"Other Essentials"

Supplier: Bioss

Ran (ras-related nuclear protein) is a small GTP binding protein belonging to the RAS superfamily that is essential for the translocation of RNA and proteins through the nuclear pore complex. The Ran protein is also involved in control of DNA synthesis and cell cycle progression. Nuclear localization of Ran requires the presence of regulator of chromosome condensation 1 (RCC1). Mutations in Ran disrupt DNA synthesis. Because of its many functions, it is likely that Ran interacts with several other proteins. Ran regulates formation and organization of the microtubule network independently of its role in the nucleus-cytosol exchange of macromolecules. Ran could be a key signaling molecule regulating microtubule polymerization during mitosis. RCC1 generates a high local concentration of Ran-GTP around chromatin which, in turn, induces the local nucleation of microtubules. Ran is an androgen receptor (AR) coactivator that binds differentially with different lengths of polyglutamine within the androgen receptor. Polyglutamine repeat expansion in the AR is linked to Kennedy's disease (X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy). Ran coactivation of the AR diminishes with polyglutamine expansion within the AR, and this weak coactivation may lead to partial androgen insensitivity during the development of Kennedy's disease.

Supplier: Bioss

Ran (ras-related nuclear protein) is a small GTP binding protein belonging to the RAS superfamily that is essential for the translocation of RNA and proteins through the nuclear pore complex. The Ran protein is also involved in control of DNA synthesis and cell cycle progression. Nuclear localization of Ran requires the presence of regulator of chromosome condensation 1 (RCC1). Mutations in Ran disrupt DNA synthesis. Because of its many functions, it is likely that Ran interacts with several other proteins. Ran regulates formation and organization of the microtubule network independently of its role in the nucleus-cytosol exchange of macromolecules. Ran could be a key signaling molecule regulating microtubule polymerization during mitosis. RCC1 generates a high local concentration of Ran-GTP around chromatin which, in turn, induces the local nucleation of microtubules. Ran is an androgen receptor (AR) coactivator that binds differentially with different lengths of polyglutamine within the androgen receptor. Polyglutamine repeat expansion in the AR is linked to Kennedy's disease (X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy). Ran coactivation of the AR diminishes with polyglutamine expansion within the AR, and this weak coactivation may lead to partial androgen insensitivity during the development of Kennedy's disease.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

Recognises a protein of 165 kDa, identified as Desmoglein-2 (DSG2). This monoclonal antibody Recognises the extracellular domain of human desmoglein-2. Desmoglein-2 is a member of the desmosomal cadherin family. Desmosomes are intercellular adhering junctions that represent cell surface attachment sites for intermediate filament. Desmocollins and desmogleins are the main desmosomal transmembrane proteins. Desmogleins consist of Dsg1, Dsg2, Dsg3, and Dsg4 isoforms. Within the desmosome, the extracellular domain of desmoglein is essential for calcium dependent heterophilic binding to the desmocollins, whereas the intracellular domain is essential for binding to the desmosomal plaque protein, plakoglobin. Human Desmoglein-2 is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein of 1117 amino acid (aa) residues with a 23 aa signal peptide and a 25 aa propeptide. It differs from other classic cadherins by having four instead of five cadherin repeat domains in its extracellular region, and a much larger cytoplasmic region containing five desmoglein repeat domains which share homology with the cadherin repeats. Instead of having the HAV adhesion motif found in type I cadherins, desmogleins have R/YAL as the adhesion motif on its amino-terminal cadherin repeat. The cytoplasmic tails of desmogleins interact with desmoplakins, plakoglobin and plakophilins. In turn, these proteins link the desmogleins with the intermediate filaments. Desmoglein-2 has been shown to be important in establishing cell-cell adhesion and function in epithelial cells. Desmoglein2 was originally identified in colon carcinoma and colon, and was named HDGC (human desmoglein colon).

Supplier: Bioss

Ran (ras-related nuclear protein) is a small GTP binding protein belonging to the RAS superfamily that is essential for the translocation of RNA and proteins through the nuclear pore complex. The Ran protein is also involved in control of DNA synthesis and cell cycle progression. Nuclear localization of Ran requires the presence of regulator of chromosome condensation 1 (RCC1). Mutations in Ran disrupt DNA synthesis. Because of its many functions, it is likely that Ran interacts with several other proteins. Ran regulates formation and organization of the microtubule network independently of its role in the nucleus-cytosol exchange of macromolecules. Ran could be a key signaling molecule regulating microtubule polymerization during mitosis. RCC1 generates a high local concentration of Ran-GTP around chromatin which, in turn, induces the local nucleation of microtubules. Ran is an androgen receptor (AR) coactivator that binds differentially with different lengths of polyglutamine within the androgen receptor. Polyglutamine repeat expansion in the AR is linked to Kennedy's disease (X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy). Ran coactivation of the AR diminishes with polyglutamine expansion within the AR, and this weak coactivation may lead to partial androgen insensitivity during the development of Kennedy's disease.

