Supplier: ProSci Inc.

CASP3 is a protein which is a member of the cysteine-aspartic acid protease (caspase) family. Sequential activation of caspases plays a central role in the execution-phase of cell apoptosis. Caspases exist as inactive proenzymes which undergo proteolytic processing at conserved aspartic residues to produce two subunits, large and small, that dimerize to form the active enzyme. This protein cleaves and activates caspases 6, 7 and 9, and the protein itself is processed by caspases 8, 9 and 10. It is the predominant caspase involved in the cleavage of amyloid-beta 4A precursor protein, which is associated with neuronal death in Alzheimer's disease. Alternative splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants that encode the same protein.

Supplier: Merck

L(+)-Asparagine monohydrate ≥99.0% (dry basis) for biochemistry pH 4.0 - 5.5 (20 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C), Millipore®

Supplier: Apollo Scientific

L(+)-Asparagine monohydrate ≥99%

Supplier: Thermo Fisher Scientific

L(+)-Asparagine monohydrate ≥98%

Supplier: Merck Millipore (Calbiochem‎)

Native endoproteinase Asp-N from Pseudomonas fragi. Designed for protein sequencing or sequence verification, analysis of protein structural domains, and cleavage of fusion proteins. Metalloprotease that specifically hydrolyses proteins at the N-terminal side of aspartic acid and cysteic acid residues. Inhibited by aprotinin, DFP, leupeptin, and TLCK. Suggested working concentration: 1:20 to 1:100 (protease:protein by weight) for sequence analysis.

Supplier: Shenandoah Biotechnology

Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) family and is made by the placenta and cardiovascular tissues. GDF-15 regulates inflammatory and apoptotic pathways during cellular stress and injury. GDF-15 is emerging as a biomarker of early heart disease, such that increased levels of circulating GDF-15 are associated with an increased risk of developing heart failure. The GDF-15 D variant has a Histidine to an Aspartate substitution at amino acid position 7.

Supplier: G-Biosciences

SG-Glutamic-C™ is a serine endopeptidase, from S. aureus V8, that is highly specific for the cleavage of peptide bonds at the carboxy side of either aspartic or glutamic acid, depending on the buffer used. In Tris-HCl buffer, in particular in the absence of phosphate ions, the enzyme is specific for the glutamyl site. Recommended buffers for fragmentation of proteins using this enzyme are 50 mM Tris-HCI, pH 8,0 or bicarbonate buffer. Highly purified preparations of SG-Glutamic-C™ are chemically modified making the enzyme both resistant to autolysis and stabilises its enzymatic activity.

Supplier: PanReac AppliChem

L(+)-Asparagine monohydrate

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

3-Hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase is a monomeric cytosolic protein belonging to the family of intramolecular dioxygenases containing nonheme ferrous iron. It is widely distributed in peripheral organs, such as liver and kidney, and is also present in low amounts in the central nervous system. HAAO catalyzes the synthesis of quinolinic acid (QUIN) from 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid. QUIN is an excitotoxin whose toxicity is mediated by its ability to activate glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Increased cerebral levels of QUIN may participate in the pathogenesis of neurologic and inflammatory disorders. HAAO has been suggested to play a role in disorders associated with altered tissue levels of QUIN.3-Hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase is a monomeric cytosolic protein belonging to the family of intramolecular dioxygenases containing nonheme ferrous iron. It is widely distributed in peripheral organs, such as liver and kidney, and is also present in low amounts in the central nervous system. HAAO catalyzes the synthesis of quinolinic acid (QUIN) from 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid. QUIN is an excitotoxin whose toxicity is mediated by its ability to activate glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Increased cerebral levels of QUIN may participate in the pathogenesis of neurologic and inflammatory disorders. HAAO has been suggested to play a role in disorders associated with altered tissue levels of QUIN.

Supplier: Biosensis

High-mobility group proteins were named originally since they are abundand relatively low molecular weight proteins which run quickly on SDS-PAGE gels. High-mobility group protein box 1 (HMGB1, Amphoterin) is one of these. The "bx" in the name refers to the so-called high mobility group (HMG) box, a compact domain involved in DNA binding and protein-protein interactions. the HMGB1 molecule has two of these HMG domains. The protein is alslo called amphoterin, this name being derived from the presence of two highly charged regions in the molecule, a relatively neutrally charged N-terminus and a very negatively charged C-terminus. In fact the molecule is very unusually charged throughout, the human sequence consisting of 16.7% Glutamic acid, 9.3% Aspartic acid, 20% lysine and 9.3% Arginine. HMGB1 can bind Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) and the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End products (RAGE). TLRs are components of the innate immune system, first recognized as a family of receptors which recognize "Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern molecules (PAMPs). PAMPs are common components of bacteria and when TLRs bind these a strong inflammatory response is activated. More recently it has been recognized that TLRs can also be activated by Damage Associated Molecular Pattern molecules (DAMPs), which are endogenous substances released from damaged and diseased cells which also bind to TLR family receptors and also activate inflammation. HMGB1 is such a DAMP, binding to TLR4, and much evidence suggests that HMGB1 is a strong activator of inflammation. Interestingly, HMGB1 is released by necrotic cells but not by apoptotic cells (1).

