaucher and Hodgkin diseases, the hairy cell, the B-cell, and the T-cell leukemias.

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The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the MAPkinase family. MAP kinases, also known as extracellularsignal-regulated kinases (ERKs), act in a signaling cascade thatregulates various cellular processes such as proliferation,differentiation, and cell cycle progression in response to avariety of extracellular signals. This kinase is activated byupstream kinases, resulting in its translocation to the nucleuswhere it phosphorylates nuclear targets. Alternatively splicedtranscript variants encoding different protein isoforms have beendescribed. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008].

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Cathelicidins are a family of antimicrobial proteins found in the peroxidase-negative granules of neutrophils. Along with the family of proteins known as defensins, cathelicidins participate in the first line of defense by preventing local infection and systemic invasion of microbes. FALL-39 precursor (FALL-39 peptide antibiotic, cationic anti-microbial protein, CAMP, CAP-18, HSD26) is a cathelicidin anti-microbial protein that contains the antibacterial peptide LL-37 (amino acids 134-170). In contrast to the defensins, which are cysteine-rich peptides that fold in ∫-pleated sheets, LL-37 is a cysteine-free peptide that can adopt an amphipathic å-helical conformation. LL-37 binds to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and is a potent chemotactic factor for recruiting mast cells to sites of inflammation. LL-37 is present in inflammatory skin diseases that include psoriasis, sub-acute lupus erthematosus, dermatitis and nickel contact hypersensitivity. It is not found in normal skin epidermis. The secreted protein is expressed primarily in bone marrow, testis and neutrophils. The mouse and rat ortholog, CRAMP (cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide), is also part of the cathelicidin family of host defense peptides. These include precursors of potent antimicrobial peptides that direct antimicrobial activity against various microbial pathogens and also activate mesenchymal cells during wound repair. CRAMP is expressed in testis, spleen, stomach and intestine.

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Receptor for lutropin-choriogonadotropic hormone. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylate cyclase.

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Broad specificity aminopeptidase. Plays a role in the final digestion of peptides generated from hydrolysis of proteins by gastric and pancreatic proteases. May play a critical role in the pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstone disease. May be involved in the metabolism of regulatory peptides of diverse cell types, responsible for the processing of peptide hormones, such as angiotensin III and IV, neuropeptides, and chemokines. Found to cleave antigen peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex class II molecules of presenting cells and to degrade neurotransmitters at synaptic junctions. Is also implicated as a regulator of IL-8 bioavailability in the endometrium, and therefore may contribute to the regulation of angiogenesis. Is used as a marker for acute myeloid leukemia and plays a role in tumor invasion. In case of human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) infection, serves as receptor for HCoV-229E spike glycoprotein. Mediates as well human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection.

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Broad specificity aminopeptidase. Plays a role in the final digestion of peptides generated from hydrolysis of proteins by gastric and pancreatic proteases. May play a critical role in the pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstone disease. May be involved in the metabolism of regulatory peptides of diverse cell types, responsible for the processing of peptide hormones, such as angiotensin III and IV, neuropeptides, and chemokines. Found to cleave antigen peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex class II molecules of presenting cells and to degrade neurotransmitters at synaptic junctions. Is also implicated as a regulator of IL-8 bioavailability in the endometrium, and therefore may contribute to the regulation of angiogenesis. Is used as a marker for acute myeloid leukemia and plays a role in tumor invasion. In case of human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) infection, serves as receptor for HCoV-229E spike glycoprotein. Mediates as well human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection.

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FOXRED1 is a 486 amino acid single-pass membrane protein. Utilizing FAD as a cofactor, FOXRED1 may act as a chaperone protein essential for the function of mitochondrial complex I. Mutations to FOXRED1 may result in mitochondrial complex I deficiency (MT-C1D), which results in a wide range of clinical maladies from lethal neonatal disease to adult onset neurodegenerative disorders. Common phenotypes of MT-C1D include cardiomyopathy, liver disease, Leigh syndrome, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, and some forms of Parkinson disease. FOXRED1 exists as three alternatively spliced isoforms and is encoded by a gene mapping to human chromosome 11q24.2. With approximately 135 million base pairs and 1,400 genes, chromosome 11 makes up around 4% of human genomic DNA and is considered a gene and disease association dense chromosome.

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Could be involved in cell-cell and/or cell-matrix interactions necessary for normal growth control. Pro-apoptotic protein that functions intracellularly upstream of JNK activation and cytochrome c release.

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FOXRED1 is a 486 amino acid single-pass membrane protein. Utilizing FAD as a cofactor, FOXRED1 may act as a chaperone protein essential for the function of mitochondrial complex I. Mutations to FOXRED1 may result in mitochondrial complex I deficiency (MT-C1D), which results in a wide range of clinical maladies from lethal neonatal disease to adult onset neurodegenerative disorders. Common phenotypes of MT-C1D include cardiomyopathy, liver disease, Leigh syndrome, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, and some forms of Parkinson disease. FOXRED1 exists as three alternatively spliced isoforms and is encoded by a gene mapping to human chromosome 11q24.2. With approximately 135 million base pairs and 1,400 genes, chromosome 11 makes up around 4% of human genomic DNA and is considered a gene and disease association dense chromosome.

