"Other Essentials"

Supplier: Bioss

Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) cation channels are heteromeric complexes made up of principal alpha and modulatory beta subunits (1,2). The alpha subunits consist of CNG1-3 and form functional cation channels by themselves (1,2). The beta subunits consist of CNG4-6 and, unlike the alpha subunits, do not form functional channels, but rather modify the properties of channels (1,2). CNG channels are essential components of olfactory and visual transduction (1,2). In olfactory neurons, CNG2, CNG4.3 and CNG5 form Ca2+ permeable channels, which open and depolarize the cell in response to cAMP (1-3). In rod photoreceptors, CNG1 and CNG4.1 combine to form Ca ion permeable channels, which give rise to a current in response to cGMP (1-3). CNG3 and CNG6 are expressed in cone receptors and may combine to form a native cGMP-activated channel (2,3). CNG channels have been implicated in other areas (4-6). CNG1 is also expressed in medium-sized and small-sized arteries, suggesting a role for CNG in the regulation of arterial blood pressure and of blood supply to different regions (4). CNG1, CNG4.1 and CNG4.2 have been detected in the rat pineal gland (5). CNG2, CNG4.3 and CNG5 are present in GT1 cell lines and may play a role in the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (6).

Supplier: Bioss

Ran (ras-related nuclear protein) is a small GTP binding protein belonging to the RAS superfamily that is essential for the translocation of RNA and proteins through the nuclear pore complex. The Ran protein is also involved in control of DNA synthesis and cell cycle progression. Nuclear localization of Ran requires the presence of regulator of chromosome condensation 1 (RCC1). Mutations in Ran disrupt DNA synthesis. Because of its many functions, it is likely that Ran interacts with several other proteins. Ran regulates formation and organization of the microtubule network independently of its role in the nucleus-cytosol exchange of macromolecules. Ran could be a key signaling molecule regulating microtubule polymerization during mitosis. RCC1 generates a high local concentration of Ran-GTP around chromatin which, in turn, induces the local nucleation of microtubules. Ran is an androgen receptor (AR) coactivator that binds differentially with different lengths of polyglutamine within the androgen receptor. Polyglutamine repeat expansion in the AR is linked to Kennedy's disease (X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy). Ran coactivation of the AR diminishes with polyglutamine expansion within the AR, and this weak coactivation may lead to partial androgen insensitivity during the development of Kennedy's disease.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

Prosapip2 Antibody: Prosapip2 (TBKBP1) is essential for signal transduction during viral infection thus plays a major role in the TNF/NF-kappa B pathway. It is an adaptor protein that constitutively binds TBK1 (TANK-binding kinase) and IKBKE and may play a role in antiviral innate immunity. Prosapip2 is a 615 amino acid adaptor protein belonging to the fibrillar collagen family, consisting of trimers of identical alpha 1 chains which are linked to each other by interchain disulfide bonds. It has a ubiquitous expression with highest levels in ovary, followed by the neuronal system. Prosapip2 binds to TBK1 and helps in the activation of IRF3 which controls the expression of antiviral genes during infection. Recent studies show that Prosapip2 is an interaction partner of ProSAP2/Shank3 and actin, suggesting a role as a linker molecule between postsynaptic density and the cytoskeleton.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

APC4 Antibody: Cell cycle regulated protein ubiquitination and degradation within subcellular domains is thought to be essential for the normal progression of mitosis. APC4 is a highly conserved component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle. APC/C is responsible for degrading anaphase inhibitors, mitotic cyclins, and spindle-associated proteins ensuring that events of mitosis take place in proper sequence. The individual APC/C components mRNA and protein levels are expressed at approximately the same levels in most tissues and cell lines, suggesting that they perform their functions as part of a complex. While little is known of APC4, it is thought that APC4 associates with other APC/C components APC1, APC5, and CDC23 interdependently, such that loss of any one subunit reduces binding between the remaining three.

