Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-165) is a heparin-binding homodimeric glycoprotein involved in embryonic vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. VEGF binds to VEGFR-1 (R1) and VEGFR-2 (R2), and activates Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways (Ferrara et al.). It plays an important role in neurogenesis both in vitro and in vivo (Storkebaum et al.). It has neurotrophic effects on neurons of the central nervous system and promotes growth and survival of dopaminergic neurons and astrocytes. VEGF also promotes growth and survival of vascular endothelial cells, monocyte chemotaxis, and colony formation by granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (Ferrara et al.). VEGF-165 contains two polypeptide chains of 165 amino acids each. This product is animal component-free.