"Biotium"

Supplier: Biotium

Chromogranin A is present in neuroendocrine cells throughout the body, including the neuroendocrine cells of the large and small intestine, adrenal medulla and pancreatic islets. It is an excellent marker for carcinoid tumors, pheochromocytomas, paragangliomas, and other neuroendocrine tumors. Co-expression of chromogranin A and neuron specific enolase (NSE) is common in neuroendocrine neoplasms. Reportedly, co-expression of certain keratins and chromogranin indicates neuroendocrine lineage. The presence of strong anti-chromogranin staining and absence of anti-keratin staining should raise the possibility of paraganglioma. The co-expression of chromogranin and NSE is typical of neuroendocrine neoplasms. Most pituitary adenomas and prolactinomas readily express chromogranin.

Supplier: Biotium

The epitope of this MAb maps in the C-terminus of PTH, a hormone produced by the parathyroid gland that regulates the concentration of calcium and phosphorus in extracellular fluid. This hormone elevates blood Ca2 levels by dissolving the salts in bone and preventing their renal excretion.It is produced in the parathyroid gland as an 84 amino acid single chain polypeptide. It can also be secreted as N-terminal truncated fragments or C-terminal fragments after intracellular degradation, as in case of hypercalcemia. Defects in this gene are a cause of familial isolated hypoparathyroidism (FIH); also called autosomal dominant hypoparathyroidism or autosomal dominant hypocalcemia. FIH is characterized by hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia due to inadequate secretion of parathyroid hormone. Symptoms are seizures, tetany and cramps. FIH exist both as autosomal dominant and recessive forms of hypoparathyroidism.

Supplier: Biotium

HLA-A, with HLA-B and HLA-C, belongs to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigens and expresses constitutively on all nucleated cells. MHC class I antigens play a role in class I MHC-associated antigen presentation, inhibition of NK cell cytotoxicity, tumor surveillance, and tissue allotransplantation. This MAb is useful for HLA molecular typing of peripheral blood leukocytes as well as a large number of leukemic cell lines. It reacts with an intralocus determinant present on a limited number of HLA-A locus-encoded gene products (HLA-A2, -A3, -A28, -A29, -A30, -A31 and -Aw33). Its epitope maps between aa65-to-aa80 of the α1 domain of the HLA-A. This MAb recognizes an intralocus determinant present on a limited number of HLA-A locus-encoded gene products (HLA-A2, -A3, A28, -A29, -A30, -A31 and -Aw33). Furthermore, by testing its reactivity with HLA-A2 natural variants and mutants, the importance of amino acid residues 79 and/or 80 of the α1 domain was demonstrated in the formation of an intralocus HLA-A determinant.

Supplier: Biotium

This product is prepared by labeling goat anti-rat IgG (H+L) with allophycocyanin (APC). APC belongs to the family of phycobiliproteins, which are derived from cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae. APC has absorption maxima at 650 and emission at 660 nm. Because of the high fluorescence quantum yield (~0.68), APC is by far the brightest dye for the 650 nm wavelength region.To minimize crossreactivity, the antibody has been adsorbed against human, bovine, horse, and rabbit serum proteins.

Supplier: Biotium

Recognizes a 67 kDa transmembrane protein, which is identified as CD5. The CD5 antigen is found on 95% of thymocytes and 72% of peripheral blood lymphocytes. In lymph nodes, the main reactivity is observed in T cell areas. Anti-CD5 is a pan T-cell marker that also reacts with a range of neoplastic B-cells, e.g. chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL), mantle cell lymphoma, and a subset (~10%) of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. CD5 aberrant expression is useful in making a diagnosis of mature T-cell neoplasms. Anti-CD5 detection is diagnostic in CLL/SLL within a panel of other B-cell markers, especially one that includes anti-CD23. Anti-CD5 is also very useful in differentiating among mature small lymphoid cell malignancies. In addition, anti-CD5 can be used in distinguishing thymic carcinoma ( ) from thymoma (-). Anti-CD5 does not react with granulocytes or monocytes.