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GAD-65 and GAD-67, glutamate decarboxylases function to catalyze the production of GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid). In the central nervous system GABA functions as the main inhibitory transmitter by increasing a Cl-conductance that inhibits neuronal firing. GABA has been shown to activate both ionotropic (GABAA) and metabotropic (GABAB) receptors as well as a third class of receptors called GABAC. Both GABAA and GABAC are ligand-gated ion channels, however, they are structurally and functionally distinct.

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CXorf36

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ADAMTS proteases are secreted enzymes containing a prometalloprotease domain of the reprolysin type. The ADAMTS proteases function in processing of procollagens and von Willebrand factor as well as catabolism of aggrecan, versican and brevican. They have been demonstrated to have important roles in connective tissue organization, coagulation, inflammation, arthritis, angiogenesis and cell migration.A member of the metalloproteinase family containing disintegrin like domains (ADAMs), the function of ADAMTS8 is still poorly understood. ADAMTS8 contains the canonical HExxHxxxxxH zinc metalloproteinase motif, and has been shown to be proteolytically active on a range of substrates. ADAMTS8 is inhibited by the endogenous MMP inhibitors, TIMP1, 2, 3 and 4, but most efficiently by TIMP3. In addition to the metalloprotease domain, ADAMTS8 has a propeptide domain, a Prohormone Convertase (PC, furin) cleavage site, a cysteine rich domain and thrombospondin 1 like domains.

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The Gab family of adaptor proteins function as molecular scaffolds that mediate protein recruit-ment to RTKs. Cytokine/growth factor triggering of protein tyrosine kinase receptors (RTKs) initiates signaling cascades that progress to the nucleus where signals for activation, proliferation and differentiation occur. This scaffolding mechanism represents a critical link in cytokine/growth factor signaling routes. Gab 1-4 contain Pleckstrin homology and potential binding sites for SH2 and SH3 domain-containing proteins. The recruitment of signaling partners to Gab family members is phosphorylation-dependent. Insulin receptor and EGF receptor signaling are among the cascades that rely on Gab family members to elicit a nuclear response to an extracellular stimulus. Gab 4 (GRB2-associated-binding protein 4), also designated GRB2-associated-binding protein 2-like (Gab 2-like), is a 574 amino acid protein that shares 62% sequence similarity with Gab 2 and contains one Pleckstrin homology domain.

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The protein encoded by this gene is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein which shows homology to the pMEL17 precursor, a melanocyte-specific protein. GPNMB shows expression in the lowly metastatic human melanoma cell lines and xenografts but does not show expression in the highly metastatic cell lines. GPNMB may be involved in growth delay and reduction of metastatic potential. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq].

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This gene, a member of the cadherin superfamily, encodes one of the receptor tyrosine kinases, which are cell-surface molecules that transduce signals for cell growth and differentiation. This gene plays a crucial role in neural crest development, and it can undergo oncogenic activation in vivo and in vitro by cytogenetic rearrangement. Mutations in this gene are associated with the disorders multiple endocrine neoplasia, type IIA, multiple endocrine neoplasia, type IIB, Hirschsprung disease, and medullary thyroid carcinoma. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. Additional transcript variants have been described but their biological validity has not been confirmed. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008].

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This gene, a member of the cadherin superfamily, encodes one of the receptor tyrosine kinases, which are cell-surface molecules that transduce signals for cell growth and differentiation. This gene plays a crucial role in neural crest development, and it can undergo oncogenic activation in vivo and in vitro by cytogenetic rearrangement. Mutations in this gene are associated with the disorders multiple endocrine neoplasia, type IIA, multiple endocrine neoplasia, type IIB, Hirschsprung disease, and medullary thyroid carcinoma. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. Additional transcript variants have been described but their biological validity has not been confirmed. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008].

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The protein encoded by this gene is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein which shows homology to the pMEL17 precursor, a melanocyte-specific protein. GPNMB shows expression in the lowly metastatic human melanoma cell lines and xenografts but does not show expression in the highly metastatic cell lines. GPNMB may be involved in growth delay and reduction of metastatic potential. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq].

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Associates with CD4 or CD8 and delivers costimulatory signals for the TCR/CD3 pathway.

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Probable receptor with tyrosine-protein kinase activity; important for development.

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May function as an inducer of apoptosis. Interacts selectively with ASC and this complex may function as an upstream activator of NF-kappa-B signaling. Inhibits TNF-alpha induced activation and nuclear translocation of RELA/NF-KB p65. Also inhibits transcriptional activity of RELA. Activates caspase-1 in response to a number of triggers including bacterial or viral infection which leads to processing and release of IL1B and IL18.

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The Annexin family of calcium binding proteins is composed of at least ten mammalian genes. It is characterised by a conserved core domain which binds to phospholipids in a Ca2+ dependent manner and a unique amino terminal region which may confer binding specificity. The Annexin family has been implicated as regulators of such diverse processes as ion flux, endocytosis and exocytosis, and cellular adhesion. When overexpressed in A431 cells, Annexin VI causes a partial reversal of the transformed phenotype.

