127977 Results for: "Bioss"

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Glucoamylase is an important industrial enzyme used in saccharification steps in both starch enzymatic conversion and in alcohol production. The catalytic domain degrades oligosaccharides from the non reducing end, releasing glucose, and the starch domain binds the enzyme to raw starch and to the cell wall.

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Zinc-finger proteins contain DNA-binding domains and have a wide variety of functions, most of which encompass some form of transcriptional activation or repression. The majority of zinc-finger proteins contain a krueppel-type DNA binding domain and a KRAB domain, which is thought to interact with KAP1, thereby recruiting histone modifying proteins. GLI-4, also known as HKR4, is a 376 amino acid protein that localizes to the nucleus and contains seven C2H2-type zinc fingers. Belonging to the krueppel C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family, GLI-4 may function as a transcriptional regulator, effectively activating or repressing the transcription of target genes. The gene encoding GLI-4 maps to human chromosome 8, which consists of nearly 146 million base pairs, houses more than 800 genes and is associated with a variety of diseases and malignancies.

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KIF15 belongs to the kinesin-like protein family and contains 1 kinesin-motor domain. KIF15 is the plus-end directed kinesin-like motor enzyme involved in mitotic spindle assembly.

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The GGA family of proteins (Golgi-localized, ARF-binding proteins) are ubiquitous coat proteins that facilitate the trafficking of soluble proteins from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to endosomes/lysosomes by means of interactions with TGN-sorting receptors, ARF (ADP-ribosylation factor), and clathrin (1?). Members of the GGA family, GGA1,GGA2 (also known as VEAR) and GGA3, are multidomain proteins that bind mannose 6-phosphate receptors (MPRs) (1,2,4). GGAs have modular structures with an N-terminal VHS (VPS-27, Hrs, and STAM) domain followed by a GAT (GGA and TOM1) domain, a connecting hinge segment, and a C-terminal GAE (?adaptin ear) domain (5). The amino-terminal VHS domains of GGAs form complexes with the cytoplasmic domains of sorting receptors by recognizing acidic-cluster di-leucine (ACLL) sequences (3). GGA1 and GGA2 do not associate with each other, but they do colocalize on perinuclear membranes (2). The cytosolic domain of memapsin 2, but not that of memapsin 1, binds the VHS domains of GGA1 and GGA2 (6). The human GGA1 gene maps to chromosome 22 and encodes a protein that shares 45% sequence identity with GGA2 and GGA3 (1).

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ALX1 is a 326 amino acid protein specific to cervix and cartilage tissues. As well as having a homeobox domain, ALX1 also contains an OAR domain, which has been suggested to be important for DNA binding or protein-protein interactions and transactivation. First characterized from a rat chondrosarcoma tumor cell line, ALX1 is a homeobox transcription factor that regulates downstream target genes and has specifically shown to act as a transcriptional repressor for rat prolactin in vivo. Homozygous ALX1 deficient mice are born with acrania and meroanencephaly, suggesting ALX1 function in the development of the neural tube. It has also been suggested that ALX1 cooperates with ALX4 in limb development and craniofacial bone formation.

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The Six proteins (sine oculis) are a family of homeodomain transcription factors that share a conserved DNA binding domain. Six2, Six4 (AREC3) and Six5 bind to the same DNA sequence, indicating that they may regulate the same target genes. Six1 and Six4 are both capable of transactivating MEF3 site containing reporter genes, such as myogenin. It has been demonstrated that alterations to homeobox-containing genes may result in cancer. Six1 expression has been shown to be absent or low in normal adult tissues, although it is expressed in several tumor types, including breast carcinoma. Six1 overexpression has been shown to abrogate the G2 cell cycle checkpoint. Six2 is highly expressed in fetal tissues but expression is limited in adult tissues.

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Microcephalin modulates brain size and has been proliferating under strong positive selection for several thousand years, although the nature of the positive selection is poorly understood. Human Microcephalin contains three BRCA1 C-terminal (BRCT) domains and shares 57% identity with its mouse ortholog, the most conserved regions being BRCT domains where there is 80% identity. Predominant expression of human Microcephalin is observed in fetal brain, liver and kidney tissues and is expressed during neurogenesis in mice. Microcephalin displays significantly higher rates of protein evolution in primates than in rodents; this trend is most noticeable for the subset of genes associated with nervous system development. Microcephalin has a very young, single nucleotide, polymorphism haplotype associated with modern humans; this gene is presumably still evolving in Homo sapiens. It functions in DNA damage response and regulation of cell cycle checkpoints.

