"Bioss"

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This is a trypsin inhibitor, its physiological function is to prevent the trypsin-catalyzed premature activation of zymogens within the pancreas.

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RuBisCO catalyzes two reactions: the carboxylation of D-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate, the primary event in carbon dioxide fixation, as well as the oxidative fragmentation of the pentose substrate in the photorespiration process. Both reactions occur simultaneously and in competition at the same active site.Sequence similarities: Belongs to the RuBisCO large chain family. Type I subfamily.Post-translational modifications: The disulfide bond which can form between Cys-247 in the large chain dimeric partners within the hexadecamer appears to be associated with oxidative stress and protein turnover (By similarity). The disulfide bonds reported in 1RBO may be the result of oxidation during crystallization.

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Primary component of whey, it binds retinol and is probably involved in the transport of that molecule.

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No data available.

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Estrogen-induced gene 121 protein may play a role as a marker of hyperestrogenic state and estrogen-related type I endometrial carcinoma. It belongs to the UPF0577 family.

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C2ORF25 is a mitochondrial protein and its function is not fully identified. But, Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is an essential cofactor in several metabolic pathways. Intracellular conversion of cobalamin to adenosylcobalamin in mitochondria and to methylcobalamin in cytoplasm is necessary for homeostasis of methylmalonic acid and homocysteine. C2ORF25 encodes a protein involved in an early step of cobalamin metabolism.

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This gene encodes a GTP-binding protein that belongs to the small GTPase superfamily and Ras family of proteins. GTP-binding proteins mediate the transmembrane signaling initiated by the occupancy of certain cell surface receptors.

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Acts as a transcriptional activator that promotes transcription of muscle-specific target genes and plays a role in muscle differentiation. Together with MYF5 and MYOG, co-occupies muscle-specific gene promoter core region during myogenesis. Induces fibroblasts to differentiate into myoblasts. Interacts with and is inhibited by the twist protein. This interaction probably involves the basic domains of both proteins.

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Accessory protein for MHC class-II antigen/T-cell receptor interaction. May regulate T-cell activation. Induces the aggregation of lipid rafts.

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This gene encodes a mitochondrial protein that is characterized by a poly-proline rich region. A chicken homolog of this protein promotes mitochondrial fission and the mouse homolog protects cells from oxidative stress. A related pseudogene of this gene is found on chromosome X.

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The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the action of G proteins. Primary transducing effect is inhibition of adenylate cyclase.

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Hippocalcin is a neuron-specific calcium-binding protein found primarily in the plasma membrane of brain and retinal tissue, with increased expression observed in hippocampal pyramidal cells. Through its calcium-dependent signal regulation, hippocalcin can both inhibit rhodopsin kinase and increase phospholipase D2 expression. In order to regulate kinase and phospholipase activity, hippocalcin must bind to the plasma membrane where it can then bind two calcium ions for use in signal regulation. The hippocalcin protein is highly conserved in mouse, rat and human tissue and has a suggested role in neural plasticity and associative memory by contributing to the survival of neurons during aging. The loss of hippocalcin expression is thought to contribute to age-related impairment of post-synaptic functions related to neuronal degradation.

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Representing about 2% of human DNA, chromosome 20 consists of approximately 63 million bases and 600 genes. Chromosome 20 contains a region with numerous genes expressed in the epididymis, which are thought important for seminal production, and some viewed as potential targets for male contraception. The PRNP gene encoding the prion protein associated with spongiform encephalopathies, like Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, is found on chromosome 20. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy, ring chromosome 20 epilepsy syndrome and Alagille syndrome are also associated with chromosome 20. The C20orf152 gene product has been provisionally designated C20orf152 pending further characterization.

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SRPX2 is a 465 amino acid secreted protein expressed in neurons of the brain, including the rolandic area. It has been suggested that SRPX2 enhances cell motility, migration and adhesion through FAK signaling in gastric and other cancer cells. Localized to the cytoplasm, SRPX2 is a ligand for uPAR (urokinase plasminogen activator), a receptor that is a crucial component of the extracellular plasminogen proteolysis system. SRPX2 may be responsible for rolandic seizures (RSs) associated with oral and speech dyspraxia and mental retardation (MR). The involvement of SRPX2 in these disorders suggests an important role for SRPX2 in the perisylvian region critical for language and cognitive development.

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Nuclear co-repressor 2 (N-CoR2) gene (NCOR2, previously called silencing mediator for retinoid and thyroid hormone receptor SMRT) is recruited to nuclear and non-nuclear receptors in a large repressing complex containing also N-CoR1, mSin3 and HDACs. This large complex represses transcription in absence of ligand. Mediates the transcriptional repression activity of some nuclear receptors by promoting chromatin condensation, thus preventing access of the basal transcription. Tissue specificity: Ubiquitous. It is belongs to the N-CoR nuclear receptor corepressors family.

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Phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) that phosphorylates PtdIns (Phosphatidylinositol), PtdIns4P (Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate) and PtdIns(4,5)P2 (Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate) to generate phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3). PIP3 plays a key role by recruiting PH domain-containing proteins to the membrane, including AKT1 and PDPK1, activating signaling cascades involved in cell growth, survival, proliferation, motility and morphology. Participates in cellular signaling in response to various growth factors. Involved in the activation of AKT1 upon stimulation by receptor tyrosine kinases ligands such as EGF, insulin, IGF1, VEGFA and PDGF. Involved in signaling via insulin-receptor substrate (IRS) proteins. Essential in endothelial cell migration during vascular development through VEGFA signaling, possibly by regulating RhoA activity. Required for lymphatic vasculature development, possibly by binding to RAS and by activation by EGF and FGF2, but not by PDGF. Regulates invadopodia formation in breast cancer cells through the PDPK1-AKT1 pathway. Participates in cardiomyogenesis in embryonic stem cells through a AKT1 pathway. Participates in vasculogenesis in embryonic stem cells through PDK1 and protein kinase C pathway. Has also serine-protein kinase activity: phosphorylates PIK3R1 (p85alpha regulatory subunit), EIF4EBP1 and HRAS.