Supplier: Bioss

Ran (ras-related nuclear protein) is a small GTP binding protein belonging to the RAS superfamily that is essential for the translocation of RNA and proteins through the nuclear pore complex. The Ran protein is also involved in control of DNA synthesis and cell cycle progression. Nuclear localization of Ran requires the presence of regulator of chromosome condensation 1 (RCC1). Mutations in Ran disrupt DNA synthesis. Because of its many functions, it is likely that Ran interacts with several other proteins. Ran regulates formation and organization of the microtubule network independently of its role in the nucleus-cytosol exchange of macromolecules. Ran could be a key signaling molecule regulating microtubule polymerization during mitosis. RCC1 generates a high local concentration of Ran-GTP around chromatin which, in turn, induces the local nucleation of microtubules. Ran is an androgen receptor (AR) coactivator that binds differentially with different lengths of polyglutamine within the androgen receptor. Polyglutamine repeat expansion in the AR is linked to Kennedy's disease (X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy). Ran coactivation of the AR diminishes with polyglutamine expansion within the AR, and this weak coactivation may lead to partial androgen insensitivity during the development of Kennedy's disease.

Supplier: Bioss

Melamine is combined with formaldehyde to produce melamine resin, a very durable thermosetting plastic used in Formica, and melamine foam, a polymeric cleaning product. The end products include countertops, dry erase boards, fabrics, glues, housewares and flame retardants. Melamine is one of the major components in Pigment Yellow 150, a colorant in inks and plastics.Melamine also enters the fabrication of melamine poly-sulfonate used as superplasticiser for making high-resistance concrete. Sulfonated melamine formaldehyde (SMF) is a polymer used as cement admixture to reduce the water content in concrete while increasing the fluidity and the workability of the mix during its handling and pouring. It results in concrete with a lower porosity and a higher mechanical strength exhibiting an improved resistance to aggressive environments and a longer life-time. The use of melamine as fertiliser for crops had been envisaged during the '50s and '60s because of its high nitrogen content (2/3).[7] However melamine is much more expensive to produce than other common nitrogen fertilisers, such as urea. To be effective as a fertiliser, it is essential that the plant nutrients are released or made available in a manner that matches the needs of the growing crop. The nitrogen mineralisation process for melamine is extremely slow, making this product both economically and scientifically impractical for use as a fertiliser.

Supplier: Bioss

Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) cation channels are heteromeric complexes made up of principal alpha and modulatory beta subunits (1,2). The alpha subunits consist of CNG1-3 and form functional cation channels by themselves (1,2). The beta subunits consist of CNG4-6 and, unlike the alpha subunits, do not form functional channels, but rather modify the properties of channels (1,2). CNG channels are essential components of olfactory and visual transduction (1,2). In olfactory neurons, CNG2, CNG4.3 and CNG5 form Ca2+ permeable channels, which open and depolarize the cell in response to cAMP (1-3). In rod photoreceptors, CNG1 and CNG4.1 combine to form Ca ion permeable channels, which give rise to a current in response to cGMP (1-3). CNG3 and CNG6 are expressed in cone receptors and may combine to form a native cGMP-activated channel (2,3). CNG channels have been implicated in other areas (4-6). CNG1 is also expressed in medium-sized and small-sized arteries, suggesting a role for CNG in the regulation of arterial blood pressure and of blood supply to different regions (4). CNG1, CNG4.1 and CNG4.2 have been detected in the rat pineal gland (5). CNG2, CNG4.3 and CNG5 are present in GT1 cell lines and may play a role in the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (6).

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

Prosapip2 Antibody: Prosapip2 (TBKBP1) is essential for signal transduction during viral infection thus plays a major role in the TNF/NF-kappa B pathway. It is an adaptor protein that constitutively binds TBK1 (TANK-binding kinase) and IKBKE and may play a role in antiviral innate immunity. Prosapip2 is a 615 amino acid adaptor protein belonging to the fibrillar collagen family, consisting of trimers of identical alpha 1 chains which are linked to each other by interchain disulfide bonds. It has a ubiquitous expression with highest levels in ovary, followed by the neuronal system. Prosapip2 binds to TBK1 and helps in the activation of IRF3 which controls the expression of antiviral genes during infection. Recent studies show that Prosapip2 is an interaction partner of ProSAP2/Shank3 and actin, suggesting a role as a linker molecule between postsynaptic density and the cytoskeleton.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

Dact2 Antibody: The Wnt signaling cascade is a conserved process in multicellular animals that plays important roles during development and can contribute to cancer and other diseases. Many members of this pathway are also expressed in the postnatal tissues such as brain. One such protein is Dact2, a member of the Dact protein family that was initially identified through binding to Disheveled (Dvl), a cytoplasmic protein essential to Wnt signaling. Dact2 is most prominent during the development of the thymus kidneys, and salivary gland. Dact2 is thought to play a role distinct from that of Dact1 with Dact2 having a greater impact on a beta-catenin-independent process termed planar cell polarity/convergent-extension signaling. Furthermore, Dact2 but not Dact1 can inhibit Nodal signaling by promoting the endocytic degradation of TGF-beta receptors. At least two isoforms of Dact2 are known to exist.