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NF-1, also designated CTF, consists of a family of CCAAT box binding proteins that stimulate DNA replication and activate transcription. Analysis of human NF-1 messenger RNA has revealed two forms of the NF-1 protein arising from an alternate splicing of a single NF-1 gene. NF-1 binds its consensus DNA element as a homodimer via an amino-terminal DNA binding domain, and activates transcription through a putatively novel, proline-rich, carboxy terminal transactivation domain. The NF-1 protein has been shown to recognize and bind the adenovirus type 2 promoter and activate transcription of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase genes. The NF-1 consensus element has been found in the upstream promoter region of myriad eukaryotic genes, including that of Ha-Ras, alpha-globin, HSP 70, GRP 78, Histone H1, myelin basic protein and in the Xenopus laevis vitellogenin gene promoter.

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Neurensin-1 (NRSN1), also designated Vesicular membrane protein of 24 kDa (VMP) or Neuro-p24, is a 195 amino acid multi-pass membrane protein belonging to the VMP family that is involved in the transport of neural organelle transport and in the transduction of nerve signals or in nerve growth. Expressed solely in brain, Neurensin-1 is also thought to play a role in neurite extension. The gene encoding Neurensin-2 maps to human chromosome 6, which contains around 1,200 genes within 170 million base pairs of sequence. Deletion of a portion of the q arm of chromosome 6 is associated with early onset intestinal cancer suggesting the presence of a cancer susceptibility locus. Porphyria cutanea tarda, Parkinson's disease, Stickler syndrome, 21-hydroxylase deficiency and maple syrup urine disease are also associated with genes on chromosome 6.

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Notum is a 496 amino acid secreted protein that belongs to the pectinacetylesterase family and may deacetylate GlcNAc residues on cell surface glycans. The gene that encodes Notum consists of approximately 9,334 bases and maps to human chromosome 17q25.3. Encoding more than 1,200 genes, chromosome 17 comprises over 2.5% of the human genome. Two key tumor suppressor genes are associated with chromosome 17, namely, p53 and BRCA1. Tumor suppressor p53 is necessary for maintenance of cellular genetic integrity by moderating cell fate through DNA repair versus cell death. Malfunction or loss of p53 expression is associated with malignant cell growth and Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Like p53, BRCA1 is directly involved in DNA repair, though specifically it is recognized as a genetic determinant of early onset breast cancer and predisposition to cancers of ovary, colon, prostate gland and fallopian tubes.

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Recognizes and binds the palindromic sequence 5'-TTGGCNNNNNGCCAA-3' present in viral and cellular promoters and in the origin of replication of adenovirus type 2. These proteins are individually capable of activating transcription and replication.

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NELF-A (negative elongation factor A), NELF-B, NELF-C, NELF-D and NELF-E are components of the NELF complex, which is a a structure that negatively regulates Pol II-dependent transcription elongation. Control of transcription elongation requires a complex interplay between positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) and negative transcription elongation factors, DSIF and NELF. DSIF and NELF, act as negative transcription elongation factors by increasing the time the polymerase spends at pause sites. DSIF/NELF inhibition of transcription is prevented by P-TEFb in cooperation with FACT.

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MPPED2 (Metallophosphoesterase domain-containing protein 2), also known as C11orf8, FAM1B or 239FB, is a 294 amino acid protein. Expressed primarily in fetal brain tissue, MPPED2 is encoded by a gene that maps to chromosome 11. With approximately 135 million base pairs and 1,400 genes, chromosome 11 makes up around 4% of human genomic DNA and is considered a gene and disease association dense chromosome. The chromosome 11 encoded Atm gene is important for regulation of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis following double stranded DNA breaks. Atm mutation leads to the disorder known as ataxia-telangiectasia. The blood disorders Sickle cell anemia and thalassemia are caused by HBB gene mutations, while Wilms' tumors, WAGR syndrome and Denys-Drash syndrome are associated with mutations of the WT1 gene. Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, Jacobsen syndrome, Niemann-Pick disease, hereditary angioedema and Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome are also associated with defects in chromosome 11.