Supplier: Bioss

Multifunctional transcription factor in ER stress response. Plays an essential role in the response to a wide variety of cell stresses and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in response to ER stress. Plays a dual role both as an inhibitor of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) function and as an activator of other genes. Acts as a dominant-negative regulator of C/EBP-induced transcription: dimerizes with members of the C/EBP family, impairs their association with C/EBP binding sites in the promoter regions, and inhibits the expression of C/EBP regulated genes. Positively regulates the transcription of TRIB3, IL6, IL8, IL23, TNFRSF1B/DR5, PPP1R15A/GADD34, BBC3/PUMA, BCL2L11/BIM and ERO1L. Negatively regulates; expression of BCL2 and MYOD1, ATF4-dependent transcriptional activation of asparagine synthetase (ASNS), CEBPA-dependent transcriptional activation of hepcidin (HAMP) and CEBPB-mediated expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG). Inhibits the canonical Wnt signaling pathway by binding to TCF7L2/TCF4, impairing its DNA-binding properties and repressing its transcriptional activity. Plays a regulatory role in the inflammatory response through the induction of caspase-11 (CASP4/CASP11) which induces the activation of caspase-1 (CASP1) and both these caspases increase the activation of pro-IL1B to mature IL1B which is involved in the inflammatory response.

Supplier: Bioss

Multifunctional transcription factor in ER stress response. Plays an essential role in the response to a wide variety of cell stresses and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in response to ER stress. Plays a dual role both as an inhibitor of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) function and as an activator of other genes. Acts as a dominant-negative regulator of C/EBP-induced transcription: dimerizes with members of the C/EBP family, impairs their association with C/EBP binding sites in the promoter regions, and inhibits the expression of C/EBP regulated genes. Positively regulates the transcription of TRIB3, IL6, IL8, IL23, TNFRSF1B/DR5, PPP1R15A/GADD34, BBC3/PUMA, BCL2L11/BIM and ERO1L. Negatively regulates; expression of BCL2 and MYOD1, ATF4-dependent transcriptional activation of asparagine synthetase (ASNS), CEBPA-dependent transcriptional activation of hepcidin (HAMP) and CEBPB-mediated expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG). Inhibits the canonical Wnt signaling pathway by binding to TCF7L2/TCF4, impairing its DNA-binding properties and repressing its transcriptional activity. Plays a regulatory role in the inflammatory response through the induction of caspase-11 (CASP4/CASP11) which induces the activation of caspase-1 (CASP1) and both these caspases increase the activation of pro-IL1B to mature IL1B which is involved in the inflammatory response.

Supplier: Bioss

Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) cation channels are heteromeric complexes made up of principal alpha and modulatory beta subunits (1,2). The alpha subunits consist of CNG1-3 and form functional cation channels by themselves (1,2). The beta subunits consist of CNG4-6 and, unlike the alpha subunits, do not form functional channels, but rather modify the properties of channels (1,2). CNG channels are essential components of olfactory and visual transduction (1,2). In olfactory neurons, CNG2, CNG4.3 and CNG5 form Ca2+ permeable channels, which open and depolarize the cell in response to cAMP (1-3). In rod photoreceptors, CNG1 and CNG4.1 combine to form Ca ion permeable channels, which give rise to a current in response to cGMP (1-3). CNG3 and CNG6 are expressed in cone receptors and may combine to form a native cGMP-activated channel (2,3). CNG channels have been implicated in other areas (4-6). CNG1 is also expressed in medium-sized and small-sized arteries, suggesting a role for CNG in the regulation of arterial blood pressure and of blood supply to different regions (4). CNG1, CNG4.1 and CNG4.2 have been detected in the rat pineal gland (5). CNG2, CNG4.3 and CNG5 are present in GT1 cell lines and may play a role in the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (6).