Supplier: Bioss

Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) cation channels are heteromeric complexes made up of principal alpha and modulatory beta subunits (1,2). The alpha subunits consist of CNG1-3 and form functional cation channels by themselves (1,2). The beta subunits consist of CNG4-6 and, unlike the alpha subunits, do not form functional channels, but rather modify the properties of channels (1,2). CNG channels are essential components of olfactory and visual transduction (1,2). In olfactory neurons, CNG2, CNG4.3 and CNG5 form Ca2+ permeable channels, which open and depolarize the cell in response to cAMP (1-3). In rod photoreceptors, CNG1 and CNG4.1 combine to form Ca ion permeable channels, which give rise to a current in response to cGMP (1-3). CNG3 and CNG6 are expressed in cone receptors and may combine to form a native cGMP-activated channel (2,3). CNG channels have been implicated in other areas (4-6). CNG1 is also expressed in medium-sized and small-sized arteries, suggesting a role for CNG in the regulation of arterial blood pressure and of blood supply to different regions (4). CNG1, CNG4.1 and CNG4.2 have been detected in the rat pineal gland (5). CNG2, CNG4.3 and CNG5 are present in GT1 cell lines and may play a role in the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (6).

Supplier: Bioss

Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) cation channels are heteromeric complexes made up of principal alpha and modulatory beta subunits (1,2). The alpha subunits consist of CNG1-3 and form functional cation channels by themselves (1,2). The beta subunits consist of CNG4-6 and, unlike the alpha subunits, do not form functional channels, but rather modify the properties of channels (1,2). CNG channels are essential components of olfactory and visual transduction (1,2). In olfactory neurons, CNG2, CNG4.3 and CNG5 form Ca2+ permeable channels, which open and depolarize the cell in response to cAMP (1-3). In rod photoreceptors, CNG1 and CNG4.1 combine to form Ca ion permeable channels, which give rise to a current in response to cGMP (1-3). CNG3 and CNG6 are expressed in cone receptors and may combine to form a native cGMP-activated channel (2,3). CNG channels have been implicated in other areas (4-6). CNG1 is also expressed in medium-sized and small-sized arteries, suggesting a role for CNG in the regulation of arterial blood pressure and of blood supply to different regions (4). CNG1, CNG4.1 and CNG4.2 have been detected in the rat pineal gland (5). CNG2, CNG4.3 and CNG5 are present in GT1 cell lines and may play a role in the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (6).

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

Recognises a protein of 165 kDa, identified as Desmoglein-2 (DSG2). This monoclonal antibody Recognises the extracellular domain of human desmoglein-2. Desmoglein-2 is a member of the desmosomal cadherin family. Desmosomes are intercellular adhering junctions that represent cell surface attachment sites for intermediate filament. Desmocollins and desmogleins are the main desmosomal transmembrane proteins. Desmogleins consist of Dsg1, Dsg2, Dsg3, and Dsg4 isoforms. Within the desmosome, the extracellular domain of desmoglein is essential for calcium dependent heterophilic binding to the desmocollins, whereas the intracellular domain is essential for binding to the desmosomal plaque protein, plakoglobin. Human Desmoglein-2 is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein of 1117 amino acid (aa) residues with a 23 aa signal peptide and a 25 aa propeptide. It differs from other classic cadherins by having four instead of five cadherin repeat domains in its extracellular region, and a much larger cytoplasmic region containing five desmoglein repeat domains which share homology with the cadherin repeats. Instead of having the HAV adhesion motif found in type I cadherins, desmogleins have R/YAL as the adhesion motif on its amino-terminal cadherin repeat. The cytoplasmic tails of desmogleins interact with desmoplakins, plakoglobin and plakophilins. In turn, these proteins link the desmogleins with the intermediate filaments. Desmoglein-2 has been shown to be important in establishing cell-cell adhesion and function in epithelial cells. Desmoglein2 was originally identified in colon carcinoma and colon, and was named HDGC (human desmoglein colon).