Supplier: Biotium

The Pax gene family of nuclear transcription factors is comprised of nine members that function during embryogenesis to regulate the temporal and position-dependent differentiation of cells. In addition, the family is involved in a variety of signal transduction pathways in the adult organism. Mutations in the Pax family of proteins have been linked to disease and cancer in humans. Pax-7 is a protein specifically expressed in cultured satellite cell-derived myoblasts. In situ hybridization reveals that Pax-7 is also expressed in satellite cells residing in adult muscle. A chromosomal aberration in the gene encoding Pax-7 causes rhabdomyosarcoma 2 (RMS2) (also called alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma).

Supplier: Biotium

Recognizes a protein of 33-37 kDa, identified as CD20 (Workshop V; Code CD20.12). B9E9 recognizes extracellular domain of CD20. The epitope is similar to or identical to that recognized by other CD20 antibodies including Leu-16 and B1. This MAb can be used for immunophenotyping of leukemia and malignant cells, B lymphocyte detection in peripheral blood, B cell localization in tissues and B lymphocyte purification by immunosorbent methods. CD20 is a non-Ig differentiation antigen of B-cells and its expression is restricted to normal and neoplastic B-cells, being absent from all other leukocytes and tissues. CD20 is expressed by pre B-cells and persists during all stages of B-cell maturation but is lost upon terminal differentiation into plasma cells. Protein passes through the membrane 4 times with both ends in cytoplasm and exposes one short and one longer loop to the external environment. CD20 is not glycosylated in resting B cells and its cytoplasmic domains are differentially phosphorylated upon activation. It acts as a calcium channel involved in B-cell activation and cell cycle progression.

Supplier: Biotium

Protein phosphorylation is a fundamental event in the regulation of a large number of intracellular processes. Phosphorylation of specific tyrosine residues is the result of activation or stimulation of their respective protein tyrosine kinases. The phosphorylated proteins can be auto-phosphorylated kinases or certain cellular protein substrates. Tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins are involved in signal transduction and in the regulation of cell proliferation. Antibody to phosphotyrosine provides an excellent tool for the detection, characterization, and purification of phosphotyrosine containing proteins. This MAb shows no cross-reaction with other phosphoamino acids and is superb for multiple applications including staining of formalin/paraffin tissues.

Supplier: Biotium

Recognizes a protein of 40 kDa, identified as cytokeratin-19 (CK19), which is expressed in sweat gland, mammary gland ductal and secretory cells, bile ducts, gastrointestinal tract, bladder urothelium, oral epithelia, esophagus, and ectocervical epithelium. Anti-CK19 reacts with a wide variety of epithelial malignancies including adenocarcinomas of the colon, stomach, pancreas, biliary tract, liver, and breast. Perhaps the most useful application is the identification of thyroid carcinoma of the papillary type, although 50%-60% of follicular carcinomas are also labeled. Anti-CK19 is a useful marker for detection of tumor cells in lymph nodes, peripheral blood, bone marrow and breast cancer.

Supplier: Biotium

Thyroglobulin is a 660 kDa dimeric pre-protein with mutiple glycosylation sites. It is produced by and processed within the thyroid gland to produce the hormone thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Prior to forming dimers, thyroglobulin monomers undergo conformational maturation in the endoplasmic reticulation. The vast majority of follicular carcinomas of the thyroid will give positive immunoreactivity for anti-thyroglobulin even though sometimes only focally. Poorly differentiated carcinomas of the thyroid are frequently anti-thyroglobulin negative. Adenocarcinomas of other-than-thyroid origin do not react with this antibody. This antibody is useful in identification of thyroid carcinoma of the papillary and follicular types. Presence of thyroglobulin in metastatic lesions establishes the thyroid origin of tumor. Anti-thyroglobulin, combined with anti-calcitonin, can identify medullary carcinomas of the thyroid. Furthermore, anti-thyroglobulin, combined with anti-TTF1, can be a reliable marker to differentiate between primary thyroid and lung neoplasms.

