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Promotes cell survival. Blocks dexamethasone-induced apoptosis. Mediates survival of postmitotic Sertoli cells by suppressing death-promoting activity of BAX.

Supplier: Bioss

Component of the exocyst complex involved in the docking of exocytic vesicles with fusion sites on the plasma membrane.

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Ligand-activated transcription factor. Receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Has a preference for poly-unsaturated fatty acids, such as gamma-linoleic acid and eicosapentanoic acid. Once activated by a ligand, the receptor binds to promoter elements of target genes. Regulates the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Functions as transcription activator for the acyl-CoA oxidase gene. Decreases expression of NPC1L1 once activated by a ligand (By similarity).

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Comparative evaluation of the expression patterns of the human and mouse genes, combined with previous biochemical and yeast genetic studies, indicate that the Exo1 (Exonuclease I) proteins are important contributors to chromosome processing during mammalian DNA repair and recombination. In mice, the Exo1 gene maps to distal chromosome 1, consistent with the recent mapping of the orthologous human HEX1/EXO1 gene to chromosome 1q43. Exo1 is expressed prominently in testis, an area of active homologous recombination, and spleen, a prominent lymphoid tissue. In both mammalian and yeast systems, Exo1 is a 5'-3' double stranded DNA exonuclease that has previously been implicated in DNA mismatch repair (MMR). The MMR system ensures genome integrity by removing mispaired and unpaired bases that originate during replication. In humans, Exo1 interacts with MSH2 and MLH1 and has been proposed to be a redundant exonuclease in MMR. In both mammalian and yeast systems, Exo1 plays a structural role in MMR and stabilizes multiprotein complexes containing a number of MMR proteins.

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Promotes cell survival. Blocks dexamethasone-induced apoptosis. Mediates survival of postmitotic Sertoli cells by suppressing death-promoting activity of BAX.

Supplier: Bioss

Eph receptors play important roles in axon guidance at the midline. In the auditory system, growth of axons across the midline is an important determinant of auditory function. The avian cochlear nucleus, n. magnocellularis (NM), makes bilateral projections to its target, n. laminaris (NL).

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SCGB3A1 is a potential growth inhibitory cytokine.

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Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factors are cytokines that act in hematopoiesis by controlling the production, differentiation, and function of 2 related white cell populations of the blood, the granulocytes and the monocytes-macrophages. This CSF induces granulocytes, macrophages, mast cells, stem cells, erythroid cells, eosinophils and megakaryocytes.

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Involved in T-cell activation, the induction of cell proliferation and cytokine production and promotion of T-cell survival.

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Acts in vitro to stimulate the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Binds with high affinity to CRF Receptor types 1, 2 alpha, and 2 beta.A powerful cytoprotective effect of urocortin peptide administration against ischemia and reperfusion injury has been demonstrated in isolated cardiomyocyte models, as well as in the intact heart both in vitro and in vivo.

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Chromosome 3 is made up of about 214 million bases encoding over 1,100 genes. Notably, there is a chemokine receptor gene cluster and a variety of human cancer related loci on chromosome 3. Particular regions of the chromosome 3 short arm are deleted in many types of cancer cells. Key tumor suppressing genes on chromosome 3 encode apoptosis mediator RASSF1, cell migration regulator HYAL1 and angiogenesis suppressor SEMA3B. Marfan Syndrome, porphyria, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta and Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease are a few of the numerous genetic diseases associated with chromosome 3. The C3orf55 gene product has been provisionally designated C3orf55 pending further characterization.

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Participates in cell-cell adhesion. It is a counter-receptor for ITGAM, mediating leukocyte-platelet interactions and is involved in the regulation of transepithelial migration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN). The soluble form is a mediator of angiogenesis.