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Associates with CD4 or CD8 and delivers costimulatory signals for the TCR/CD3 pathway.

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Associates with CD4 or CD8 and delivers costimulatory signals for the TCR/CD3 pathway.

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Apoptosis plays a major role in normal organism development, tissue homeostasis, and removal of damaged cells. Disruption of this process has been implicated in a variety of diseases such as cancer. AVEN is a recently discovered protein that blocks apoptosis induced by Apaf-1 and caspase-9. It is thought that AVEN functions by binding to Bcl-xL, an antiapoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family, and to Apaf-1, possibly interfering with the ability of Apaf-1 to self-associate, suggesting that AVEN impedes Apaf-1-mediated caspase activation. Higher levels of AVEN mRNA are seen in patients with acute leukemia than in control patients, suggesting that AVEN may be useful as a prognostic indicator in leukemia patients.

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B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA), an immunoglobulin domain-containing glycoprotein with two immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs. BTLA is not expressed by naive T cells, but it is induced during activation and remains expressed on T helper type 1 (T(H)1) but not T(H)2 cells. Crosslinking BTLA with antigen receptors induces its tyrosine phosphorylation and association with the Src homology domain 2 (SH2)-containing protein tyrosine phosphatases SHP-1 and SHP-2, and attenuates production of interleukin 2 (IL-2). BTLA-deficient T cells show increased proliferation, and BTLA-deficient mice have increased specific antibody responses and enhanced sensitivity to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. B7x, a peripheral homolog of B7, is a ligand of BTLA. Thus, BTLA is a third inhibitory receptor on T lymphocytes with similarities to cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death 1 (PD-1).

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Tyrosine-protein kinase that acts as cell-surface receptor for fibroblast growth factors and plays a role in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and migration, and in regulation of lipid metabolism, bile acid biosynthesis, glucose uptake, vitamin D metabolism and phosphate homeostasis. Required for normal down-regulation of the expression of CYP7A1, the rate-limiting enzyme in bile acid synthesis, in response to FGF19. Phosphorylates PLCG1 and FRS2. Ligand binding leads to the activation of several signaling cascades. Activation of PLCG1 leads to the production of the cellular signaling molecules diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. Phosphorylation of FRS2 triggers recruitment of GRB2, GAB1, PIK3R1 and SOS1, and mediates activation of RAS, MAPK1/ERK2, MAPK3/ERK1 and the MAP kinase signaling pathway, as well as of the AKT1 signaling pathway. Promotes SRC-dependent phosphorylation of the matrix protease MMP14 and its lysosomal degradation. FGFR4 signaling is down-regulated by receptor internalization and degradation; MMP14 promotes internalization and degradation of FGFR4. Mutations that lead to constitutive kinase activation or impair normal FGFR4 inactivation lead to aberrant signaling.

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Component of the beta-catenin destruction complex required for regulating CTNNB1 levels through phosphorylation and ubiquitination, and modulating Wnt-signaling. Controls dorsoventral patterning via two opposing effects; down-regulates CTNNB1 to inhibit the Wnt signaling pathway and ventralize embryos, but also dorsalizes embryos by activating a Wnt-independent JNK signaling pathway. In Wnt signaling, probably facilitates the phosphorylation of CTNNB1 and APC by GSK3B. Likely to function as a tumor suppressor. Facilitates the phosphorylation of TP53 by HIPK2 upon ultraviolet irradiation. Enhances TGF-beta signaling by recruiting the RNF111 E3 ubiquitin ligase and promoting the degradation of inhibitory SMAD7. Also component of the AXIN1-HIPK2-TP53 complex which controls cell growth, apoptosis and development.

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Binds to TEK/TIE2, competing for the ANGPT1 binding site, and modulating ANGPT1 signaling. Can induce tyrosine phosphorylation of TEK/TIE2 in the absence of ANGPT1. In the absence of angiogenic inducers, such as VEGF, ANGPT2-mediated loosening of cell-matrix contacts may induce endothelial cell apoptosis with consequent vascular regression. In concert with VEGF, it may facilitate endothelial cell migration and proliferation, thus serving as a permissive angiogenic signal.

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Transcriptional repressor; binds to the DNA sequence 5'-CCGGAAGT-3'. Plays a role in hematopoiesis and malignant transformation.

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FGL2 is a secreted protein that is similar to the beta- and gamma-chains of fibrinogen. The carboxyl-terminus of the encoded protein consists of the fibrinogen-related domains (FRED). The encoded protein forms a tetrameric complex which is stabilized by interchain disulfide bonds. It may play a role in physiologic functions at mucosal sites. It is constitutively expressed in cytotoxic T-cells. Lack of expression in other lymphoid- and nonlymphoid-derived cell lines suggested that expression of FGL2 may be restricted to lymphocytes. FGL2 is induced via a mechanism involving IFNG and components of the IFNG signaling pathway, including STAT1 and IRF1.