"Other Essentials"

Supplier: Bioss

Functions as a master transcriptional regulator of the adaptive response to hypoxia. Under hypoxic conditions, activates the transcription of over 4 genes, including erythropoietin, glucose transporters, glycolytic enzymes, vascular endothelial growth factor, HILPDA, and other genes whose protein products increase oxygen delivery or facilitate metabolic adaptation to hypoxia. Plays an essential role in embryonic vascularization, tumor angiogenesis and pathophysiology of ischemic disease. Binds to core DNA sequence 5'-[AG]CGTG-3' within the hypoxia response element (HRE) of target gene promoters. Activation requires recruitment of transcriptional coactivators such as CREBPB and EP3. Activity is enhanced by interaction with both, NCOA1 or NCOA2. Interaction with redox regulatory protein APEX seems to activate CTAD and potentiates activation by NCOA1 and CREBBP. Involved in the axonal distribution and transport of mitochondria in neurons during hypoxia.

Supplier: Bioss

Functions as a master transcriptional regulator of the adaptive response to hypoxia. Under hypoxic conditions, activates the transcription of over 4 genes, including erythropoietin, glucose transporters, glycolytic enzymes, vascular endothelial growth factor, HILPDA, and other genes whose protein products increase oxygen delivery or facilitate metabolic adaptation to hypoxia. Plays an essential role in embryonic vascularization, tumor angiogenesis and pathophysiology of ischemic disease. Binds to core DNA sequence 5'-[AG]CGTG-3' within the hypoxia response element (HRE) of target gene promoters. Activation requires recruitment of transcriptional coactivators such as CREBPB and EP3. Activity is enhanced by interaction with both, NCOA1 or NCOA2. Interaction with redox regulatory protein APEX seems to activate CTAD and potentiates activation by NCOA1 and CREBBP. Involved in the axonal distribution and transport of mitochondria in neurons during hypoxia.

Supplier: Bioss

Functions as a master transcriptional regulator of the adaptive response to hypoxia. Under hypoxic conditions, activates the transcription of over 4 genes, including erythropoietin, glucose transporters, glycolytic enzymes, vascular endothelial growth factor, HILPDA, and other genes whose protein products increase oxygen delivery or facilitate metabolic adaptation to hypoxia. Plays an essential role in embryonic vascularization, tumor angiogenesis and pathophysiology of ischemic disease. Binds to core DNA sequence 5'-[AG]CGTG-3' within the hypoxia response element (HRE) of target gene promoters. Activation requires recruitment of transcriptional coactivators such as CREBPB and EP3. Activity is enhanced by interaction with both, NCOA1 or NCOA2. Interaction with redox regulatory protein APEX seems to activate CTAD and potentiates activation by NCOA1 and CREBBP. Involved in the axonal distribution and transport of mitochondria in neurons during hypoxia.

Supplier: Bioss

Metastasis suppressor protein in malignant melanomas and in some breast cancers. May regulate events downstream of cell-matrix adhesion, perhaps involving cytoskeletal reorganization. Generates a C-terminally amidated peptide, metastin which functions as the endogenous ligand of the G-protein coupled receptor GPR54. Activation of the receptor inhibits cell proliferation and cell migration, key characteristics of tumor metastasis. Kp-1 is a decapeptide derived from the primary translation product, isolated in conditioned medium of first trimester trophoblast. Kp-1, but not other kisspeptins, increased intracellular Ca(2+) levels in isolated first trimester trophoblasts. Kp-1 is a paracrine/endocrine regulator in fine-tuning trophoblast invasion generated by the trophoblast itself. The receptor is also essential for normal gonadotropin-released hormone physiology and for puberty. The hypothalamic KiSS1/GPR54 system is a pivotal factor in central regulation of the gonadotropic axis at puberty and in adulthood.

Supplier: Bioss

The Drosophila atonal gene produces a protein with basic helix loop helix (bHLH) domains that plays an essential role in the development of the Drosophila nervous system. Mammalian atonal homolog 2 (MATH-2) is a helix-loop-helix (HLH) transcription factor that is structurally homologous to the product of Drosophila atonal gene. MATH-2 is a 337 amino acid protein with an atonal-related basic HLH domain. In mice, expression of MATH-2 takes place by embryonic day 11.5 and initially localizes to the wall of brain vesicles and in the spinal cord. It is expressed in the cortical plate and the mantle layer in the developing central nervous system, and is limited to the nervous system in adults. Adult mouse cerebrums produce a high level of MATH-2 RNA with lower levels in other neuronal tissues. Research studies suggest that MATH-2 may function as a trans-acting factor involved in the development and maintenance of the mammalian nervous system.

