"Biotium"

Supplier: Biotium

Thyroglobulin is a 660 kDa dimeric pre-protein with mutiple glycosylation sites. It is produced by and processed within the thyroid gland to produce the hormone thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Prior to forming dimers, thyroglobulin monomers undergo conformational maturation in the endoplasmic reticulation. The vast majority of follicular carcinomas of the thyroid will give positive immunoreactivity for anti-thyroglobulin even though sometimes only focally. Poorly differentiated carcinomas of the thyroid are frequently anti-thyroglobulin negative. Adenocarcinomas of other-than-thyroid origin do not react with this antibody. This antibody is useful in identification of thyroid carcinoma of the papillary and follicular types. Presence of thyroglobulin in metastatic lesions establishes the thyroid origin of tumor. Anti-thyroglobulin, combined with anti-calcitonin, can identify medullary carcinomas of the thyroid. Furthermore, anti-thyroglobulin, combined with anti-TTF1, can be a reliable marker to differentiate between primary thyroid and lung neoplasms.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb reacts with a 45 kDa glycopeptide, which is a type II membrane glycoprotein with a transmembrane sequence near the NH2terminus. CD38 is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein that is present on early B- and T-cell lineages and activated B- and T-cells but is absent from most mature resting peripheral lymphocytes. CD38 is also found on thymocytes, pre-B cells, germinal center B-cells, mitogen-activated T-cells, monocytes and Ig-secreting plasma cells. CD38 is expressed on CD34 cells. The CD34 CD38- population of hematopoietic stems cells defines the most pluripotent cells (e.g. blast colony forming cells).

Supplier: Biotium

Recognizes a 60 kDa protein, identified as the heat shock protein 60 (hsp60). Its epitope is localized between aa 383-419 of human hsp60. A wide variety of environmental and pathophysiological stressful conditions trigger the synthesis of a family of proteins known as heat shock proteins (hsp), more appropriately called as stress response proteins (srp). hsp60 is a potential antigen in a number of autoimmune diseases. In human arthritis and in experimentally induced arthritis in animals, disease development coincides with the development of immune reactivity directed against not only bacterial hsp60, but also against its mammalian homolog. Clone LK1, unlike LK2, recognizes only the mammalian (not bacterial) hsp60 and is useful in distinguishing hsp60 from mammals and bacteria.

Supplier: Biotium

Recognizes a protein of 150 kDa, which is identified as the high molecular weight variant of Caldesmon. Two closely related variants of human caldesmon have been identified which are different in their electrophoretic mobility and cellular distribution. The h-caldesmon variant (120-150 kDa) is predominantly expressed in smooth muscle whereas l-caldesmon (70-80 kDa) is found in non- muscle tissue and cells. Neither of the two variants has been detected in skeletal muscle. This MAb recognizes only the 150 kDa variant (h-caldesmon) in Western blots of human aortic media extracts and is unreactive with fibroblast extracts from cultivated human foreskin. Caldesmon is a developmentally regulated protein involved in smooth muscle and non-muscle contraction.

Supplier: Biotium

HLA-B belongs to the HLA class I heavy chain paralogues. This class I molecule is a heterodimer consisting of a heavy chain and a light chain (beta-2 microglobulin). The heavy chain is anchored in the membrane. Class I molecules play a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from the endoplasmic reticulum lumen. They are expressed in nearly all cells. The heavy chain is approximately 45 kDa and its gene contains 8 exons. Exon 1 encodes the leader peptide, exon 2 and 3 encode the alpha1 and alpha2 domains, which both bind the peptide, exon 4 encodes the alpha3 domain, exon 5 encodes the transmembrane region and exons 6 and 7 encode the cytoplasmic tail. Polymorphisms within exon 2 and exon 3 are responsible for the peptide binding specificity of each class one molecule. Typing for these polymorphisms is routinely done for bone marrow and kidney transplantation. Hundreds of HLA-B alleles have been described.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb recognizes a 27 kDa protein, identified as the p27Kip1, a cell cycle regulatory mitotic inhibitor. It is highly specific and shows no cross-reaction with other related mitotic inhibitors. p27Kip1 functions as a negative regulator of G1 progression and has been proposed to function as a possible mediator of TGF- induced G1 arrest. p27Kip1 is a candidate tumor suppressor gene. This MAb is excellent for staining of formalin-fixed tissues.

Supplier: Biotium

CD31 (PECAM-1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein member of the immunoglobulin supergene family of adhesion molecules. CD31 is expressed by stem cells of the hematopoietic system and is primarily used to identify and concentrate these cells for experimental studies as well as for bone marrow transplantation. Anti-CD31 has shown to be highly specific and sensitive for vascular endothelial cells. Staining of nonvascular tumors (excluding hematopoietic neoplasms) is rare. CD31 MAb reacts with normal, benign, and malignant endothelial cells which make up blood vessel lining. The level of CD31 expression can help to determine the degree of tumor angiogenesis, and a high level of CD31 expression may imply a rapidly growing tumor and potentially a predictor of tumor recurrence.

