"Biotium"

Supplier: Biotium

EGP40 is a 40-43 kDa transmembrane epithelial glycoprotein, also identified as epithelial specific antigen (ESA), or epithelial cellular adhesion molecule (Ep-CAM). It is expressed on baso-lateral cell surface in most simple epithelia and a vast majority of carcinomas. This antibody has been used to distinguish adenocarcinoma from pleural mesothelioma and hepatocellular carcinoma. This antibody is also useful in distinguishing serous carcinomas of the ovary from mesothelioma.

Supplier: Biotium

Recognizes a protein of 21 kDa-25 kDa, identified as retinol binding protein-1 (RBP1). This protein belongs to the lipocalin family and is the specific carrier for retinol (vitamin A alcohol) in the blood. It delivers retinol from the liver stores to the peripheral tissues. In plasma, the RBP-retinol complex interacts with transthyretin, which prevents its loss by filtration through the kidney glomeruli. A deficiency of vitamin A blocks secretion of the binding protein post-transnationally and results in defective delivery and supply to the epidermal cells.

Supplier: Biotium

CD2 interacts through its amino-terminal domain with the extracellular domain of CD58 (also designated CD2 ligand) to mediate cell adhesion. CD2/CD58 binding can enhance antigen-specific T cell activation. CD2 is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is expressed on peripheral blood T lymphocytes, NK cells and thymocytes. CD58 is a heavily glycosylated protein with a broad tissue distribution in hematopoietic and other cells, including endothelium. Interaction between CD2 and its counter receptor LFA3 (CD58) on opposing cells optimizes immune system recognition, thereby facilitating communication between helper T lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells, as well as between cytolytic effectors and target cells.

Supplier: Biotium

S100 belongs to the family of calcium binding proteins. S100A and S100B proteins are two members of the S100 family. S100A is composed of an alpha and beta chain whereas S100B is composed of two beta chains. S-100 protein has been found in normal melanocytes, Langerhans cells, histiocytes, chondrocytes, lipocytes, skeletal and cardiac muscle, Schwann cells, epithelial and myoepithelial cells of the breast, salivary and sweat glands, as well as in glial cells. Neoplasms derived from these cells also express S-100 protein, albeit non-uniformly. A large number of well-differentiated tumors of the salivary gland, adipose and cartilaginous tissue, and Schwann cell-derived tumors express S-100 protein. Almost all malignant melanomas and cases of histiocytosis X are positive for S-100 protein. Despite the fact that S-100 protein is an ubiquitous substance, its demonstration is of great value in the identification of several neoplasms, particularly melanomas and their metastases.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb recognizes a protein of 145 kDa, identified as CD117/p145kit. It is found on a wide variety of tumor cells including follicular and papillary carcinoma of thyroid, adenocarcinomas from endometrium, lung, ovary, pancreas, and breast as well as malignant melanoma, endodermal sinus tumor, and small cell carcinoma. However, anti-CD117 has been particularly useful in differentiating gastrointestinal stromal tumors from Kaposi's sarcoma, tumors of smooth muscle origin, fibromatosis, and neural tumors of the GI tract. Anti-CD117 is also useful in recognizing myeloblasts in bone marrow biopsy and clot section.

Supplier: Biotium

Anti-IgG Goat Polyclonal Antibody (CF™ 488A)

Supplier: Biotium

Recognizes a polypeptide which is identified as insulin, a 51-amino acid polypeptide composed of A and B chains connected through the C-peptide. Proinsulin, which has very little biological activity, is cleaved by proteases within its cell of origin into the insulin molecule and the C-terminal basic residue. Insulin enhances membrane transport of glucose, amino acids, and certain ions. It also promotes glycogen storage, formation of triglycerides, and synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids. Deficiency of insulin results in diabetes mellitus. The main storage site for insulin is the pancreatic islets. Antibodies to insulin are important as beta-cell and insulinoma marker.

Supplier: Biotium

A disulphide-linked heterodimer, consisting of mb-1 (or CD79a) and B29 (or CD79b) polypeptides, is non-covalently associated with membrane-bound immunoglobulins on B cells. This complex of mb-1 and B29 polypeptides and immunoglobulin constitute the B cell Ag receptor. CD79a first appears at pre B cell stage, early in maturation, and persists until the plasma cell stage where it is found as an intracellular component. CD79a is found in the majority of acute leukemias of precursor B cell type, in B cell lines, B cell lymphomas, and in some myelomas. It is not present in myeloid or T cell lines. Anti-CD79a is generally used to complement anti-CD20 especially for mature B-cell lymphomas after treatment with Rituximab (anti-CD20). This antibody will stain many of the same lymphomas as anti-CD20, but also is more likely to stain B-lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia than is anti-CD20. Anti-CD79a also stains more cases of plasma cell myeloma and occasionally some types of endothelial cells as well.

Supplier: Biotium

Reacts with viral glycoprotein of rabies virus strains SAD-Vnukovo and Pitman-Moore. This MAb is useful in detecting rabies virus by ELISA and Western. It is capable of neutralizing rabies virus. Rabies virus (Neurotropic virus) is a member of the Rhabdoviridae family. Rabies is a single stranded, neurotropic, negative sense RNA virus which encodes 5 proteins: a glycoprotein, a nucleoprotein, and three others. The mature virus has a bullet shape, a protein coat, and a lipid envelope. The outer surface of the virus is covered with thumb like glycoprotein projections 5-10 nm long and 3 nm in diameter. The virus averages approximately 780 nm in length. Lipid solvents destroy virus infectivity. Rabies virus is a very successful virus, with a very wide range of hosts. It causes an acute, central nervous system infection, characterized by CNS irritation, followed by paralysis and death. Approximately 50,000 human deaths each year are caused by rabies.

