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Phakinin is a membrane-associated and cytoskeletal intermediate filament (IF) protein specific to the eye lens. IFs are cytoskeletal structures that typically contain a head, rod and tail domain. Unlike most IFs, Phakinin completely lacks the C-terminal tail domain thus contributing to the unique structure of the beaded filament that is specific to the lens. Phakinin is required for the assembly of beaded filaments and cytoskeletal networks that are important for the long-term maintenance of optical properties and transparency of the lens. Phakinin copolymerizes with Filensin, another IF protein, to form the 10-nm filamentous structures of the beaded filaments. Phakinin is also capable of self-assembling into filament-like structures that form thicker bundles. Mutations in the gene encoding Phakinin can result in lens cataract.

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MAGEB4.

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This gene encodes a nuclear protein with a JmjC domain. JmjC domain-containing proteins are predicted to function as protein hydroxylases or histone demethylases. This protein was first identified as a putative phosphatidylserine receptor involved in phagocytosis of apoptotic cells; however, subsequent studies have indicated that it does not directly function in the clearance of apoptotic cells, and questioned whether it is a true phosphatidylserine receptor. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008].

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Serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in the control of the eukaryotic cell cycle, whose activity is controlled by an associated cyclin. Acts as a cell-cycle regulator of Wnt signaling pathway during G2/M phase by mediating the phosphorylation of LRP6 at 'Ser-1490', leading to the activation of the Wnt signaling pathway. Acts as a regulator of cell cycle progression and cell proliferation via its interaction with CCDN3. Phosphorylates RB1 in vitro, however the relevance of such result remains to be confirmed in vivo. May also play a role in meiosis, neuron differentiation and may indirectly act as a negative regulator of insulin-responsive glucose transport.

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This is a receptor for interleukin-21.

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Rho GTPases control a variety of cellular processes. There are 3 subtypes of Rho GTPases in the Ras superfamily of small G proteins: RHO, RAC and CDC42. GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) bind activated forms of Rho GTPases and stimulate GTP hydrolysis. Through this catalytic function, Rho GAPs negatively regulate Rho-mediated signals. GAPs may also serve as effector molecules and play a role in signaling downstream of Rho and other Ras-like GTPases.

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The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the tripartite motif (TRIM) family. The TRIM motif includes three zinc binding domains, a RING, a B box type 1 and a B box type 2, and a coiled coil region. The protein localizes to cytoplasmic bodies. Its function has not been identified. Alternative splicing of this gene generates three transcript variants, named alpha, beta and gamma.

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ADAM32 was first discovered in a search for testis-specific proteinases. ADAM32 was identified in human, rat, mouse, macaque and chimp, and thus far has been found only in testis. In mice, ADAM32 is found on the sperm surface, where it may play a role in fertilization. ADAM32 is a member of the ADAMs family (A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase), but does not contain the canonical HExxHxxxxH zinc-binding metalloproteinase catalytic site. The domain structure of the full length ADAM32 includes a signal sequence, propeptide domain, metalloproteinase-like domain, disintegrin-like domain, cys-rich domain, EGF-like domain, a short spacer region, then the transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain. Like many of the reproductive-specific ADAMS, ADAM32 plays a non-enzymatic role, or (as is the case for ADAMs 1 & 2 (fertilin alpha and beta)), the protein acts in concert with a proteolytically active ADAM to process proteins. Little is known about interactions between ADAM32 and other ADAMs. Several different sequences for human ADAM32 are published; 787, 688, 649, 629, and 279 amino acids in length. The 688 amino acid form is identical to the 787 AA form until the EGF-like domain, and lacks the TM and cytoplasmic domains. The 649 AA form is likewise identical to the longer form, just to the start of the TM domain, and also lacks the TM and cytoplasmic domains. The 629 AA form has a deletion of 107 residues midway into the MP-like domain, and lacks the amino end of the disintegrin domain, but contains the rest of the domains found in the full-length ADAM32. The predicted masses for the different versions are 87.8, 76.9, 72.9, 70.9 and 32.1, respectively, for the 786, 688, 649, 629 and 279 AA forms.

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ARHGEF7 is a p21-activated protein kinase (Pak)-interacting exchange factor that has been identified as a putative guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rac/Cdc42. It is expressed ubiquitously in all the tissue examined and other isoforms are expressed mainly in the central nervous system. Regulated phosphorylation of ARHGEF7 is necessary to maintain the balance between normal signalling by EGFR and Src versus aberrant growth and transformation.Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene, but some of their full-length sequences have not been determined.

