937 Results for: "single-use assemblies"

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

The 145-2C11 monoclonal antibody reacts with mouse CD3e, the 20 kDa epsilon chain of the TCR complex. Together with the gamma and delta subunits of CD3, the epsilon subunits are involved in the assembly, trafficking, and surface expression of T-cell receptor complex. CD3 is expressed on thymocytes, mature T cells, and natural killer T cells, and the epsilon chain enhances the antigen recognition.The 145-2C11 antibody binds to the TCR complex and, depending on the conditions, initiates T cells activation, proliferation, and apoptosis. The soluble antibody seems to block lysis of target cells by antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The 145-2C11 antibody does not cross-react with the rat leukocytes, and it is used as a phenotypic marker for mouse T lymphocytes.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

The 145-2C11 monoclonal antibody reacts with mouse CD3e, the 20 kDa epsilon chain of the TCR complex. Together with the gamma and delta subunits of CD3, the epsilon subunits are involved in the assembly, trafficking, and surface expression of T-cell receptor complex. CD3 is expressed on thymocytes, mature T cells, and natural killer T cells, and the epsilon chain enhances the antigen recognition.The 145-2C11 antibody binds to the TCR complex and, depending on the conditions, initiates T cells activation, proliferation, and apoptosis. The soluble antibody seems to block lysis of target cells by antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The 145-2C11 antibody does not cross-react with the rat leukocytes, and it is used as a phenotypic marker for mouse T lymphocytes.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

The 145-2C11 monoclonal antibody reacts with mouse CD3e, the 20 kDa epsilon chain of the TCR complex. Together with the gamma and delta subunits of CD3, the epsilon subunits are involved in the assembly, trafficking, and surface expression of T-cell receptor complex. CD3 is expressed on thymocytes, mature T cells, and natural killer T cells, and the epsilon chain enhances the antigen recognition.The 145-2C11 antibody binds to the TCR complex and, depending on the conditions, initiates T cells activation, proliferation, and apoptosis. The soluble antibody seems to block lysis of target cells by antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The 145-2C11 antibody does not cross-react with the rat leukocytes, and it is used as a phenotypic marker for mouse T lymphocytes.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

The 145-2C11 monoclonal antibody reacts with mouse CD3e, the 20 kDa epsilon chain of the TCR complex. Together with the gamma and delta subunits of CD3, the epsilon subunits are involved in the assembly, trafficking, and surface expression of T-cell receptor complex. CD3 is expressed on thymocytes, mature T cells, and natural killer T cells, and the epsilon chain enhances the antigen recognition.The 145-2C11 antibody binds to the TCR complex and, depending on the conditions, initiates T cells activation, proliferation, and apoptosis. The soluble antibody seems to block lysis of target cells by antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The 145-2C11 antibody does not cross-react with the rat leukocytes, and it is used as a phenotypic marker for mouse T lymphocytes.

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Stimulating T cells with HIV-1 (B Gag) peptide pool releases downstream cytokines and upregulates activation markers, enabling antigen-specific T cells to be detected or isolated for analysis. HIV-1 (B Gag) Peptide Pool is a lyophilised mixture of 123 peptides from the gag polyprotein of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1). The pool consists of 15-mer peptides with 11-amino-acid overlaps that cover amino acids 1 to 500 on gag polyprotein. The HIV-1 gag polyprotein is a key mediator of viral particle assembly (Campbell and Rein; Dong et al.), and together with the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT), results in budding during virion release (Carlson et al.). Viral peptide pools are useful for a broad range of applications, including vaccine development, immunological research, and diagnostic assay development.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

The 145-2C11 monoclonal antibody reacts with mouse CD3e, the 20 kDa epsilon chain of the TCR complex. Together with the gamma and delta subunits of CD3, the epsilon subunits are involved in the assembly, trafficking, and surface expression of T-cell receptor complex. CD3 is expressed on thymocytes, mature T cells, and natural killer T cells, and the epsilon chain enhances the antigen recognition.The 145-2C11 antibody binds to the TCR complex and, depending on the conditions, initiates T cells activation, proliferation, and apoptosis. The soluble antibody seems to block lysis of target cells by antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The 145-2C11 antibody does not cross-react with the rat leukocytes, and it is used as a phenotypic marker for mouse T lymphocytes.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

The 145-2C11 monoclonal antibody reacts with mouse CD3e, the 20 kDa epsilon chain of the TCR complex. Together with the gamma and delta subunits of CD3, the epsilon subunits are involved in the assembly, trafficking, and surface expression of T-cell receptor complex. CD3 is expressed on thymocytes, mature T cells, and natural killer T cells, and the epsilon chain enhances the antigen recognition.The 145-2C11 antibody binds to the TCR complex and, depending on the conditions, initiates T cells activation, proliferation, and apoptosis. The soluble antibody seems to block lysis of target cells by antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The 145-2C11 antibody does not cross-react with the rat leukocytes, and it is used as a phenotypic marker for mouse T lymphocytes.