Supplier: Biotium

Cytokeratin 8 (CK8) belongs to the type II (or B or basic) subfamily of high molecular weight cytokeratins and exists in combination with cytokeratin 18 (CK18). This MAb cocktail recognizes all simple epithelia including glandular epithelium, for example thyroid, female breast, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and urogenital tract including transitional epithelium. All adenocarcinomas and most squamous carcinomas are positive but keratinizing squamous carcinomas are usually negative. This antibody is useful in demonstrating the presence of Paget cells; there is very little keratin 18 in the normal epidermis so only Paget cells are stained.Immunohistochemical staining with this MAb is indistinguishable from that obtained with monoclonal antibody 5D3.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb recognizes human 17-26 kDa protein, which is identified as cytokine TNF-alpha (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha). TNF-alpha can be expressed as a 17 kDa free molecule, or as a 26 kDa membrane protein. TNF-alpha is a protein secreted by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages, and causes tumor necrosis when injected into tumor bearing mice. TNF alpha is believed to mediate pathogenic shock and tissue injury associated with endotoxemia. TNF alpha exists as a multimer of two, three, or five non-covalently linked units, but shows a single 17 kDa band following SDS PAGE under non-reducing conditions. TNF alpha is closely related to the 25 kDa protein Tumor Necrosis Factor beta (lymphotoxin), sharing the same receptors and cellular actions. TNF alpha causes cytolysis of certain transformed cells, being synergistic with interferon gamma in its cytotoxicity. Although it has little effect on many cultured normal human cells, TNF alpha appears to be directly toxic to vascular endothelial cells. Other actions of TNF alpha include stimulating growth of human fibroblasts and other cell lines, activating polymorphonuclear neutrophils and osteoclasts, and induction of interleukin 1, prostaglandin E2 and collagenase production. TNF alpha is currently being evaluated in treatment of certain cancers and AIDS Related Complex.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb recognizes a protein of 145 kDa, identified as CD117/p145kit. It is found on a wide variety of tumor cells including follicular and papillary carcinoma of thyroid, adenocarcinomas from endometrium, lung, ovary, pancreas, and breast as well as malignant melanoma, endodermal sinus tumor, and small cell carcinoma. However, anti-CD117 has been particularly useful in differentiating gastrointestinal stromal tumors from Kaposi's sarcoma, tumors of smooth muscle origin, fibromatosis, and neural tumors of the GI tract. Anti-CD117 is also useful in recognizing myeloblasts in bone marrow biopsy and clot section.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb reacts with a reduction-resistant epitope present in both free and SIgA bound Secretory Component. It does not react with the cell lines lacking secretory component. The antibody is useful for studying the distribution and level of both free and bound secretory component. Secretory component is differentially expressed in epithelium, and the antibody is a popular marker for identifying subpopulations of epithelial cells and epithelial differentiation. The Secretory component antibody is a useful research tool for studying mucosal immunity, inflammation, remodeling, differentiation and tumorigenesis, all processes associated with differential secretory component expression.

Supplier: Biotium

This antibody recognizes a glycoprotein of 110 kDa, which is identified as CD68. It is important for identifying macrophages in tissue sections. It stains macrophages in a wide variety of human tissues, including Kupffer cells and macrophages in the red pulp of the spleen, in lamina propria of the gut, in lung alveoli, and in bone marrow. It reacts with myeloid precursors and peripheral blood granulocytes. It also reacts with plasmacytoid T cells, which are supposed to be of monocyte/macrophage origin. It shows strong granular cytoplasmic staining of chronic and acute myeloid leukemia and also reacts with rare cases of true histiocytic neoplasia. Lymphomas are negative or show few granules.

Supplier: Biotium

Anti-IgG1 Goat Polyclonal Antibody (CF™ 770)