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Chromosome 3 is made up of about 214 million bases encoding over 1,100 genes. Notably, there is a chemokine receptor gene cluster and a variety of human cancer related loci on chromosome 3. Particular regions of the chromosome 3 short arm are deleted in many types of cancer cells. Key tumor suppressing genes on chromosome 3 encode apoptosis mediator RASSF1, cell migration regulator HYAL1 and angiogenesis suppressor SEMA3B. Marfan Syndrome, porphyria, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta and Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease are a few of the numerous genetic diseases associated with chromosome 3. The C3orf55 gene product has been provisionally designated C3orf55 pending further characterization.

Supplier: Bioss

Chromosome 3 is made up of about 214 million bases encoding over 1,100 genes. Notably, there is a chemokine receptor gene cluster and a variety of human cancer related loci on chromosome 3. Particular regions of the chromosome 3 short arm are deleted in many types of cancer cells. Key tumor suppressing genes on chromosome 3 encode apoptosis mediator RASSF1, cell migration regulator HYAL1 and angiogenesis suppressor SEMA3B. Marfan Syndrome, porphyria, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta and Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease are a few of the numerous genetic diseases associated with chromosome 3. The C3orf55 gene product has been provisionally designated C3orf55 pending further characterization.

Supplier: Bioss

Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide antioxidant which reduces disulfide bonds between cytoplasmic proteins. The constitutive enzyme glutathione reductase transforms glutathione into its reduced state which ultimately can provide a measure of cellular toxicity. GSTT2 (glutathione S-transferase theta-2), also known as GST class-theta-2, is a 244 amino acid enzyme with sulfatase activity that functions in conjugating reduced glutathione to hydrophobic electrophiles. GSTT2 exists as a homodimer in the cytoplasm and is expressed in low levels in the liver and the lung. GSTT2 belongs to the GST superfamily and contains both a GST C-terminal and a GST N-terminal domain. The gene encoding GSTT2 exists on human chromosome 22.

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Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide antioxidant which reduces disulfide bonds between cytoplasmic proteins. The constitutive enzyme glutathione reductase transforms glutathione into its reduced state which ultimately can provide a measure of cellular toxicity. GSTT2 (glutathione S-transferase theta-2), also known as GST class-theta-2, is a 244 amino acid enzyme with sulfatase activity that functions in conjugating reduced glutathione to hydrophobic electrophiles. GSTT2 exists as a homodimer in the cytoplasm and is expressed in low levels in the liver and the lung. GSTT2 belongs to the GST superfamily and contains both a GST C-terminal and a GST N-terminal domain. The gene encoding GSTT2 exists on human chromosome 22.

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The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the MAP kinase family. MAP kinases act as an integration point for multiple biochemical signals, and are involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, transcription regulation and development. This kinase is activated by various environmental stresses and proinflammatory cytokines. The activation requires its phosphorylation by MAP kinase kinases (MKKs), or its autophosphorylation triggered by the interaction of MAP3K7IP1/TAB1 protein with this kinase. The substrates of this kinase include transcription regulator ATF2, MEF2C, and MAX, cell cycle regulator CDC25B, and tumor suppressor p53, which suggest the roles of this kinase in stress related transcription and cell cycle regulation, as well as in genotoxic stress response. Four alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene encoding distinct isoforms have been reported. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]

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Involved in the Notch signaling pathway as Notch ligand. Activates NOTCH1 and NOTCH4. Involved in angiogenesis; negatively regulates endothelial cell proliferation and migration and angiogenic sprouting. Essential for retinal progenitor proliferation is required for suppressing rod fates in late retinal progenitors as well as for proper generation of other retinal cell types. During spinal cord neurogenesis, inhibits V2a interneuron fate.

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Cardiac hormone which may function as a paracrine antifibrotic factor in the heart. Also plays a key role in cardiovascular homeostasis through natriuresis, diuresis, vasorelaxation, and inhibition of renin and aldosterone secretion. Specifically binds and stimulates the cGMP production of the NPR1 receptor. Binds the clearance receptor NPR3 (By similarity).