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Stimulating T cells with HPV16 (L1) Peptide pool releases downstream cytokines and upregulates activation markers, enabling antigen-specific T cells to be detected or isolated for analysis. HPV16 (L1) Peptide pool is a lyophilised mixture of 124 peptides from major capsid protein L1 of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) consisting of 15-mer peptides with 11-amino-acid overlaps that cover amino acids 1 to 505 on L1. L1 enters the nuclei of host cells via a Kap α2β1-mediated pathway (Nelson et al.). It cooperates with E2, another viral protein, to enhance viral DNA replication (Siddiqa et al.). L1 pentamers can assemble into virus-like particles (Chen et al. 2000; Chen et al. 2001). Viral peptide pools are useful for a broad range of applications, including vaccine development, immunological research, and diagnostic assay development.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

The 145-2C11 monoclonal antibody reacts with mouse CD3e, the 20 kDa epsilon chain of the TCR complex. Together with the gamma and delta subunits of CD3, the epsilon subunits are involved in the assembly, trafficking, and surface expression of T-cell receptor complex. CD3 is expressed on thymocytes, mature T cells, and natural killer T cells, and the epsilon chain enhances the antigen recognition.The 145-2C11 antibody binds to the TCR complex and, depending on the conditions, initiates T cells activation, proliferation, and apoptosis. The soluble antibody seems to block lysis of target cells by antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The 145-2C11 antibody does not cross-react with the rat leukocytes, and it is used as a phenotypic marker for mouse T lymphocytes.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

The 145-2C11 monoclonal antibody reacts with mouse CD3e, the 20 kDa epsilon chain of the TCR complex. Together with the gamma and delta subunits of CD3, the epsilon subunits are involved in the assembly, trafficking, and surface expression of T-cell receptor complex. CD3 is expressed on thymocytes, mature T cells, and natural killer T cells, and the epsilon chain enhances the antigen recognition.The 145-2C11 antibody binds to the TCR complex and, depending on the conditions, initiates T cells activation, proliferation, and apoptosis. The soluble antibody seems to block lysis of target cells by antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The 145-2C11 antibody does not cross-react with the rat leukocytes, and it is used as a phenotypic marker for mouse T lymphocytes.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

The 145-2C11 monoclonal antibody reacts with mouse CD3e, the 20 kDa epsilon chain of the TCR complex. Together with the gamma and delta subunits of CD3, the epsilon subunits are involved in the assembly, trafficking, and surface expression of T-cell receptor complex. CD3 is expressed on thymocytes, mature T cells, and natural killer T cells, and the epsilon chain enhances the antigen recognition.The 145-2C11 antibody binds to the TCR complex and, depending on the conditions, initiates T cells activation, proliferation, and apoptosis. The soluble antibody seems to block lysis of target cells by antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The 145-2C11 antibody does not cross-react with the rat leukocytes, and it is used as a phenotypic marker for mouse T lymphocytes.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

The 145-2C11 monoclonal antibody reacts with mouse CD3e, the 20 kDa epsilon chain of the TCR complex. Together with the gamma and delta subunits of CD3, the epsilon subunits are involved in the assembly, trafficking, and surface expression of T-cell receptor complex. CD3 is expressed on thymocytes, mature T cells, and natural killer T cells, and the epsilon chain enhances the antigen recognition.The 145-2C11 antibody binds to the TCR complex and, depending on the conditions, initiates T cells activation, proliferation, and apoptosis. The soluble antibody seems to block lysis of target cells by antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The 145-2C11 antibody does not cross-react with the rat leukocytes, and it is used as a phenotypic marker for mouse T lymphocytes.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

The 145-2C11 monoclonal antibody reacts with mouse CD3e, the 20 kDa epsilon chain of the TCR complex. Together with the gamma and delta subunits of CD3, the epsilon subunits are involved in the assembly, trafficking, and surface expression of T-cell receptor complex. CD3 is expressed on thymocytes, mature T cells, and natural killer T cells, and the epsilon chain enhances the antigen recognition.The 145-2C11 antibody binds to the TCR complex and, depending on the conditions, initiates T cells activation, proliferation, and apoptosis. The soluble antibody seems to block lysis of target cells by antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The 145-2C11 antibody does not cross-react with the rat leukocytes, and it is used as a phenotypic marker for mouse T lymphocytes.