Supplier: PanReac AppliChem

L(+)-Asparagine monohydrate

Supplier: Thermo Fisher Scientific

L(+)-Asparagine monohydrate, meets analytical specification of Ph.Eur.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

ASPH is thought to play an important role in calcium homeostasis. Alternative splicing of this gene results in five transcript variants which vary in protein translation, the coding of catalytic domains, and tissue expression. Variation among these transcripts impacts their functions which involve roles in the calcium storage and release process in the endoplasmic and sarcoplasmic reticulum as well as hydroxylation of aspartic acid and asparagine in epidermal growth factor-like domains of various proteins.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

The ion channels activated by glutamate are typically divided into two classes. Those that are sensitive to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) are designated NMDA receptors (NMDAR) while those activated by beta-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxalone propionic acid (AMPA) are known as AMPA receptors (AMPAR). The AMPAR are comprised of four distinct subunits GluR1-4 and they play key roles in virtually all excitatory neurotransmission in the brain. The GluR1 subunit is widely expressed throughout the nervous system. GluR1 is also potentiated by phosphorylation at Ser831. In addition, phosphorylation of this site has been linked to synaptic plasticity as well and learning and memory.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

ASRGL1 (Asparaginase-like protein 1), also known as CRASH, belongs to the Ntn-hydrolase family. Asparaginases utilize asparagine as a substrate to produce aspartic acid and ammonia. ASRGL1 has been identified as a autoantigenic protein that is present in the mid-piece of sperm after obstruction of the male reproductive tract. It is expressed highly in testis, but is also expressed in brain, kidney and gastrointestinal tissues. High levels of ASRGL1 have also been identified in ovarian, uterine and mammary tumors in comparison with normal tissues of the same origin.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

The ion channels activated by glutamate are typically divided into two classes. Those that are sensitive to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) are designated NMDA receptors (NMDAR) while those activated by alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxalone propionic acid (AMPA) are known as AMPA receptors (AMPAR). The AMPAR are comprised of 4 distinct subunits (GluR1-4) and they play key roles in virtually all excitatory neurotransmission in the brain. The GluR1 subunit is widely expressed throughout the nervous system. GluR1 is also potentiated by phosphorylation at Ser845. In addition, phosphorylation of this site has been linked to synaptic plasticity as well and learning and memory.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

The ion channels activated by glutamate are typically divided into two classes. Those that are sensitive to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) are designated NMDA receptors (NMDAR) while those activated by alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxalone propionic acid (AMPA) are known as AMPA receptors (AMPAR). The AMPAR are comprised of four distinct Glutamate Receptor Subunits designated (GluR1-4) and they play key roles in virtually all excitatory neurotransmission in the brain (Keinänen et al., 1990;Hollmann and Heinemann, 1994). The GluR2 subunit is thought to play a key role in forms of synaptic plasticity such as LTD (Chung et al., 2003)

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

HAAO Antibody: HAAO (3-Hydroxyanthranilate 3, 4-dioxygenase) is a monomeric cytosolic protein of the family of intramolecular dioxygenases containing non-heme ferrous iron. It is widely distributed in peripheral organs, such as liver and kidney, and is present in low amounts in the central nervous system. This enzyme participates in tryptophan metabolism. It employs one cofactor, iron. HAAO catalyzes the synthesis of quinolinic acid (QUIN) from 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid. QUIN is an excitotoxin whose toxicity is mediated by its ability to activate glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Increased cerebral levels of QUIN may participate in the pathogenesis of neurological and inflammatory disorders. HAAO has been suggested to play a role in disorders associated with altered tissue levels of QUIN. Furthermore, recent study shows that HAAO are excellent candidate biomarkers for detecting ovarian cancer.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