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Guanine nucleotide-exchange proteins (GEPs) accelerate replacement of bound GDP with GTP and thereby activate ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs), a family of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that play an important role in intracellular vesicular trafficking. GEPs comprise two major families, large GEPs that are inhibited by brefeldin A (BFA), a protein that effects Golgi structure and a group of smaller GEPs that are insenstive to BFA. Two genes for GEPs found on human chromosomes 8 and 20 encode BFA sensitive GEPs designated BIG1 and BIG2. Both GEPS contain a sec7 domain that is responsible for their brefeldin inhibition and also their catalytic activity. In vivo, BIG1 and BIG2 exist in macromolecular complexes that move between the Golgi membranes and cytosol. BIG2 associates with PKA regulatory subunits, implying that BIG2 may act as an A kinase-anchoring protein (AKAP) that could coordinate the cAMP and ARF regulatory pathways.

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Recognizes and binds the palindromic sequence 5'-TTGGCNNNNNGCCAA-3' present in viral and cellular promoters and in the origin of replication of adenovirus type 2. These proteins are individually capable of activating transcription and replication.

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PHYHIP (Phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase-interacting protein) is a 330 amino acid protein that is strongly expressed in brain, with weak expression in ovary, small intestine and ovary. In transgenic mice, overexpression of PHYHIP in heart results in tachycardia and tachyarrhythmia. PHYHIP interacts with the Refsum disease gene product, PAHX, indicating that PHYHIP may play a role in the CNS deficits of Refsum disease, which is characterized by cerebellar degeneration, neurologic damage and peripheral neuropathies. PHYHIP also interacts with Dyrk1A, a protein that that is overexpressed in brain of Down-syndrome patients, therefore PHYHIP may participate in some of the neurological abnormalities of Down syndrome. Significantly, the gene encoding PHYHIP is localized to a region of the short arm of human chromosome 8 that is frequently found deleted in prostate, breast and several other types of cancers.

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Nrarp (NOTCH-regulated ankyrin repeat protein) is a 114 amino acid protein that contains two ANK repeats and is thought to play a role in the formation of somites. The gene encoding Nrarp maps to human chromosome 9, which contains 145 million base pairs and comprises 4% of the human genome, encoding nearly 900 genes. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and Familial dysautonomia are both associated with chromosome 9. Notably, chromosome 9 encompasses the largest interferon family gene cluster. Chromosome 9 is partnered with chromosome 22 in translocations that lead to the aberrant production of a BCR-ABL fusion protein often found in leukemias.

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Anti-KLF5 Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody

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Anti-CKLF Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody

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Anti-CCNH Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody

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Anti-PBK Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody

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Anti-SULF2 Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody

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Neurotensin is a secreted tridecapeptide, which is widely distributed throughout the central nervous system, and may function as a neurotransmitter or a neuromodulator. It may be involved in dopamine-associated pathophysiological events, in the maintenance of gut structure and function, and in the regulation of fat metabolism. Tissue-specific processing may lead to the formation in some tissues of larger forms of neuromedin N and neurotensin. The large forms may represent more stable peptides that are also biologically active.

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NuMA (Nuclear Mitotic Apparatus Protein) is an intranuclear protein and present in nucleus during interphase. At the onset of mitosis, it redistributes from the nucleus to two centrosomal structures that later will become part of the mitotic spindle pole. After anaphase, the protein redistributes from the spindle polar region into reforming nucleus. NuMA is an essential protein during mitosis for the terminal phases of chromosome separation and/or nuclear reassembly. Recently a study shows that NuMA is cleaved to a 180 to 200kDa during apoptosis.

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ChREBP (Carbohydrate responsive element binding protein) is a transcription factor playing a critical role in the nutrient and hormonal regulation of genes encoding enzymes of glucose metabolism and lipogenesis pathways. It contains several domains including a nuclear localization signal (NLS) near the N-terminus, polyproline domains, a basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper (b/HLH/Zip) and a leucine zipper like (zip-like) domain.ChREBP is ubiquitously detected in various tissues, with highest expression in liver, kidney and white and brown adipose tissue. Under basal conditions ChREBP is localized in the cytosol, translocating into the nucleus upon high glucose stimulation following its dephosphorylation of serine 196.

