You searched for: Enzymes

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Peptidyl-Prolyl Cis-Trans Isomerase H (PPIH) belongs to the Cyclophilin-type PPIase family that accelerate the folding of proteins. PPIases can catalyze the cis-trans isomerisaion of Proline Imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides. PPIH participates in pre-mRNA splicing. It is a specific component of the complex that includes pre-mRNA processing factors PRPF3, PRPF4, and PRPF18, as well as U4/U5/U6 tri-snRNP. In addition, PPIH has PPIase activity and may play a role as a chaperone mediating the interactions between different proteins inside the spliceosome.

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Thermo Scientific dsDNase is an engineered shrimp DNase designed for rapid and safe removal of contaminating genomic DNA from RNA samples. It is an endonuclease that cleaves phosphodiester bonds in DNA to yield oligonucleotides with 5’-phosphate and 3’-hydroxyl termini. Highly specific activity towards double-stranded DNA ensures that RNA and single-stranded DNA, such as cDNA and primers are not cleaved. dsDNase is easily inactivated by moderate heat treatment (55 °C). These features make dsDNase an excellent choice for gDNA elimination prior reverse transcription. It allows for dramatically simplified workflow which combines genomic DNA elimination and cDNA synthesis into one-tube procedure.

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Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1 Member C2 (AKR1C2) plays a role in concert with the 5- alpha/5- beta -Steroid Reductases to convert Steroid hormones into the 3- alpha/5- alpha and 3- alpha/5- beta -Tetrahydrosteroids. AKR1C2 catalyses the inactivation of the most potent androgen 5- alpha-Dihydrotestosterone (5- alpha-DHT) to 5- alpha-Androstane-3- alpha, 17- beta -diol (3- alpha-diol).

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Carbonic Anhydrase 4 (CA4) belongs to the alpha-carbonic anhydrase family. Alpha-carbonic anhydrase is a large family of zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. Carbonic anhydrase 4 is a glycosylphosphatidyl-inositol-anchored membrane isozyme expressed on the luminal surfaces of pulmonary (and certain other) capillaries and proximal renal tubules. Carbonic anhydrase 4 may stimulate the sodium/bicarbonate transporter activity of SLC4A4 that acts in pH homeostasis. It may have a role in inherited renal abnormalities of bicarbonate transport. Furthermore, Carbonic anhydrase 4 is essential for acid overload removal from the retina and retina epithelium and acid release in the choriocapillaris.

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Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 3(GALNT3) belongs to the glycosyltransferase 2 family and galNAc-T subfamily. It expressed in organs that contain secretory epithelial glands and it highly expressed in pancreas, skin, kidney and testis. There are two conserved domains in the glycosyltransferase region: the N-terminal domain (domain A, also called GT1 motif), which is probably involved in manganese coordination and substrate binding and the C-terminal domain (domain B, also called Gal/GalNAc-T motif), which is probably involved in catalytic reaction and UDP-Gal binding .This protein plays a major role in regulating phosphate levels within the body (phosphate homeostasis). Among its many functions, phosphate plays a critical role in the formation and growth of bones in childhood and helps maintain bone strength in adults.

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Glycine N-Methyltransferase (GNMT) is a tetrameric cytosolic protein. GNMT catalyses the synthesis of N-methylglycine from glycine using S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) as the methyl donor. It can affects DNA methylation by regulating the ratio of S-adenosylmethionine to S-adenosylhomocystine, playing an important role in maintaining normal AdoMet levels. GNMT is highly expressed in liver. As a major folate-binding protein, GNMT takes part in the detoxification pathway. Defects in GNMT are the cause of hypermethioninemia. the patients with this deficiency are mild hepatomegaly and chronic elevation of serum transaminases.

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Carbonic Anhydrase X (CA10) belongs to CA family of zinc metalloenzymes, which catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide in various biological processes such as respiration, renal tubular acidification and bone resorption. While CA10 is a secreted protein without Carbonic Anhydrase activity (i.e., the reversible hydration of CO2) due to point mutations in the zinc binding site, it has esterase activity. The human and mouse CA10 are expressed in the brain, indicating that they may play a role in brain development.