Supplier: Biotium

Thyroglobulin is a 660 kDa dimeric pre-protein with mutiple glycosylation sites. It is produced by and processed within the thyroid gland to produce the hormone thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Prior to forming dimers, thyroglobulin monomers undergo conformational maturation in the endoplasmic reticulation. The vast majority of follicular carcinomas of the thyroid will give positive immunoreactivity for anti-thyroglobulin even though sometimes only focally. Poorly differentiated carcinomas of the thyroid are frequently anti-thyroglobulin negative. Adenocarcinomas of other-than-thyroid origin do not react with this antibody. This antibody is useful in identification of thyroid carcinoma of the papillary and follicular types. Presence of thyroglobulin in metastatic lesions establishes the thyroid origin of tumor. Anti-thyroglobulin, combined with anti-calcitonin, can identify medullary carcinomas of the thyroid. Furthermore, anti-thyroglobulin, combined with anti-TTF1, can be a reliable marker to differentiate between primary thyroid and lung neoplasms.

Supplier: Biotium

Peripheral blood granulocytes are classified into neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils according to the staining characteristics of their cytoplasmic granules. Granule proteins are released by physiologic and pharmacologic stimuli and play important roles in both normal and pathological host immune responses. Eosinophil major basic protein and eosinophil peroxidase (EPX) are granule proteins specific to the eosinophil. AHE-1 recognizes human EPX, a granule protein specific to eosinophils. It does not cross-react with eosinophil major basic protein, elastase, cathepsin G, esterase N, thrombin, plasmin, kallikrein, lactoferrin, or transferrin. This MAb stains eosinophils only and does not stain other peripheral blood cells, including platelets, neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes or red blood cells. Human EPX gene product can form a tetramer of two light chains and two heavy chains. Other peroxidase family members include myeloperoxidase (MPO), lactoperoxidase (LPO), and thyroid peroxidase (TPO).

Supplier: Biotium

Estrogen receptors (ER) are members of the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors. Estrogen receptors, including ER-alpha and ER-beta, contain DNA binding and ligand binding domains and are critically involved in regulating the normal function of reproductive tissues. They are located in the nucleus, though some estrogen receptors associate with the cell surface membrane and can be rapidly activated by exposure of cells to estrogen. ER-alpha and ER-beta are differentially activated by various ligands. Receptor-ligand interactions trigger a cascade of events, including dissociation from heat shock proteins, receptor dimerization, phosphorylation and the association of the hormone activated receptor with specific regulatory elements in target genes. Evidence suggests that ER-alpha and ER-beta may be regulated by distinct mechanisms even though they share many functional characteristics.

Supplier: Biotium

Recognizes a protein of 130-140 kDa, identified as CD22 (also known as BL-CAM). CD22 expression is restricted to normal and neoplastic B cells and is absent from other haemopoietic cell types. In B-cell ontogeny, CD22 is first expressed in the cytoplasm of pro-B and pre-B cells, and on the surface as B cells mature to become IgD . It is not expressed by plasma cells, CD22 is found highly expressed in follicular mantle and marginal zone B-cells, and while germinal center B-cells are relatively weak. CD22 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily and serves as an adhesion receptor for sialic acid-bearing ligands expressed on erythrocytes and all leukocyte classes. It also associates with tyrosine kinases and play a role in signal transduction and B-cell activation.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb recognizes basic (Type II or HMW) cytokeratins, which include 67 kDa (CK1); 64 kDa (CK3); 59 kDa (CK4); 58 kDa (CK5); 56 kDa (CK6); 52 kDa (CK8). Twenty human keratins are resolved with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis into acidic (pI 6.0) subfamilies. The acidic keratins have molecular weights (MW) of 56.5, 55, 51, 50, 50 , 48, 46, 45, and 40 kDa. Many studies have shown the usefulness of keratins as markers in cancer research and tumor diagnosis.

Supplier: Biotium

Multiple isoelectric variants of calponin have been identified, however only two molecular weight isoforms exist; a 34 kDa form and a 29 kDa form. Expression of the 29 kDa form, I-calponin, is primarily restricted to muscle of the urogenital tract, whereas the higher molecular weight variant has been demonstrated in vascular and visceral smooth muscle. In Western blotting, this MAb reacts with only the 34 kDa form of calponin in extracts of human aortic medial smooth muscle and is unreactive with fibroblast extracts of cultivated human foreskin. Calponin is a calmodulin, F-actin and tropomyosin binding protein, which is thought to be involved in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction. Calponin expression is restricted to smooth muscle cells and has been shown to be a marker of the differentiated (contractile) phenotype of developing smooth muscle.

Supplier: Biotium

Cytokeratin 8 (CK8) belongs to the type II (or B or basic) subfamily of high molecular weight cytokeratins and exists in combination with cytokeratin 18 (CK18). CK8 is primarily found in the non-squamous epithelia and is present in majority of adenocarcinomas and ductal carcinomas. It is absent in squamous cell carcinomas. Hepatocellular carcinomas are defined by the use of antibodies that recognize only cytokeratin 8 and 18. CK8 exists on several types of normal and neoplastic epithelia, including many ductal and glandular epithelia such as colon, stomach, small intestine, trachea, and esophagus as well as in transitional epithelium. Anti-CK8 does not react with skeletal muscle or nerve cells. Epithelioid sarcoma, chordoma, and adamantinoma show strong positivity corresponding to that of simple epithelia (with antibodies against CK8, CK18 and CK19). Reportedly, anti-CK8 is useful for the differentiation of lobular (ring-like, perinuclear) from ductal (peripheral-predominant) carcinoma of the breast.