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Stimulating T cells with HPV18 (L2) peptide pool releases downstream cytokines and upregulates activation markers, enabling antigen-specific T cells to be detected or isolated for analysis. A lyophilised mixture of 113 peptides from minor capsid protein L2 of human papillomavirus type 18 (HPV18), HPV18 (L2) peptide pool consists of 15-mer peptides with 11-amino-acid overlaps that cover amino acids 1 to 462 on L2. With two nuclear localization signals, L2 may enter the nuclei of host cells via several import pathways mediated by Kap α2β1 heterodimers, Kap β2, and Kap β (Klucevsek et al.). L2 can also assemble into virus-like particles, and may have a role in encapsidation (Stauffer et al.). Viral peptide pools are useful for a broad range of applications, including vaccine development, immunological research, and diagnostic assay development.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

The 145-2C11 monoclonal antibody reacts with mouse CD3e, the 20 kDa epsilon chain of the TCR complex. Together with the gamma and delta subunits of CD3, the epsilon subunits are involved in the assembly, trafficking, and surface expression of T-cell receptor complex. CD3 is expressed on thymocytes, mature T cells, and natural killer T cells, and the epsilon chain enhances the antigen recognition.The 145-2C11 antibody binds to the TCR complex and, depending on the conditions, initiates T cells activation, proliferation, and apoptosis. The soluble antibody seems to block lysis of target cells by antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The 145-2C11 antibody does not cross-react with the rat leukocytes, and it is used as a phenotypic marker for mouse T lymphocytes.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

The 145-2C11 monoclonal antibody reacts with mouse CD3e, the 20 kDa epsilon chain of the TCR complex. Together with the gamma and delta subunits of CD3, the epsilon subunits are involved in the assembly, trafficking, and surface expression of T-cell receptor complex. CD3 is expressed on thymocytes, mature T cells, and natural killer T cells, and the epsilon chain enhances the antigen recognition.The 145-2C11 antibody binds to the TCR complex and, depending on the conditions, initiates T cells activation, proliferation, and apoptosis. The soluble antibody seems to block lysis of target cells by antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The 145-2C11 antibody does not cross-react with the rat leukocytes, and it is used as a phenotypic marker for mouse T lymphocytes.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

The 145-2C11 monoclonal antibody reacts with mouse CD3e, the 20 kDa epsilon chain of the TCR complex. Together with the gamma and delta subunits of CD3, the epsilon subunits are involved in the assembly, trafficking, and surface expression of T-cell receptor complex. CD3 is expressed on thymocytes, mature T cells, and natural killer T cells, and the epsilon chain enhances the antigen recognition.The 145-2C11 antibody binds to the TCR complex and, depending on the conditions, initiates T cells activation, proliferation, and apoptosis. The soluble antibody seems to block lysis of target cells by antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The 145-2C11 antibody does not cross-react with the rat leukocytes, and it is used as a phenotypic marker for mouse T lymphocytes.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

The 145-2C11 monoclonal antibody reacts with mouse CD3e, the 20 kDa epsilon chain of the TCR complex. Together with the gamma and delta subunits of CD3, the epsilon subunits are involved in the assembly, trafficking, and surface expression of T-cell receptor complex. CD3 is expressed on thymocytes, mature T cells, and natural killer T cells, and the epsilon chain enhances the antigen recognition.The 145-2C11 antibody binds to the TCR complex and, depending on the conditions, initiates T cells activation, proliferation, and apoptosis. The soluble antibody seems to block lysis of target cells by antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The 145-2C11 antibody does not cross-react with the rat leukocytes, and it is used as a phenotypic marker for mouse T lymphocytes.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

Reacts with human CD59, a 20 kDa glycosyl phosphatidyl-inositol (GPI)-anchored cell surface protein. CD59 regulates complement-mediated cell lysis, and it is involved in lymphocyte signal transduction. This protein is a potent inhibitor of the complement membrane attack complex, whereby it binds complement C8 and/or C9 during the assembly of this complex, thereby inhibiting the incorporation of multiple copies of C9 into the complex, which is necessary for osmolytic pore formation. CD59 is widely distributed on cells in all tissues. It inhibits formation of MAC, thus protecting cells from complement-mediated lysis. The expression of CD59 on erythrocytes is important for their survival. Genetic defects in GPI-anchor attachment, that cause a reduction or loss of CD59 and CD55 on erythrocytes produce the symptoms of the disease paroxysmal hemoglobinuria (PNH). It is useful for study on GPI-anchored proteins, PNH and CD59 functions.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

