"Shenandoah Biotechnology"

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Monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), also known as CCL2, is produced by injured or infected tissues. MCP-1 signals through the CCR2 and CCR4 G protein-coupled receptors to recruit memory T cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells to sites of inflammation.

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Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) is produced by a wide variety of cell types, including tumor and vascular cells. VEGF-A is a mediator of vascular growth, vascular permeability, and plays a role in stimulating vasodilation via nitric oxide-dependent pathways. VEGF-A has several alternatively spliced isoforms, with VEGF-165 being the most abundant. The VEGF-165 isoform is a secreted protein that acts on receptors VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 to modulate endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis.

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Interleukin 36 gamma (IL-36 ɣ) is a member of the interleukin 1 (IL-1) cytokine family and protects against pathogens in the skin, lung, and stomach epithelial barriers. IL-36 ɣ binds the interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP) and the orphan IL-1R-related protein 2 (IL-1Rrp2) receptors to activate NF-kB and MAP kinase signaling pathways, resulting in the induced production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines.

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Leptin is a hormone that is produced by adipose tissue and plays critical roles in the physiologic regulation of body weight. Leptin acts through the leptin receptor (LEPR) to regulate adipose mass by inhibiting hunger and balancing energy usage. Leptin mutations cause severe hereditary obesity and hypogonadism in rodents and humans. Leptin also has thermogenic actions, regulates enzymes of fatty acid oxidation, and is involved in hematopoiesis, angiogenesis, wound healing, inflammation, and immune responses.

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Acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-acidic), also known as FGF-1, is a potent inducer of DNA synthesis, cell proliferation, and has chemotactic activities. FGF-acidic regulates cardiogenesis through protein kinase C signaling. FGF-acidic also functions as an insulin sensitiser and mediates adipose tissue remodeling. High serum levels of FGF-acidic are associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), suggesting a pathogenic role of FGF-acidic during T2DM.

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Interleukin 8 (IL-8 or CXCL8) is a member of the CXC cytokine family and is produced by macrophages, epithelial, smooth muscle, and endothelial cells. IL-8 binds the G protein-coupled serpentine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2. IL-8 recruits innate immune cells, induces phagocytosis, and stimulates angiogenesis.

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Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF-9) is a mitogen and survival factor for nerve and mesenchymal cells. FGF-9 functions as an autocrine and paracrine factor to support the growth and survival of motor neurons and prostate tissue. FGF-9 expression in the gonad is also necessary for sex determination.

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Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an endocrine hormone that regulates energy homeostasis and exerts cardioprotective functions during heart injury. FGF21 is expressed in the liver, pancreas, heart, and adipose tissues.

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Fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF-8) is a critical mitogenic factor that is required for normal development of the eye, ear, brain, and limb. FGF-8 functions broadly to promote cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Overexpression of FGF-8 increases tumor growth and angiogenesis. Human and mouse FGF-8 proteins show 100% homology.

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Interleukin 9 (IL-9) is a cytokine produced by type 2 T helper (Th2) cells and regulates hematopoietic cells. IL-9 signals through the interleukin 9 receptor (IL9R) to activate STAT signaling. IL-9 functions to induce cell proliferation, prevent cell apoptosis, and is associated with asthma and airway hyperresponsiveness.

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Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is an immunomodulatory cytokine that is produced by lymphocytes.  IL-2 signals through the IL-2R receptor to induce activated T cell proliferation and promote T cell differentiation. IL-2 also stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of B cells, natural killer cells, monocytes, and macrophages.

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Interleukin 17AF (IL-17AF) is a heterodimer that is composed of the interleukin 17A (IL-17A) and interleukin 17F (IL-17F) members of the IL-17 family of cytokines. IL-17AF is produced by T helper 17 cells (Th17) following interleukin 23 (IL-23) stimulation. IL-17AF signals through the IL-17RA/IL-17RC receptor complex and functions to regulate inflammatory responses. IL-17AF induces chemokine and airway neutrophilia production, similar in function to IL-17A and IL-17F homodimers. In regard to these functions, IL-17AF is less active than the IL-17A homodimer and shows greater activity than the IL-17F homodimer. Human and rat IL-17AF are active on mouse cells.

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Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) is produced by a wide variety of cell types, including tumor and vascular cells. VEGF-A is a mediator of vascular growth, vascular permeability, and plays a role in stimulating vasodilation via nitric oxide-dependent pathways. Mouse VEGF-A has several alternatively spliced isoforms, with one being VEGF-120. VEGF-120 is an angiogenic factor that is expressed throughout endochondral bone development and is important during skeletogenesis.

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Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages and type 2 T helper (Th2) cells. IL-10 inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon gamma (IFN-ƴ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 3 (IL-3), interleukin 4 (IL-4), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), made by macrophages and regulatory T cells. IL-10 also suppresses antigen presentation on antigen presenting cells, and enhances the survival, proliferation, and antibody production of B cells. Mouse IL-10 is not active on human cells.

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Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is a growth factor that is produced by the liver. IGF-1 production is stimulated by growth hormone (GH). IGF-I binds the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) and the insulin receptor to stimulate systemic body growth. IGF-I is one of the most potent activators of the AKT signaling pathway, which stimulates cell proliferation and inhibits programmed cell death. Mature human IGF-I is 100% homologous to bovine and porcine IGF-1 proteins.

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Tumor growth factor alpha (TGF-α) is a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family. TGF-α function is mediated through binding the EGF receptor (EGFR) to activate receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. TGF-α functions as a mitogen to activate epithelial cell proliferation, growth, and differentiation.