Supplier: Bioss

The Ras p21 family of guanine nucleotide proteins has been widely studied in view of its apparent role in signal transduction pathways and high frequency of mutations in human malignancies. It is now clear, however, that the Ras proteins (H-, K- and N-Ras p21) are members of a much larger superfamily of related proteins. Six members of this family, Rap 1A, Rap 1B, Rap 2, R-Ras, Ral A and Ral B, exhibit approximately 50% amino acid homology to Ras. The six mammalian Rho proteins (Rho A, B, C, G, 7 and 8) are approximately 30% homologous to Ras and are expressed in a wide range of cell types. Both Ras p21 and Rho p21, as well as other members of the Ras superfamily, contain a carboxy-terminal CAAX sequence (C, cysteine; A, aliphatic amino acid; X, any amino acid) which in the case of Ras has been shown to be essential for correct localization and function.

Supplier: Bioss

SPR, also known as sepiapterin reductase, is a homodimeric cytoplasmic protein that belongs to the sepiapterin reductase family. SPR functions as an NADH-dependent aldo-keto reductase and specifically catalyzes the reduction of pteridine derivatives. In addition, SPR plays an important role in tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) biosynthesis, catalyzing the final reduction step of the synthesis pathway. BH4 is an essential cofactor for the hydroxylation of the aromatic amino acids (tryptophan, tyrosine and phenylalanine) and is required for proper dopamine synthesis. Mutations in the gene encoding SPR can cause sepiapterin reductase deficiency, a monoamine neurotransmitter deficiency without hyperphenylalaninemia. Sepiapterin reductase deficiency interferes with BH4 synthesis, resulting in DOPA-responsive dystonia and a variety of other human diseases. In addition, SPR mRNA expression is increased in the brain of Parkinson’s Disease (PD) patients, suggesting that SPR may play a role in PD.

Supplier: Bioss

The Ras p21 family of guanine nucleotide proteins has been widely studied in view of its apparent role in signal transduction pathways and high frequency of mutations in human malignancies. It is now clear, however, that the Ras proteins (H-, K- and N-Ras p21) are members of a much larger superfamily of related proteins. Six members of this family, Rap 1A, Rap 1B, Rap 2, R-Ras, Ral A and Ral B, exhibit approximately 50% amino acid homology to Ras. The six mammalian Rho proteins (Rho A, B, C, G, 7 and 8) are approximately 30% homologous to Ras and are expressed in a wide range of cell types. Both Ras p21 and Rho p21, as well as other members of the Ras superfamily, contain a carboxy-terminal CAAX sequence (C, cysteine; A, aliphatic amino acid; X, any amino acid) which in the case of Ras has been shown to be essential for correct localization and function.

Supplier: Bioss

The Drosophila atonal gene produces a protein with basic helix loop helix (bHLH) domains that plays an essential role in the development of the Drosophila nervous system. Mammalian atonal homolog 2 (MATH-2) is a helix-loop-helix (HLH) transcription factor that is structurally homologous to the product of Drosophila atonal gene. MATH-2 is a 337 amino acid protein with an atonal-related basic HLH domain. In mice, expression of MATH-2 takes place by embryonic day 11.5 and initially localizes to the wall of brain vesicles and in the spinal cord. It is expressed in the cortical plate and the mantle layer in the developing central nervous system, and is limited to the nervous system in adults. Adult mouse cerebrums produce a high level of MATH-2 RNA with lower levels in other neuronal tissues. Research studies suggest that MATH-2 may function as a trans-acting factor involved in the development and maintenance of the mammalian nervous system.

Supplier: Bioss

The homeobox protein, HESX1, which is also known as Rathke’s pouch homeobox, HANF, homeodomain transcription factor, and anterior-restricted homeobox protein is a transcription factor that belongs to the homeodomain family of DNA binding proteins. HESX1 is initially expressed in embryonic stem cells and the primitive forebrain, and is essential for normal development of the eyes and other anterior CNS structures, such as the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland and the olfactory bulbs. The homeobox gene Hesx1 is expressed in the anterior visceral endoderm (AVE), anterior axial mesendoderm (AME), and anterior neural ectoderm (ANE) during early embryogenesis. Mutations in the Hesx1 gene are associated with disorders that are comparable with septo-optic dysplasia (SOD). These disorders are characterized by hypoplasia of the optic nerve, various types of forebrain defects and pituitary hormone deficiencies, including hypothyroidism. Hesx1 also acts as a transcriptional repressor of reporter gene constructs in tissue culture assays.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