Caspases are cysteine proteases that cleave C-terminal aspartic acid residues on their substrate molecules. This gene is most highly related to members of the ICE subfamily of caspases that process inflammatory cytokines. In rodents, the homolog of this gene mediates apoptosis in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress. However, in humans this gene contains a polymorphism for the presence or absence of a premature stop codon. The majority of human individuals have the premature stop codon and produce a truncated non-functional protein. The read-through codon occurs primarily in individuals of African descent and carriers have endotoxin hypo-responsiveness and an increased susceptibility to severe sepsis. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants have been noted for this gene.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

BACE Antibody: Accumulation of the amyloid-beta (Abeta) plaque in the cerebral cortex is a critical event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Abeta peptide is generated by proteolytic cleavage of the beta-amyloid protein precursor (APP) at beta- and gamma-sites by two proteases. APP is first cleaved by beta-secretase, producing a soluble derivative of the protein and a membrane anchored 99-amino acid carboxy-terminal fragment (C99). The C99 fragment serves as substrate for gamma-secretase to generate the 4 kDa amyloid-beta peptide, which is deposited in the brains of all suffers of Alzheimer's disease. The long-sought beta-secretase was recently identified by several groups independently and designated beta-site APP cleaving enzyme (BACE) and aspartyl protease 2 (Asp2). BACE/Asp2 is a novel transmembrane aspartic protease and colocalizes with APP.

Supplier: MP Biomedicals

L-Asparagine is used in cell culture media and is a component of MEM non-essential amino acids solution. L-Asparagine has been shown to enhance ornithine decarboxylase activity in cultured human colon adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cells and in cultured IEC-6 intestinal epithelial cells. Spore germination in Bacillus subtilis has been increased in the presence of L-asparagine.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNF-R1) is also known as Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A (TNFRSF1A), TNFAR, CD antigen CD120a, which belongs to the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. TNF-R1 contains one death domain and four TNFR-Cys repeats. TNF-R1 is the receptor of TNFSF2 / TNF-alpha and homotrimeric TNFSF1 / lymphotoxin - alpha. The adapter molecule FADD recruits caspase-8 to the activated receptor. The resulting death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) performs caspase-8 proteolytic activation which initiates the subsequent cascade of caspases (aspartate-specific cysteine proteases) mediating apoptosis. TNF-R1 contributes to the induction of non - cytocidal TNF effects including anti-viral state and activation of the acid sphingomyelinase. Defects in TNFRSF1A are the cause of familial hibernian fever (FHF).

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

The ion channels activated by glutamate are typically divided into two classes. Those that are sensitive to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) are designated NMDA receptors (NMDAR) while those activated by alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxalone propionic acid (AMPA) are known as AMPA receptors (AMPAR). The AMPAR are comprised of four distinct Glutamate Receptor Subunits designated (GluR1-4) and they play key roles in virtually all excitatory neurotransmission in the brain (Keinänen et al., 1990;Hollmann and Heinemann, 1994). The GluR2 subunit is widely expressed throughout the nervous system where it is thought to play key roles in synaptic plasticity and learning and memory (Duprat et al., 2003; Seidenman et al., 2003; Chung et al., 2003; Yan et al., 2002).

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNF-R1) is also known as Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A (TNFRSF1A), TNFAR, CD antigen CD120a, which belongs to the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. TNF-R1 contains one death domain and four TNFR-Cys repeats. TNF-R1 is the receptor of TNFSF2 / TNF-alpha and homotrimeric TNFSF1 / lymphotoxin - alpha. The adapter molecule FADD recruits caspase-8 to the activated receptor. The resulting death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) performs caspase-8 proteolytic activation which initiates the subsequent cascade of caspases (aspartate-specific cysteine proteases) mediating apoptosis. TNF-R1 contributes to the induction of non - cytocidal TNF effects including anti-viral state and activation of the acid sphingomyelinase. Defects in TNFRSF1A are the cause of familial hibernian fever (FHF).

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

The ion channels activated by glutamate are typically divided into two classes. Those that are sensitive to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) are designated NMDA receptors (NMDAR). The NMDAR plays an essential role in memory, neuronal development and it has also been implicated in several disorders of the central nervous system including Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy and ischemic neuronal cell death. Increased membrane surface expression of the NR1 subunit of the receptor has been associated with synaptic plasticity. There are a number of different splice variants of the NR1. Differential splicing of three exons in the NR1 subunit generates up to eight NR1 splice variants and 7 of these have been identified in cDNA libraries. These exons encode a 21 amino acid N-terminal domain (N1) and adjacent sequences in the C-terminus (C1 and C2). Splicing out the C2 cassette eliminates the first stop codon and produces a new reading frame that generates a new sequence of 22 amino acids (C2'). Considerable attention has been focused on the distribution and expression of these splice variants that may affect the functional properties and regulation of the NMDAR.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