Supplier: Bioss

Multifunctional transcription factor in ER stress response. Plays an essential role in the response to a wide variety of cell stresses and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in response to ER stress. Plays a dual role both as an inhibitor of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) function and as an activator of other genes. Acts as a dominant-negative regulator of C/EBP-induced transcription: dimerizes with members of the C/EBP family, impairs their association with C/EBP binding sites in the promoter regions, and inhibits the expression of C/EBP regulated genes. Positively regulates the transcription of TRIB3, IL6, IL8, IL23, TNFRSF1B/DR5, PPP1R15A/GADD34, BBC3/PUMA, BCL2L11/BIM and ERO1L. Negatively regulates; expression of BCL2 and MYOD1, ATF4-dependent transcriptional activation of asparagine synthetase (ASNS), CEBPA-dependent transcriptional activation of hepcidin (HAMP) and CEBPB-mediated expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG). Inhibits the canonical Wnt signaling pathway by binding to TCF7L2/TCF4, impairing its DNA-binding properties and repressing its transcriptional activity. Plays a regulatory role in the inflammatory response through the induction of caspase-11 (CASP4/CASP11) which induces the activation of caspase-1 (CASP1) and both these caspases increase the activation of pro-IL1B to mature IL1B which is involved in the inflammatory response.

Supplier: Bioss

Transforming Growth Factor (TGF) betas mediate many cell to cell interactions that occur during embryonic development. Three TGF betas have been identified in mammals. TGF beta 1, TGF beta 2 and TGF beta 3 are each synthesized as precursor proteins that are very similar in that each is cleaved to yield a 112 amino acid polypeptide that remains associated with the latent portion of the molecule. The TGF beta polypeptides are multifunctional; capable of influencing cell proliferation, differentiation, and other functions in a wide range of cell types. Transformed, as well as nonneoplastic tissues, release transforming growth factors; and essentially all mammalian cells possess a specific TGF receptor. The multi modal nature of TGF beta is seen in its ability to stimulate or inhibit cellular proliferation. In general, cells of mesenchymal origin appear to be stimulated by TGF beta whereas cells of epithelial or neuroectodermal origin are inhibited by the peptide. TGF beta 1, TGF beta 2, and TGF beta 1.2 appear to be equivalent in biological activity, although there does appear to be differences in binding to certain types of receptors. TGF beta 2 is produced by many cell types and has been found in the highest concentration in porcine platelets and mammalian bone. Latent TGF beta 2 is the prominent isoform found in body fluids such as amniotic fluid, breast milk, and the aqueous and vitreous humor of the eye.

Supplier: Bioss

Multifunctional transcription factor in ER stress response. Plays an essential role in the response to a wide variety of cell stresses and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in response to ER stress. Plays a dual role both as an inhibitor of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) function and as an activator of other genes. Acts as a dominant-negative regulator of C/EBP-induced transcription: dimerizes with members of the C/EBP family, impairs their association with C/EBP binding sites in the promoter regions, and inhibits the expression of C/EBP regulated genes. Positively regulates the transcription of TRIB3, IL6, IL8, IL23, TNFRSF1B/DR5, PPP1R15A/GADD34, BBC3/PUMA, BCL2L11/BIM and ERO1L. Negatively regulates; expression of BCL2 and MYOD1, ATF4-dependent transcriptional activation of asparagine synthetase (ASNS), CEBPA-dependent transcriptional activation of hepcidin (HAMP) and CEBPB-mediated expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG). Inhibits the canonical Wnt signaling pathway by binding to TCF7L2/TCF4, impairing its DNA-binding properties and repressing its transcriptional activity. Plays a regulatory role in the inflammatory response through the induction of caspase-11 (CASP4/CASP11) which induces the activation of caspase-1 (CASP1) and both these caspases increase the activation of pro-IL1B to mature IL1B which is involved in the inflammatory response.

Supplier: Bioss

Multifunctional transcription factor in ER stress response. Plays an essential role in the response to a wide variety of cell stresses and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in response to ER stress. Plays a dual role both as an inhibitor of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) function and as an activator of other genes. Acts as a dominant-negative regulator of C/EBP-induced transcription: dimerizes with members of the C/EBP family, impairs their association with C/EBP binding sites in the promoter regions, and inhibits the expression of C/EBP regulated genes. Positively regulates the transcription of TRIB3, IL6, IL8, IL23, TNFRSF1B/DR5, PPP1R15A/GADD34, BBC3/PUMA, BCL2L11/BIM and ERO1L. Negatively regulates; expression of BCL2 and MYOD1, ATF4-dependent transcriptional activation of asparagine synthetase (ASNS), CEBPA-dependent transcriptional activation of hepcidin (HAMP) and CEBPB-mediated expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG). Inhibits the canonical Wnt signaling pathway by binding to TCF7L2/TCF4, impairing its DNA-binding properties and repressing its transcriptional activity. Plays a regulatory role in the inflammatory response through the induction of caspase-11 (CASP4/CASP11) which induces the activation of caspase-1 (CASP1) and both these caspases increase the activation of pro-IL1B to mature IL1B which is involved in the inflammatory response.