GGTL3 is an enzymes involved in both the metabolism of glutathione and in the transpeptidation of amino acids. Changes in the activity of gamma-glutamyltransferase may signal preneoplastic or toxic conditions in the liver or kidney. GGTL3 consists of a heavy and a light chain, and it can interact with CT120, a plasma membrane-associated protein that is possibly involved in lung carcinogenesis.This gene is a member of a gene family that encodes enzymes involved in both the metabolism of glutathione and in the transpeptidation of amino acids. Changes in the activity of gamma-glutamyltransferase may signal preneoplastic or toxic conditions in the liver or kidney. The protein encoded by this gene consists of a heavy and a light chain, and it can interact with CT120, a plasma membrane-associated protein that is possibly involved in lung carcinogenesis. Sequence Note: This RefSeq record was created from transcript and genomic sequence data to make the sequence consistent with the reference genome assembly. The genomic coordinates used for the transcript record were based on transcript alignments.

Supplier: Texwipe

Ideal for cleaning ceilings, walls, floors, and other flat surfaces in critical environments. The changeable, laundered polyester head fits over a flat foam swivel pad assembly attached to a fibreglass handle. Replaceable foam pad ensures the polyester head conforms to textured floors and other surfaces while resisting corrosion and abrasion. A lightweight, durable fibreglass handle gives the user excellent control over the swivel head.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

ZFP36L2 is a member of the TIS11 family of early response genes. Family members are induced by various agonists such as the phorbol ester TPA and the polypeptide mitogen EGF. The encoded protein contains a distinguishing putative zinc finger domain with a repeating cys-his motif. This putative nuclear transcription factor most likely functions in regulating the response to growth factors. This gene is a member of the TIS11 family of early response genes. Family members are induced by various agonists such as the phorbol ester TPA and the polypeptide mitogen EGF. The encoded protein contains a distinguishing putative zinc finger domain with a repeating cys-his motif. This putative nuclear transcription factor most likely functions in regulating the response to growth factors. Sequence Note: The RefSeq transcript and protein were derived from transcript and genomic sequence to make the sequence consistent with the reference genome assembly. The genomic coordinates used for the transcript record were based on alignments.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

Keratins are a family of intermediate filament proteins that assemble into filaments through forming heterodimers of one type I keratin (keratins 9 to 23) and one type II keratin (keratins 1 to 8). Keratins demonstrate tissue and differentiation specific expression profiles. Keratin 15 is a type I keratin which is expressed only in basal keratinocytes in stratified epithelia and does not appear to have a natural type II expression partner. Keratin 15 is down regulated in activated keratinocytes. Cytokeratin 15 is a specific marker of stem cells of the hair-follicle bulge and may be a useful marker for diagnosis between basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and trichoepithelioma. Trichoblastoma are benign neoplasms of follicular differentiation frequently found in nevus sebaceous. Many morphologic features are shared with nodular basal cell carcinoma, sometimes rendering a diagnosis difficult. Trichoblastoma and BCC show variable expression of Cytokeratin 15 and Cytokeratin 19, and absence of hair keratins.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

Keratins are a family of intermediate filament proteins that assemble into filaments through forming heterodimers of one type I keratin (keratins 9 to 23) and one type II keratin (keratins 1 to 8). Keratins demonstrate tissue and differentiation specific expression profiles. Keratin 15 is a type I keratin which is expressed only in basal keratinocytes in stratified epithelia and does not appear to have a natural type II expression partner. Keratin 15 is down regulated in activated keratinocytes. Cytokeratin 15 is a specific marker of stem cells of the hair-follicle bulge and may be a useful marker for diagnosis between basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and trichoepithelioma. Trichoblastoma are benign neoplasms of follicular differentiation frequently found in nevus sebaceous. Many morphologic features are shared with nodular basal cell carcinoma, sometimes rendering a diagnosis difficult. Trichoblastoma and BCC show variable expression of Cytokeratin 15 and Cytokeratin 19, and absence of hair keratins.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

Short/branched chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (ACADSB) is a member of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family of enzymes that catalyze the dehydrogenation of acyl-CoA derivatives in the metabolism of fatty acids or branch chained amino acids. Substrate specificity is the primary characteristic used to define members of this gene family. ACADSB has the greatest activity towards the short branched chain acyl-CoA derivative, (S)-2-methylbutyryl-CoA, but also reacts significantly with other 2-methyl branched chain substrates and with short straight chain acyl-CoAs.Short/branched chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (ACADSB) is a member of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family of enzymes that catalyze the dehydrogenation of acyl-CoA derivatives in the metabolism of fatty acids or branch chained amino acids. Substrate specificity is the primary characteristic used to define members of this gene family. The ACADSB gene product has the greatest activity towards the short branched chain acyl-CoA derivative, (S)-2-methylbutyryl-CoA, but also reacts significantly with other 2-methyl branched chain substrates and with short straight chain acyl-CoAs. The cDNA encodes for a mitochondrial precursor protein which is cleaved upon mitochondrial import and predicted to yield a mature peptide of approximately 43.7-kDa. Sequence Note: The 3' UTR extension represented by the RefSeq transcript record was derived from genomic sequence data to optimize consistency to the reference genome assembly. The extent of the UTR extension and the location of the polyA site was based on transcript alignments.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

