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UNC5B is a receptor for the netrin family of guidance molecules. It was identified as a mediator of the repulsive response in neurons and it is the only known netrin receptor with prominent endothelial expression. It has an important role in angiogenesis signalling.

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PHF14, a novel plant homology domain (PHD) transcription factor, controls the proliferation of mesenchymal cells by regulating PDGFR alpha expression in embryonic development. PHD finger transcription factors are concerned with transcriptional regulation by interacting with modified histones (2), and dysregulation of several genes encoding PHD finger transcription factors, such as ING1 and RBP2, has been found in human cancer diseases suggesting these factors have an important role for cancer cell proliferation. PHF14 is a potential target for new treatments of lung fibrosis (1, 3).

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Interleukin-33 (IL-33; HF-NEV; IL-1F11), a member of the IL-1 family of cytokines, is expressed by many cell types following pro-inflammatory stimulation and is thought to be released upon cell lysis. IL33 binds to and signals through ST2 (IL1R1) and its stimulation recruits MYD88, IRAK, IRAK4, and TRAF6, followed by phosphorylation of ERK1(MAPK3)/ERK2(MAPK1), p38(MAPK14), and JNK. The ability of IL-33 to target numerous immune cell types, like Th2-like cells, mast cells, and B1 cells, and to induce cytokine and chemokine production underlines its potential in influencing the outcome of a wide range of diseases, such as arthritis, asthma, atopic allergy & anaphylaxis, cardiovascular disease/atherosclerosis, nervous system diseases, and sepsis.

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The recently identified protein suppressor of glucose by autophagy protein 1 (SOGA1) has been found to be involved in the regulation of autophagy. SOGA1 is thought to contribute to adiponectin-mediated insulin-dependent inhibition of autophagy during the activation of adenosine monophosphate kinase (AMPK) (1,2). SOGA1 contains an internal signal peptide that enables the secretion of a circulating fragment of SOGA1, providing a surrogate marker for intracellular SOGA1 levels. Knockdown of SOGA1 elevated glucose production in primary hepatocytes indicates that SOGA1 is an inhibitor of glucose production. It thus might be useful as a novel therapeutic target for diabetes.

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Lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3; CD223) plays an important role in negatively regulating T cell proliferation, function and homeostasis. It is required for maximal natural and induced regulatory T cell (Treg) function. LAG-3 is closely related to the T cell co-receptor CD4 and binds to MHC class II molecules but with a significantly higher affinity than CD4.

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Vinculin is a cytoskeletal protein that plays an important role in the regulation of focal adhesions and embryonic development. Three structural vinculin domains include an amino-terminal head, a short flexible proline-rich region and a carboxy-terminal tail. Expression of vinculin were shown to be affected by the level of actin expression. Vinculin deficiencies are associated with a decrease in cell adhesion and an increase in cell motility, suggesting a possible role in metastatic growth. Defects in VCL are the cause of cardiomyopathy dilated type 1W (CMD1W).

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Netrin-1 controls guidance of CNS commissural axons and peripheral motor axons. Its association with either DCC or some UNC5 receptors will lead to axon attraction or repulsion, respectively. It also serve as a survival factor via its association with its receptors which prevent the initiation of apoptosis. Netrin-1 is also Involved in tumorigenesis by regulating apoptosis.

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Interleukin 9 (IL-9) is a cytokine secreted by TH2 lymphocytes that acts as a regulator of a variety of hematopoietic cells, stimulates cell proliferation and prevents apoptosis (1,2). It functions through the interleukin 9 receptor (IL9R), which activates different signal transducer and activator (STAT) proteins. The IL-9 gene has been identified as a candidate gene for asthma. Genetic studies on a mouse model of asthma demonstrated that this cytokine is a determining factor in the pathogenesis of bronchial hyperresponsiveness.

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Interleukin-33 (IL-33; HF-NEV; IL-1F11), a member of the IL-1 family of cytokines, is expressed by many cell types following pro-inflammatory stimulation and is thought to be released upon cell lysis. IL33 binds to and signals through ST2 (IL1R1) and its stimulation recruits MYD88, IRAK, IRAK4, and TRAF6, followed by phosphorylation of ERK1(MAPK3)/ERK2(MAPK1), p38(MAPK14), and JNK. The ability of IL-33 to target numerous immune cell types, like Th2-like cells, mast cells, and B1 cells, and to induce cytokine and chemokine production underlines its potential in influencing the outcome of a wide range of diseases, such as arthritis, asthma, atopic allergy & anaphylaxis, cardiovascular disease/atherosclerosis, nervous system diseases, and sepsis.

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GLT6D1 is a single-pass type II membrane protein. It belongs to the glycosyltransferase 6 family. The exact function of GLT6D1 remains unknown.

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The omega class glutathione transferases (GST; EC 2.5.1.18) have poor activity with common GST substrates, but exhibit novel glutathione-dependent thioltransferase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and monomethylarsonate reductase activities, and they modulate Ca (2+) release by ryanodine receptors (e.g., RYR1).

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GALNTL4 may catalyze the initial reaction in O-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis, the transfer of an N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residue to a serine or threonine residue on the protein receptor.

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TGM5 belongs to the transglutaminase superfamily, transglutaminase family. It catalyzes the cross-linking of proteins and the conjugation of polyamines to proteins. It contributes to the formation of the cornified cell envelope of keratinocytes. Defects in TGM5 are a cause of peeling skin syndrome acral type (APSS).

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GMPPA is a GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase. This enzyme catalyzes the reaction which converts mannose-1-phosphate and GTP to GDP-mannose which is involved in the production of N-linked oligosaccharides.This gene is thought to encode a GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase. This enzyme catalyzes the reaction which converts mannose-1-phosphate and GTP to GDP-mannose which is involved in the production of N-linked oligosaccharides.

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LOC399818 belongs to the methyltransferase superfamily

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The exact function of LOC641515 remains unknown.