Supplier: Bioss

Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) cation channels are heteromeric complexes made up of principal alpha and modulatory beta subunits (1,2). The alpha subunits consist of CNG1-3 and form functional cation channels by themselves (1,2). The beta subunits consist of CNG4-6 and, unlike the alpha subunits, do not form functional channels, but rather modify the properties of channels (1,2). CNG channels are essential components of olfactory and visual transduction (1,2). In olfactory neurons, CNG2, CNG4.3 and CNG5 form Ca2+ permeable channels, which open and depolarize the cell in response to cAMP (1-3). In rod photoreceptors, CNG1 and CNG4.1 combine to form Ca ion permeable channels, which give rise to a current in response to cGMP (1-3). CNG3 and CNG6 are expressed in cone receptors and may combine to form a native cGMP-activated channel (2,3). CNG channels have been implicated in other areas (4-6). CNG1 is also expressed in medium-sized and small-sized arteries, suggesting a role for CNG in the regulation of arterial blood pressure and of blood supply to different regions (4). CNG1, CNG4.1 and CNG4.2 have been detected in the rat pineal gland (5). CNG2, CNG4.3 and CNG5 are present in GT1 cell lines and may play a role in the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (6).

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

The Human Serpin superfamily consists of at least 35 members that target not only serine proteases, but also selected cysteine proteases and non-protease proteins. As protease inhibitors, serpins have an array of functions including regulating blood clotting, the complement pathway, extracellular matrix remodeling, and cell motility. Serpin G1 is a serine protease inhibitor protein. It is the largest member among the serpin class of proteins. Remarkably, Serpin G1 has a 2-domain structure, unlike most family members. The C-terminal serpin domain is similar to other serpins, and this part of Serpin G1 provides the inhibitory activity. The N-terminal domain is not essential for Serpin G1 to inhibit proteinases and has no similarity to other proteins. The main function of Serpin G1 is the inhibition of the complement system to prevent spontaneous activation. Serpin G1 is an acute phase protein and circulates in blood at levels of around 0.25g/L, whose levels rise 2-fold during inflammation. Although named after its complement inhibitory activity, Serpin G1 also inhibits proteinases of the fibrinolytic, clotting, and kinin pathways. Most notably, Serpin G1 play a potentially crucial role in regulating important physiological pathways including complement activation, blood coagulation, fibrinolysis and the generation of kinins. It is also the most important physiological inhibitor of fXIIa, chymotrypsin and plasma kallikrein.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

Hairy/enhancer of split-related proteins, such as HEY1, are basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors implicated in cell fate decision and boundary formation. HEY genes are direct transcriptional targets of the Notch signaling pathways in Drosophila and vertebrates. This gene encodes an estrogen receptor, a ligand-activated transcription factor composed of several domains important for hormone binding, DNA binding, and activation of transcription. The protein localizes to the nucleus where it may form a homodimer or a heterodimer with estrogen receptor 2. Estrogen and its receptors are essential for sexual development and reproductive function, but also play a role in other tissues such as bone. Estrogen receptors are also involved in pathological processes including breast cancer, endometrial cancer, and osteoporosis. Alternative splicing results in several transcript variants, which differ in their 5' UTRs and use different promoters.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

FABP7 Antibody: FABP7 was initially isolated from a human fetal brain cDNA library and whose mRNA was expressed in adult brain and muscle tissues at low levels. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the fatty acid binding protein (FABPs) family, a group of small, highly conserved, cytoplasmic proteins that bind long-chain fatty acids and other hydrophobic ligands. FABPs are thought to play roles in fatty acid uptake, transport, and metabolism. FABP7 is a downstream gene of the Pax6 transcription factor and has been suggested to be essential for the maintenance of neuroepithelial cells during early cortical development. More recently, FABP7 was found to be frequently expressed in melanomas. Down-regulation of FABP7 through RNAi expression could reduce in vitro cell proliferation and Matrigel invasion, suggesting that FABP7 may be a potential target for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic tools.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

APC5 Antibody: Cell cycle regulated protein ubiquitination and degradation within subcellular domains is thought to be essential for the normal progression of mitosis. APC5 is a highly conserved component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle. APC/C is responsible for degrading anaphase inhibitors, mitotic cyclins, and spindle-associated proteins ensuring that events of mitosis take place in proper sequence. The individual APC/C components mRNA and protein levels are expressed at approximately the same levels in most tissues and cell lines, suggesting that they perform their functions as part of a complex. While little is known of APC5, it is thought that APC5 associates with other APC/C components APC1, APC4, and CDC23 interdependently, such that loss of any one subunit reduces binding between the remaining three.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