Keratins are a family of intermediate filament proteins that assemble into filaments through forming heterodimers of one type I keratin (keratins 9 to 23) and one type II keratin (keratins 1 to 8). Keratins demonstrate tissue and differentiation specific expression profiles. Keratin 15 is a type I keratin which is expressed only in basal keratinocytes in stratified epithelia and does not appear to have a natural type II expression partner. Keratin 15 is down regulated in activated keratinocytes. Cytokeratin 15 is a specific marker of stem cells of the hair-follicle bulge and may be a useful marker for diagnosis between basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and trichoepithelioma. Trichoblastoma are benign neoplasms of follicular differentiation frequently found in nevus sebaceous. Many morphologic features are shared with nodular basal cell carcinoma, sometimes rendering a diagnosis difficult. Trichoblastoma and BCC show variable expression of Cytokeratin 15 and Cytokeratin 19, and absence of hair keratins.

Supplier: Thermo Fisher Scientific

Stirring Shaft, Nalgene®, Shafts for use with tank, Ø: 13 mm, Length: 965 mm

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a dimeric glycoprotein consisting of two disulfide bridge-stabilized polypeptide chains, A and B, which are assembled as heterodimers (PDGF-AB) or homodimers (PDGF-AA and PDGF-BB) (Fretto et al.; Westermark and Heldin). PDGF signals through the receptor tyrosine kinases PDGFRalpha and PDGFRbeta. It has been shown that PDGF-induced migration involves signaling pathways involving MEK/ERK, EGFR, Src, and PI3K/AKT (Kim et al.). PDGF is a potent mitogen for cells of mesenchymal origin, such as fibroblasts, glial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells. PDGF has been implicated in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, glomerulonephritis, cancer, and in the contraction of vascular smooth muscle cells of rat aortic tissues (Fretto et al.; Sachinidis et al.). It has been suggested that PDGF-AA is an important autocrine regulator of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in non-small cell lung carcinomas (Shikada et al.). PDGF-AA also mediates proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and oligodendrocyte lineage differentiation through the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) (Hu et al.). PDGF-AA is commonly used to differentiate human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived neural progenitor cells into oligodendrocyte precursor cells (Piao et al.).

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

EDAR is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family. It is a receptor for the soluble ligand ectodysplasin A, and can activate the nuclear factor-kappaB, JNK, and caspase-independent cell death pathways. It is required for the development of hair, teeth, and other ectodermal derivatives. Mutations in the gene encoding EDAR result in autosomal dominant and recessive forms of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia.This gene encodes a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family. The encoded transmembrane protein is a receptor for the soluble ligand ectodysplasin A, and can activate the nuclear factor-kappaB, JNK, and caspase-independent cell death pathways. It is required for the development of hair, teeth, and other ectodermal derivatives. Mutations in this gene result in autosomal dominant and recessive forms of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. Sequence Note: This RefSeq record was created from transcript and genomic sequence data to make the sequence consistent with the reference genome assembly. The genomic coordinates used for the transcript record were based on transcript alignments. Publication Note: This RefSeq record includes a subset of the publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Entrez Gene record to access additional publications.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in humans in which the immune system begins to fail, leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections. HIV mainly infects vital cells in the human immune system such as helper T cells (specifically CD4+ T cells), macrophages and dendritic cells. Two species of HIV infect humans: HIV-1 and HIV-2, with HIV-1 being the more virulent strain. The gag gene of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) encodes a precursor protein known as Pr55Gag. The viral protease PR cleaves this precursor to generate p17, p24, p7, and p6 proteins, which are required for virus particle assembly. HIV-1 Gag p24 is a capsid protein that constitutes the core of AIDS virus HIV-1. p6 and p7 are the components of the nucleocapsid, and p17 provides a protective matrix. HIV-1 Gag p24 is indispensable to the reproduction of AIDS virus and constitutes an essential element for the AIDS virus particle construction. As this protein is detectable from the early stage of AIDS virus infection, its measurement is commonly used as an indicator of HIV-1 infection and viral load.