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PGK1 is called phosphoglycerate kinase that involved in a critical energy-producing process known as glycolysis. Phosphoglycerate kinase helps carry out a chemical reaction that converts a molecule called 1,3-diphosphoglycerate, which is produced during the breakdown of glucose, to another molecule called 3-phosphoglycerate during glycolysis. PGK1 The encoded protein may also act as a cofactor for polymerase alpha.. The protein has been identified as a moonlighting protein based on its ability to perform mechanistically distinct functions.

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Xaa-Pro aminopeptidase 2 (XPNPEP2) belongs to the peptidase M24B family of metalloproteases. Human XPNPEP2 is widely expressed in various tissues, such as kidney, lung, heart, placenta, liver, small intestine and colon. However, it doesn’t express in brain, skeletal muscle, pancreas, spleen, thymus, prostate, testis and ovary. XPNPEP2 is a Homotrimer which binds 2 manganese ions per subunit. The metalloprotease XPNPEP2 may play a role in the inflammatory process and other reactions produced in response to injury or infection and the metabolism of the vasodilator bradykinin.

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Uridinephosphorylase 1 (UPP1) is a member of the family of pentosyltransferase. UPP1 catalyses the reversible phosphorolysis of uridine to uracil. The expression levels and the enzymatic activity of UPP1 are higher in human solid tumors than in adjacent normal tissues. The high level of UPP1 expression in some tumors makes it a potential prognosticfactor for some cancers, such as oral squamous cell carcinoma. UPP1 is important for the homeostatic regulation of intracellular and plasma uridine concentratios. UPP1 plays an important role in the pyrimidine salvage pathway through its catalysis of the reversible phosphorolysis of uridine to uracil.

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D-tyrosyl-tRNA(Tyr) deacylase 1(DTD1) belongs to the DTD family, and expressed in many adult and fetal tissues such as testis, ovary, spleen in adult and fetal brain. It is a nucleus and cytoplasm located protein, and is preferentially phosphorylated in cells arrested early in S phase. DTD1 is an ATPase involved in DNA replication, it may facilitate loading of CDC45 onto pre-replication complexes. The protein may hydrolyse D-tyrosyl-tRNA(Tyr) into D-tyrosine and free tRNA(Tyr), a possible defense mechanism against a harmful effect of D-tyrosine.

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Selenophosphate synthetase 1 (SEPHS1) belongs to the selenophosphate synthase 1 family, Class II subfamily. It has four different isoforms by alternative splicing. Isoform 1 and isoform 2 are gradually expressed during the cell cycle until G2/M phase and then decreased, which Isoform 3 is gradually expressed during the cell cycle until S phase and then decreased. SEPHS1 can be activated by phosphate ions and by potassium ions. It can synthesise synthesises selenophosphate from selenide and ATP. Selenophosphate is the selenium donor used to synthesise selenocysteine, which is co-translationally incorporated into selenoproteins at in-frame UGA codons.

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Peptidyl-Prolyl Cis-Trans Isomerase-Like 1 (PPIase) belongs to the cyclophilin-type PPIase family. PPIases can accelerate the folding of proteins and catalyze the cis-trans isomerisaion of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides. PPIase is a ubiquitous protein and has highly expression in heart ,skeletal and muscle. PPIase contains a PPIase cyclophilin-type domain and four Cyclosporin A binding regions. PPIase might play an important role in proliferation of cancer cells through modulation of phosphorylation of stathmin. It is suggested that PPIase can act as as a novel molecular target for colon-cancer therapy.

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Sentrin-Specific Protease 8 (SENP8) mediates the reversible covalent modification of proteins by NEDD8. SENP8 catalyses the full-length NEDD8 to generate its mature form and deconjugation of NEDD8 from targeted proteins such as CUL2 , CUL4A in vivo, or p53. but it does not show activity against ubiquitin or SUMO proteins.

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GMP Reductase 1 (GMPR) is a member of the IMPDH/GMPR family. GMPR exists as a homotetramer and catalyses the irreversible NADPH-dependent deamination of GMP to IMP. It functions in the conversion of nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide derivatives of G to A nucleotides, and in maintaining the intracellular balance of A and G nucleotides. GMP reductase gene expression may be regulated by MITF. At least two different alleles are known.