The ion channels activated by glutamate are typically divided into two classes. Those that are sensitive to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) are designated NMDA receptors (NMDAR). The NMDAR plays an essential role in memory, neuronal development and it has also been implicated in several disorders of the central nervous system including Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy and ischemic neuronal cell death. Increased membrane surface expression of the NR1 subunit of the receptor has been associated with synaptic plasticity. There are a number of different splice variants of the NR1. Differential splicing of three exons in the NR1 subunit generates up to eight NR1 splice variants and 7 of these have been identified in cDNA libraries. These exons encode a 21 amino acid N-terminal domain (N1) and adjacent sequences in the C-terminus (C1 and C2). Splicing out the C2 cassette eliminates the first stop codon and produces a new reading frame that generates a new sequence of 22 amino acids (C2'). Considerable attention has been focused on the distribution and expression of these splice variants that may affect the functional properties and regulation of the NMDAR.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

The ion channels activated by glutamate are typically divided into two classes. Those that are sensitive to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) are designated NMDA receptors (NMDAR). The NMDAR plays an essential role in memory, neuronal development and it has also been implicated in several disorders of the central nervous system including Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy and ischemic neuronal cell death. Increased membrane surface expression of the NR1 subunit of the receptor has been associated with synaptic plasticity. There are a number of different splice variants of the NR1. Differential splicing of three exons in the NR1 subunit generates up to eight NR1 splice variants and 7 of these have been identified in cDNA libraries. These exons encode a 21 amino acid N-terminal domain (N1) and adjacent sequences in the C-terminus (C1 and C2). Splicing out the C2 cassette eliminates the first stop codon and produces a new reading frame that generates a new sequence of 22 amino acids (C2'). Considerable attention has been focused on the distribution and expression of these splice variants that may affect the functional properties and regulation of the NMDAR.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

This gene is thought to play an important role in calcium homeostasis. The gene is expressed from two promoters and undergoes extensive alternative splicing. The encoded set of proteins share varying amounts of overlap near their N-termini but have substantial variations in their C-terminal domains resulting in distinct functional properties. The longest isoforms (a and f) include a C-terminal Aspartyl/Asparaginyl beta-hydroxylase domain that hydroxylates aspartic acid or asparagine residues in the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains of some proteins, including protein C, coagulation factors VII, IX, and X, and the complement factors C1R and C1S. Other isoforms differ primarily in the C-terminal sequence and lack the hydroxylase domain, and some have been localized to the endoplasmic and sarcoplasmic reticulum. Some of these isoforms are found in complexes with calsequestrin, triadin, and the ryanodine receptor, and have been shown to regulate calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Some isoforms have been implicated in metastasis.

Supplier: MP Biomedicals

Storage: Store at Room Temperature (15-30 °C). Store Desiccated.
L-Asparagine is used in cell culture media and is a component of MEM non-essential amino acids solution. L-Asparagine has been shown to enhance ornithine decarboxylase activity in cultured human colon adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cells and in cultured IEC-6 intestinal epithelial cells. Spore germination in Bacillus subtilis has been increased in the presence of L-asparagine. An isoxazoline RGD mimic platelet GPIIb/IIIa antagonist has been prepared by chiral synthesis with L-asparagine as a starting material. L-Asparagine has been utilized in the synthesis of 4-azalysine building blocks for application to combinatorial chemistry.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a costimulatory factor for production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in response to toxic shock and shares functional similarities with IL-12. IL-18 is synthesised as a precursor 24kDa molecule without a signal peptide and must be cleaved to produce an active molecule. IL-1 converting enzyme (ICE; Caspase-1) cleaves pro-IL-18 at aspartic acid in the P1 position, producing the mature, bioactive peptide that is readily released from the cells. It is reported that IL-18 is produced from Kupffer cells, activated macrophages, keratinocytes, intestinal epithelial cells, osteoblasts, adrenal cortex cells and murine diencephalon. IFN-gamma is produced by activated T or NK cells and plays critical roles in the defense against microbiral pathogens. IFN-gamma activates macrophages and enhances NK activity and B cell maturation, proliferation and Ig secretion. IFN-gamma also induces expression of MHC class I and II antigens and inhibits osteoclast activation. IL-18 acts on T helper type-1 (Th1) T cells and in combination with IL-12 strongly induces them to produce IFN-gamma. Pleiotropic effects of IL-18 have also been reported, such as enhancement production of IFN-gamma and GM-CSF in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, production of Th1 cytokines, IL-2, GM-CSF, IFN-gamma in T cells and enhancement of Fas ligand expression by Th1 cells.