The protein encoded by MCM4 is one of the highly conserved mini-chromosome maintenance proteins (MCM) that are essential for the initiation of eukaryotic genome replication. The hexameric protein complex formed by MCM proteins is a key component of the pre-replication complex (pre_RC) and may be involved in the formation of replication forks and in the recruitment of other DNA replication related proteins. The MCM complex consisting of this protein and MCM2, 6 and 7 proteins possesses DNA helicase activity, and may act as a DNA unwinding enzyme. The phosphorylation of this protein by CDC2 kinase reduces the DNA helicase activity and chromatin binding of the MCM complex. This gene is mapped to a region on the chromosome 8 head-to-head next to the PRKDC/DNA-PK, a DNA-activated protein kinase involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been reported.

Supplier: Bioss

Multifunctional transcription factor in ER stress response. Plays an essential role in the response to a wide variety of cell stresses and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in response to ER stress. Plays a dual role both as an inhibitor of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) function and as an activator of other genes. Acts as a dominant-negative regulator of C/EBP-induced transcription: dimerizes with members of the C/EBP family, impairs their association with C/EBP binding sites in the promoter regions, and inhibits the expression of C/EBP regulated genes. Positively regulates the transcription of TRIB3, IL6, IL8, IL23, TNFRSF1B/DR5, PPP1R15A/GADD34, BBC3/PUMA, BCL2L11/BIM and ERO1L. Negatively regulates; expression of BCL2 and MYOD1, ATF4-dependent transcriptional activation of asparagine synthetase (ASNS), CEBPA-dependent transcriptional activation of hepcidin (HAMP) and CEBPB-mediated expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG). Inhibits the canonical Wnt signaling pathway by binding to TCF7L2/TCF4, impairing its DNA-binding properties and repressing its transcriptional activity. Plays a regulatory role in the inflammatory response through the induction of caspase-11 (CASP4/CASP11) which induces the activation of caspase-1 (CASP1) and both these caspases increase the activation of pro-IL1B to mature IL1B which is involved in the inflammatory response.

Supplier: Bioss

Transforming Growth Factor (TGF) betas mediate many cell to cell interactions that occur during embryonic development. Three TGF betas have been identified in mammals. TGF beta 1, TGF beta 2 and TGF beta 3 are each synthesized as precursor proteins that are very similar in that each is cleaved to yield a 112 amino acid polypeptide that remains associated with the latent portion of the molecule. The TGF beta polypeptides are multifunctional; capable of influencing cell proliferation, differentiation, and other functions in a wide range of cell types. Transformed, as well as nonneoplastic tissues, release transforming growth factors; and essentially all mammalian cells possess a specific TGF receptor. The multi modal nature of TGF beta is seen in its ability to stimulate or inhibit cellular proliferation. In general, cells of mesenchymal origin appear to be stimulated by TGF beta whereas cells of epithelial or neuroectodermal origin are inhibited by the peptide. TGF beta 1, TGF beta 2, and TGF beta 1.2 appear to be equivalent in biological activity, although there does appear to be differences in binding to certain types of receptors. TGF beta 2 is produced by many cell types and has been found in the highest concentration in porcine platelets and mammalian bone. Latent TGF beta 2 is the prominent isoform found in body fluids such as amniotic fluid, breast milk, and the aqueous and vitreous humor of the eye.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

The protein encoded by MCM4 is one of the highly conserved mini-chromosome maintenance proteins (MCM) that are essential for the initiation of eukaryotic genome replication. The hexameric protein complex formed by MCM proteins is a key component of the pre-replication complex (pre_RC) and may be involved in the formation of replication forks and in the recruitment of other DNA replication related proteins. The MCM complex consisting of this protein and MCM2, 6 and 7 proteins possesses DNA helicase activity, and may act as a DNA unwinding enzyme. The phosphorylation of this protein by CDC2 kinase reduces the DNA helicase activity and chromatin binding of the MCM complex. This gene is mapped to a region on the chromosome 8 head-to-head next to the PRKDC/DNA-PK, a DNA-activated protein kinase involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been reported.