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Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) belongs to the cyclin-dependent kinase of Ser/Thr protein kinase. CDK2 acts as a catalytic subunit of the cyclin dependent kinase complex, whose activity is restricted to the G1-S phage of the cell cycle, it is essential for the G1/S transition. The kinase activity of CDK2 can be regulated by the association with a cyclin subunit, its phosphorylation state and CDK inhibitors. The activation of the CDK2/cyclin complex requires the phosphorylation of Thr160 and the dephosphorylation of Try14 and Tyr15. The inhibition of CDK2-cyclin complex can also be attributed to association with p27Kip1 and p21Waf1/Cip1. The activation of CDK2 has been shown to be necessary for apoptosis of quiescent cells, such as neurons, thymocytes and endothelial cells.

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N-Sulphoglucosamine Sulphohydrolase (SGSH) is an important member of the sulphatase family which is involved in the degradation of heparin sulphate. SGSH binds one calcium ion per subunit as a cofactor. SGSH catalyses N-sulfo-D-glucosamine and H₂O to D-glucosamine and sulphate. SGSH deficiency is result in mucopolysaccharidosis type 3A (MPS3A), a recessive lysosomal storage disease characterised by neurological dysfunction but relatively mild somatic manifestations.

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Prostaglandin-H2 D-Isomerase (PTGDS) belongs to the Lipocalin family of calycin superfamily. PTGDS is preferentially expressed in the brain. PTGDS catalyses the conversion of PGH2 to PGD2, a prostaglandin involved in smooth muscle contraction/relaxation and a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation. PTGDS is involved in a variety of CNS functions, such as sedation, REM sleep and PGE2-induced allodynia, and may have an anti-apoptotic role in oligodendrocytes. PTGDS binds small non-substrate lipophilic molecules and may act as a scavenger for harmful hydrophopic molecules and a secretory retinoid and thyroid hormone transporter. It possibly participates in development and maintenance of the blood-brain, blood-retina, blood-aqueous humor, blood-testis barrier, the central nervous system and male reproductive system.

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Mouse Ca14,also known as Carbonic anhydrase 14,is a member of large family of zinc metalloenzymes. It could catalyse reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. The reaction is fundamental to many processes such as respiration, renal tubular acidification and bone resorption. Fifteen CA isoforms have been reported so far. They have different patterns of tissue-specific expression and physiologic roles. Some CAs may serve as markers for tumours and hypoxia. CA XIV is a polypeptide consisting of an extracellular N-terminal catalytic domain, a membrane-spanning segment and a short intracellular C- terminal segment with several potential phosphorylation sites. A subset of CAs lack CA activity due to point mutations but retain esterase function. CA14 is widely expressed in the central nervous system.

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Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) is a secretory subtilase belonging to the proteinase K subfamily. PCSK9 is synthesised as a soluble zymogen that undergoes autocatalytic intramolecular processing in the ER , the pro domain and mature chain secrete together through noncovalent interactions. PCSK9 binds with low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and plays a major regulatory role in cholesterol homeostasis.PCSK9 also plays a role in neural development.

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Pancreatic Lipase-Related Protein 2 (PNLIPRP2) is a secreted protein that belongs to the Lipase family of AB hydrolase superfamily. PNLIPRP2 is a lipase with broad substrate specificity that contains one PLAT domain. PNLIPRP2 is expressed mainly in pancreas. PNLIPRP2 can hydrolyse both phospholipids and galactolipids. PNLIPRP2 acts preferentially on monoglycerides, phospholipids and galactolipids. PNLIPRP2 also contributes to milk fat hydrolysis.

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Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GGPS1) is a member of the FPP/GGPP synthase family. GGPS1 is highly expressed in testis, heart and skeletal muscle. GGPS1 is localised in the cytoplasm and has geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) synthase activity. It catalyses the trans-addition of the three molecules of IPP onto DMAPP to form geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, an important precursor of carotenoids and geranylated proteins. Other transcriptional splice variants have been found.

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Chymotrypsin-Like Protease CTRL-1 is a protease that belongs to the peptidase S1 family. Human CTRL-1 is synthesised as a 264 amino acid (aa) precursor that contains an 18 aa signal sequence, 15 aa activation peptide and a 231 aa mature chain. CTRL-1 Contains 1 peptidase S1 domain. It has many molecular functions, such as hydrolase, protease, and serine protease. CTRL-1 plays a role in digest and hydrolyse proteins in biological process.