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Transaldolase 1 is a key enzyme of the nonoxidative pentose phosphate pathway providing ribose-5-phosphate for nucleic acid synthesis and NADPH for lipid biosynthesis. This pathway can also maintain glutathione at a reduced state and thus protect sulfhydryl groups and cellular integrity from oxygen radicals. The functional gene of transaldolase 1 is located on chromosome 11 and a pseudogene is identified on chromosome 1 but there are conflicting map locations. The second and third exon of this gene were developed by insertion of a retrotransposable element. This gene is thought to be involved in multiple sclerosis.

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CREM is a a bZIP transcription factor that binds to the cAMP responsive element found in many viral and cellular promoters. It is derived from a multiexonic gene that encodes both activators and antagonists of cAMP-inducible transcription by differential splicing. Splice variants with antagonistic function lack 2 glutamine-rich domains and block cAMP-induced transcription, whereas an isoform that includes these glutamine-rich domains is a transcriptional activator.

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Transcription factor that plays a key role in male sex determination and differentiation by controlling testis development and male germ cell proliferation. Plays a central role in spermatogonia by inhibiting meiosis in undifferentiated spermatogonia and promoting mitosis, leading to spermatogonial development and allowing abundant and continuous production of sperm. Acts both as a transcription repressor and activator: prevents meiosis by restricting retinoic acid (RA)-dependent transcription and repressing STRA8 expression and promotes spermatogonial development by activating spermatogonial differentiation genes, such as SOHLH1. Also plays a key role in postnatal sex maintenance by maintaining testis determination and preventing feminization: represses transcription of female promoting genes such as FOXL2 and activates male-specific genes. May act as a tumor suppressor. May also play a minor role in oogenesis (By similarity).

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C17orf75 is a 396 amino acid protein that is encoded by a gene mapping to human chromosome 17. Chromosome 17 makes up over 2.5% of the human genome with about 81 million bases encoding over 1,200 genes. Two key tumor suppressor genes are associated with chromosome 17, namely, p53 and BRCA1. Tumor suppressor p53 is necessary for maintenance of cellular genetic integrity by moderating cell fate through DNA repair versus cell death. Malfunction or loss of p53 expression is associated with malignant cell growth and Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Like p53, BRCA1 is directly involved in DNA repair, specifically it is recognized as a genetic determinant of early onset breast cancer and predisposition to cancers of the ovary, colon, prostate gland and fallopian tubes. Chromosome 17 is also linked to neurofibromatosis, a condition characterized by neural and epidermal lesions, and dysregulated Schwann cell growth. Alexander disease, Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome and Canavan disease are also associated with chromosome 17.

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Sodium-dependent lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) symporter, which plays an essential role for blood-brain barrier formation and function. Specifically expressed in endothelium of the blood-brain barrier of micro-vessels and transports LPC into the brain. Transport of LPC is essential because it constitutes the major mechanism by which docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 fatty acid that is essential for normal brain growth and cognitive function, enters the brain. Transports LPC carrying long-chain fatty acids such LPC oleate and LPC palmitate with a minimum acyl chain length of 14 carbons. Does not transport docosahexaenoic acid in unesterified fatty acid. Specifically required for blood-brain barrier formation and function, probably by mediating lipid transport. Not required for central nervous system vascular morphogenesis (By similarity). Acts as a transporter for tunicamycin, an inhibitor of asparagine-linked glycosylation. In placenta, acts as a receptor for ERVFRD-1/syncytin-2 and is required for trophoblast fusion (PubMed:18988732).

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Acts as decoy receptor for TNFSF11/RANKL and thereby neutralizes its function in osteoclastogenesis. Inhibits the activation of osteoclasts and promotes osteoclast apoptosis in vitro. Bone homeostasis seems to depend on the local ratio between TNFSF11 and TNFRSF11B. May also play a role in preventing arterial calcification. May act as decoy receptor for TNFSF1/TRAIL and protect against apoptosis. TNFSF1/TRAIL binding blocks the inhibition of osteoclastogenesis.

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MAP7D1 (MAP7 Domain Containing 1) is a Protein-Coding gene. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include structural molecule activity. An important paralog of this gene is MAP7.