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Pin1 is a Peptidyl-prolyl isomerases (PPIase). Peptidyl-prolyl isomerases (PPIase) facilitate the cis-trans interconversion of the peptidyl-prolyl bond thereby affecting protein folding. Pin1 is a PPIase which specifically recognizes phosphorylated S/T-P bonds. Pin1 has been implicated in tau pathologies that underlie Alzheimer's Disease. Pin1 binds to tau phosphorylated specifically on the Thr231-Pro site and induces conformational changes in tau. Such conformational changes can directly restore the ability of phosphorylated Tau to bind microtubules and promote microtubule assembly and/or facilitate tau dephosphorylation. Pin1 expression inversely correlates with the predicted neuronal vulnerability in normally aged brain and also with actual neurofibrillary degeneration in AD brain. Pin1 could be pivotal for maintainance of normal neuronal function and preventing age-dependent neurodegeneration.

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PED/PEA 15 (Phosphoprotein Enriched in Diabetes/Phosphoprotein Enriched in Astrocytes 15 kDa) is a widely expressed 15 kDa protein comprised of an N terminal region containing a canonical Death Effector Domain (DED) sequence and a nuclear export signal, and a C terminal region containing two serine phosphorylation sites. PED/PEA 15 has been implicated in the regulation of multiple cellular processes including apoptosis, integrin activation, and insulin sensitive glucose transport in insulin responsive cells. Phosphorylation of both serine 104 (a Protein Kinase C site) and serine 116 (a substrate of CaMKII and Akt) is required for PED/PEA 15 function.

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Sortilin-related receptor, also known as Sorting protein-related receptor containing LDLR class A (SorLA), is a Type I membrane protein that may be involved in cell-cell interaction. SorLA, a single transmembrane receptor, binds LDL (the main cholesterol-carrying lipoprotein of plasma) and transports it into cells by endocytosis. SorLA is synthesized as a proreceptor which is processed to the mature form by a furin-like propeptidase. It can also bind to RAP, receptor-associated protein. SorLa is a multifunctional endocytis receptor important in lipoprotein and protease uptake. The N-terminal propeptide, which is removed, can be cleaved by furin or homologous proteases. Endogenous sorLA binds the neuropeptide head activator (HA) and is important for HA signaling and function. It is expressed mainly in brain (cerebral cortex, cerebellum and the occipital pole), but can also be found in liver, spinal cord, kidney, testis and pancreas.

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Protocadherins are a large family of cadherin-like cell adhesion proteins that are involved in the establishment and maintenance of neuronal connections in the brain. There are three protocadherin gene clusters, designated alpha, beta and gamma, all of which contain multiple tandemly arranged genes. PCDHB12 (Protocadherin beta 12) is a 795 amino acid protein that is one of 16 proteins in the protocadherin beta cluster. Unlike the alpha and gamma gene clusters whose genes are spliced to downstream constant region exons during transcription, members of the beta cluster (such as PCDHB12) do not use constant-region exons to produce mRNAs. As a result, each protocadherin beta gene encodes the transmembrane, extracellular and short cytoplasmic domains of the protein. Localized to the cell membrane, PCDHB12 is a single-pass type I membrane protein that contains six cadherin domains. PCDHB12 may participate in the establishment and maintenance of specific neuronal connections in the brain.

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A unique family of Cysteine proteases has been described that differs in sequence, structure and substrate specificity from any previously described protease family. This family, termed CED-3/ICE, functions as key components of the apoptotic machinery and act to destroy specific target proteins which are critical to cellular longevity. Nuclear lamins are critical to maintaining the integrity of the nuclear envelope and cellular morphology as components of the nuclear lamina, a fibrous layer on the nucleoplasmic side of the inner nuclear membrane, which is thought to provide a framework for the nuclear envelope and may also interact with chromatin. B-type lamins undergo a series of modifications, such as farnesylation and phosphorylation. Increased phosphorylation of the lamins occurs before envelope disintegration and probably plays a role in regulating lamin associations. Nuclear Lamin B is fragmented as a consequence of apoptosis by an unidentified member of the ICE family.