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Carbonic Anhydrase 7 (CA7) is a member of the alpha-carbonic anhydrase family. Alpha-carbonic anhydrase is a large family of zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. Furthermore, Alpha-carbonic anhydrase is associated with many biological processes, including calcification, respiration, bone resorption, acid-base balance and the formation of aqueous humor. CA7 is activated by histamine, L-adrenaline, L- and D-histidine, and L- and D-phenylalanine, but it is inhibited coumarins, sulfonamide derivatives such as acetazolamide (AZA) by saccharin and Foscarnet.

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Hyaluronidase-1 (HYAL1) is a secreted lysosomal hyaluronidase that belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 56 family. HYAL1 contains one EGF-like domain and is highly expressed in the liver, kidney, and heart, but it is weakly expressed in the lung, placenta, and skeletal muscle. HYAL1 is thought to be involved in cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. It may play a role in promoting tumor progression and blocking the TGFB1-enhanced cell growth. Mutations in HYAL1 are associated with mucopolysaccharidosis type IX, or hyaluronidase deficiency.

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Carbonic Anhydrase 3 (CA3) belongs to the Alpha-Carbonic Anhydrase family that encodes carbonic anhydrase isozymes. These carbonic anhydrases are a class of metalloenzymes that catalyse the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide and are differentially expressed in a number of cell types. The expression of the CA3 gene is strictly tissue specific and it is present at high levels in skeletal muscle with much lower levels found in cardiac and smooth muscle. CA3 is activated by proton donors such as imidazole and the dipeptide histidylhistidine. CA3 is inhibited by coumarins and sulfonamide derivatives such as acetazolamide.

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N-Acetylglucosamine-6-Sulfatase is a member of the Sulfatase family. N-Acetylglucosamine-6-Sulfatase is required for the lysosomal degradation of the Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) Heparan Sulfate and Keratan Sulfate. N-Acetylglucosamine-6-Sulfatase hydrolyses the 6-Sulfate groups of the N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-Sulfate units of Heparan Sulfate and Keratan Sulfate. N-Acetylglucosamine-6-Sulfatase binds 1 Calcium ion per subunit. N-Acetylglucosamine-6-Sulfatase deficiency are the cause of Mucopolysaccharidosis Type 3D (MPS3D), an inborn error leading to lysosomal accumulation of heparan sulfate. MPS3D has profound mental deterioration, hyperactivity, and relatively mild somatic manifestations.

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Human nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase (NAPRTase) is localised in the cytoplasm and is involved in biological processes such as NAD biosynthetic and metabolic processes, nicotinamide metabolic process, nicotinate nucleotide salvage, response to oxidative stress and water-soluble vitamin metabolic process. It functions by catalyzing the conversion of nicotinic acid (NA) to NA mononucleotide (NaMN) and is essential for NA to increase cellular NAD levels and prevent oxidative stress of the cells. It is a crucial factor in the NAD+ biosynthesis pathway. Catalytic activity: Beta-nicotinate D-ribonucleotide + diphosphate = nicotinate + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate.

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Carbonic Anhydrase 5B (CA5B) is a member of alpha-carbonic anhydrase family (CAs) that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. CAs is associated with many biological processes, including calcification, respiration, bone resorption, acid-base balance and the formation of aqueous humor. CA5B is highly expressed in heart, pancreas, kidney, placenta, lung, and skeletal muscle, but it is restricted to the liver. CA5B is localised in the mitochondria and shows the highest sequence similarity to the other mitochondrial CA, CA-VA. CA5B is inhibited by coumarins, sulfonamide derivatives such as acetazolamide (AZA), saccharin, and Foscarnet.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum Mannosyl-Oligosaccharide 1,2- alpha-Mannosidase (MAN1B1) belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 47 family. MAB1B1 is a single-pass type II membrane protein and widely expressed in many tissues. MAB1B1 is involved in glycoprotein quality control targeting of misfolded glycoproteins for degradation. MAB1B1 can be inhibited by both 1-deoxymannojirimycin (dMNJ) and kifunensine. Defects in MAN1B1 are the cause of mental retardation autosomal recessive type 15 (MRT15). Mental retardation is characterised by significantly below average general intellectual functioning, it is also associated with impairments in adaptative behavior and manifested during the developmental period.