IKK alpha Antibody: Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) is a ubiquitous transcription factor and an essential mediator of gene expression during activation of immune and inflammatory responses. NF-kappa B mediates the expression of a great variety of genes in response to extracellular stimuli including IL-1, TNF alpha and bacteria product LPS. NF-kappa B is associated with I kappa B proteins in the cell cytoplasm, which inhibit NF-kappa B activity. The long-sought I kappa B kinase (IKK), which phosphorylates I kappa B, and mediates I kappa B degradation and NF-kappa B activation, was recently identified by several laboratories. IKK is a serine protein kinase, and the IKK complex contains alpha and beta subunits (IKK alpha and IKK beta ). IKK alpha and IKK beta interact with each other and both are essential for the NF-kappa B activation. IKK alpha specifically phosphorylates I kappa B-alpha. IKK alpha is expressed in a variety of human tissues.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

The protein encoded by the MCM6 gene is one of the highly conserved mini-chromosome maintenance proteins (MCM) that are essential for the initiation of eukaryotic genome replication. The hexameric protein complex formed by the MCM proteins is a key component of the pre-replication complex (pre_RC) and may be involved in the formation of replication forks and in the recruitment of other DNA replication related proteins. The MCM complex consisting of this protein and MCM2, 4 and 7 proteins possesses DNA helicase activity, and may act as a DNA unwinding enzyme. The phosphorylation of the complex by CDC2 kinase reduces the helicase activity, suggesting a role in the regulation of DNA replication.

Supplier: Bioss

The homeobox protein, HESX1, which is also known as Rathke’s pouch homeobox, HANF, homeodomain transcription factor, and anterior-restricted homeobox protein is a transcription factor that belongs to the homeodomain family of DNA binding proteins. HESX1 is initially expressed in embryonic stem cells and the primitive forebrain, and is essential for normal development of the eyes and other anterior CNS structures, such as the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland and the olfactory bulbs. The homeobox gene Hesx1 is expressed in the anterior visceral endoderm (AVE), anterior axial mesendoderm (AME), and anterior neural ectoderm (ANE) during early embryogenesis. Mutations in the Hesx1 gene are associated with disorders that are comparable with septo-optic dysplasia (SOD). These disorders are characterized by hypoplasia of the optic nerve, various types of forebrain defects and pituitary hormone deficiencies, including hypothyroidism. Hesx1 also acts as a transcriptional repressor of reporter gene constructs in tissue culture assays.

Supplier: Bioss

Metastasis suppressor protein in malignant melanomas and in some breast cancers. May regulate events downstream of cell-matrix adhesion, perhaps involving cytoskeletal reorganization. Generates a C-terminally amidated peptide, metastin which functions as the endogenous ligand of the G-protein coupled receptor GPR54. Activation of the receptor inhibits cell proliferation and cell migration, key characteristics of tumor metastasis. Kp-1 is a decapeptide derived from the primary translation product, isolated in conditioned medium of first trimester trophoblast. Kp-1, but not other kisspeptins, increased intracellular Ca(2+) levels in isolated first trimester trophoblasts. Kp-1 is a paracrine/endocrine regulator in fine-tuning trophoblast invasion generated by the trophoblast itself. The receptor is also essential for normal gonadotropin-released hormone physiology and for puberty. The hypothalamic KiSS1/GPR54 system is a pivotal factor in central regulation of the gonadotropic axis at puberty and in adulthood.

Supplier: Bioss

The phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of proteins on serine and threonine residues is an essential means of regulating a broad range of cellular functions in eukaryotes, including cell division, homeostasis and apoptosis. A group of proteins that are intimately involved in this process are the serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) protein kinases. STK33 (serine/threonine kinase 33) is a 514 amino acid protein that belongs to the CaMK (calcium/calmodulin dependent kinase) subfamily of structurally related serine/threonine kinases. Widely expressed at low levels with predominant expression in testis, lung, retina and fetal organs such as brain, heart and spinal cord, STK33 contains one protein kinase domain and functions as a Ser/Thr protein kinase with a possible role in spermatogenesis. The gene encoding STK33 lies within a region on chromosome 11 that has been associated with a variety of defects, including Long QT syndrome, T-cell leukemia, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Usher syndrome 1C and various other malignancies.

Supplier: Bioss

Metastasis suppressor protein in malignant melanomas and in some breast cancers. May regulate events downstream of cell-matrix adhesion, perhaps involving cytoskeletal reorganization. Generates a C-terminally amidated peptide, metastin which functions as the endogenous ligand of the G-protein coupled receptor GPR54. Activation of the receptor inhibits cell proliferation and cell migration, key characteristics of tumor metastasis. Kp-1 is a decapeptide derived from the primary translation product, isolated in conditioned medium of first trimester trophoblast. Kp-1, but not other kisspeptins, increased intracellular Ca(2+) levels in isolated first trimester trophoblasts. Kp-1 is a paracrine/endocrine regulator in fine-tuning trophoblast invasion generated by the trophoblast itself. The receptor is also essential for normal gonadotropin-released hormone physiology and for puberty. The hypothalamic KiSS1/GPR54 system is a pivotal factor in central regulation of the gonadotropic axis at puberty and in adulthood.