Supplier: Biotium

Reacts with five invariable CD3 chains (designated as and ) with molecular weight ranging from 16-28 kDa. It is found on all mature T-lymphocytes, NK, T-cells, and some thymocytes. CD3, also known as T3, is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily that plays a role in antigen recognition, signal transduction, and T cell activation. It is expressed, typically at high levels, on peripheral T cells and majority of T cell neoplasms. Thymocytes express CD3 at different level on the cell surface in the course of differentiation and, in cortical thymus, CD3 is predominantly Intracytoplasmic. This MAb is particularly useful for induction of T cell activation in vitro and in vivo due to its unusual IgG3 isotype.

Supplier: Biotium

CF®488A is a superior green fluorescent dye

Supplier: Biotium

Actin is a major component of the cytoskeleton and is present in most cell types. It is highly specific to actin from smooth muscles. This MAb does not stain cardiac or skeletal muscle; however, it does stain myofibroblasts and myoepithelial cells. This antibody could be used together with anti-muscle specific actin and myogenin in making a diagnosis of smooth muscle and skeletal muscle tumors. In most cases of rhabdomyosarcoma, this antibody yields negative results whereas anti-muscle specific actin and myogenin are positive. Leiomyosarcomas are positive only with anti-muscle specific actin and anti-smooth muscle actin and are negative with anti-myogenin.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb reacts with a wide variety of simple epithelia. It does not react with stratified squamous epithelia. It reacts with epithelial tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, lung, breast, pancreas, ovary, and thyroid. Cytokeratin 18, which belongs to the type A (acidic) subfamily of low molecular weight keratins, exists in combination with cytokeratin 8. It was reported that tissues from gastrointestinal tract are positive for both cytokeratin 8 and 18 but do not contain cytokeratin 14. Tissues from gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract and urogenital tract, as well as endocrine and exocrine tissues and mesothelial cells are positive for cytokeratin 18.

Supplier: Biotium

Recognizes a 53 kDa protein, which is identified as p53 suppressor gene product. It reacts with the mutant as well as the wild form of p53 under denaturing and non-denaturing conditions. Its epitope maps within the N-terminus (aa 20-25) of p53 oncoprotein. p53 is a tumor suppressor gene expressed in a wide variety of tissue types and is involved in regulating cell growth, replication, and apoptosis. It binds to MDM2, SV40 T antigen and human papilloma virus E6 protein. Positive nuclear staining with p53 antibody has been reported to be a negative prognostic factor in breast carcinoma, lung carcinoma, colorectal, and urothelial carcinoma. Anti-p53 positivity has also been used to differentiate uterine serous carcinoma from endometrioid carcinoma as well as to detect intratubular germ cell neoplasia. Mutations involving p53 are found in a wide variety of malignant tumors, including breast, ovarian, bladder, colon, lung, and melanoma.

Supplier: Biotium

This antibody recognizes a protein of ~76 kDa, which is identified as Nucleolin (NCL). It is the major nucleolar phosphoprotein of growing eukaryotic cells. NCL is located mainly in dense fibrillar regions of the nucleolus. It is found associated with intranucleolar chromatin and pre-ribosomal particles. Human NCL gene consists of 14 exons with 13 introns and spans approximately 11kb. It induces chromatin decondensation by binding to histone H1. It is thought to play a role in pre-rRNA transcription and ribosome assembly.This MAb can be used to stain the nucleoli in cell or tissue preparations and can be used as a marker of the nucleoli in subcellular fractions. It produces a speckled pattern in the nuclei of cells of normal and malignant cells and may be used to stain the nucleoli of cells in fixed or frozen tissue sections. It can be used with paraformaldehyde fixed frozen tissue or cell preparations and formalin fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb reacts with a protein of 20-30 kDa, identified as PGP9.5, also known as ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase-1 (UchL1). Initially, PGP9.5 expression in normal tissues was reported in neurons and neuroendocrine cells but later it was found in distal renal tubular epithelium, spermatogonia, Leydig cells, oocytes, melanocytes, prostatic secretory epithelium, ejaculatory duct cells, epididymis, mammary epithelial cells, Merkel cells, and dermal fibroblasts. Furthermore, immunostaining for PGP9.5 has been shown in a wide variety of mesenchymal neoplasms as well. A mutation in PGP9.5 gene is believed to cause a form of Parkinson's disease.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb recognizes a 21 kDa protein, identified as the p21WAF1 tumor suppressor protein. It is highly specific to p21 and shows no cross-reaction with other closely related mitotic inhibitors. p21WAF1 is a specific inhibitor of cdk s and a tumor suppressor involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of malignancies. The expression of this gene acts as an inhibitor of the cell cycle during G1 phase and is tightly controlled by the tumor suppressor protein p53. Its expression is induced by the wild type, but not mutant, p53 suppressor protein. Normal cells generally display a rather intense nuclear p21 expression. Loss of p21 expression has been reported in many carcinomas (gastric carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, thyroid carcinoma).

Supplier: Biotium

Smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SM-MHC) is a cytoplasmic structural protein, which is a major component of the contractile apparatus in smooth muscle cells. Expression of smooth muscle myosin is developmentally regulated, appearing early in smooth muscle development, and is specific for smooth muscle development. Two isoforms of smooth muscle myosin heavy chain have been identified, designated MHC-1 and MHC-2. The antibody may be useful for the study of breast tumors as the presence of an intact layer of myoepithelial cells is an important feature, which may distinguish benign breast lesions and carcinoma in situ from invasive tumors.