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In mammalian cells, translation is controlled at the level of polypeptide chain initiation by initiation factors. Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1 (eIF1) is crucial for the scanning process in vitro. During the scanning process, eIF1 is a component of a complex involved in recognition of the initiator codon. Translation is also initiated by the role of eIF1 in regulating the activity of ribosomal subunits 43S, 48S and 40S. eIF1 enables 43S ribosomal complexes to discern between cognate and near-cognate initiation codons, sensing the nucleotide content of initiation codons. It is also a promotor, along with eukar-yotic translation initiation factor 1A (eIF1A), for assembly of 48S ribosomal complexes at the initiation codon of a conventional capped mRNA. In addition, eIF1 and eIF1A, together with eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5 (eIF5), function in the formation of stable 40S ribosomal preinitiation complexes.

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Involved in embryogenesis and cell differentiation.

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Endopeptidase that degrades various components of the extracellular matrix, such as collagen type III and fibronectin. Activates progelatinase A. Involved in the matrix remodeling of blood vessels. Isoform short cleaves fibronectin and also collagen type III, but at lower rate. It has no effect on type I, II, IV and V collagen. However, upon interaction with CSPG4, it may be involved in degradation and invasion of type I collagen by melanoma cells.

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Catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidic acid (PA) to diacylglycerol (DG). In addition it hydrolyzes lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), ceramide-1-phosphate (C-1-P) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S-1-P). The relative catalytic efficiency is LPA = PA >C-1-P >S-1-P. May be involved in cell adhesion and in cell-cell interactions.

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Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord. SMA is caused by deletion or loss-of-function mutations in the SMN (survival of motor neuron) gene. Gemin3, also known as DP103, DDX20, DEAD-box protein DP130 and DEAD/H box 20, is a protein product of human chromosome 1p13.2. It associates directly with SMN and is a part of the SMN complex containing Gemin2, Gemin4, Gemin5 and Gemin6, as well as several spliceosomal snRNP proteins. The SMN complex plays an essential role in spliceosomal snRNP assembly in the cytoplasm and is required for pre-mRNA splicing of the nucleus. It is found in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. The nuclear form is concentrated in subnuclear bodies called gems (for Gemini of the coiled bodies). Gemin3 also interacts with SmB, SmD2 and SmD3. It contains the conserved motif Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp (DEAD) characteristic of DEAD-box proteins. Gemin3 is a putative RNA helicase and shows ATPase activity. It is expressed in B and T cell neuroblastoma-derived cell lines, malignant melanoma tumor, normal testis and is expressed in low levels in colon, skeletal muscle, liver, kidney and lung.

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Catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidic acid (PA) to diacylglycerol (DG). In addition it hydrolyzes lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), ceramide-1-phosphate (C-1-P) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S-1-P). The relative catalytic efficiency is LPA = PA >C-1-P >S-1-P. May be involved in cell adhesion and in cell-cell interactions.

Supplier: Bioss

Catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidic acid (PA) to diacylglycerol (DG). In addition it hydrolyzes lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), ceramide-1-phosphate (C-1-P) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S-1-P). The relative catalytic efficiency is LPA = PA >C-1-P >S-1-P. May be involved in cell adhesion and in cell-cell interactions.

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TEC is a belongs to the Tec family of non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinases containing a pleckstrin homology domain. Tec family kinases are involved in the intracellular signaling mechanisms of cytokine receptors, lymphocyte surface antigens, heterotrimeric G-protein coupled receptors, and integrin molecules. They are also key players in the regulation of the immune functions. Tec kinase is an integral component of T cell signaling and has a distinct role in T cell activation. This gene may be associated with myelodysplastic syndrome.

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The protein encoded by this gene is a small cellular or pericellular matrix proteoglycan that is closely related in structure to two other small proteoglycans, decorin and fibromodulin. The encoded protein and decorin are thought to be the result of a gene duplication. Decorin contains one attached glycosaminoglycan chain, while this protein probably contains two chains. For this reason, this protein is called biglycan. This protein plays a role in assembly of collagen fibrils and muscle regeneration. It interacts with several proteins involved in muscular dystrophy, including alpha-dystroglycan, alpha- and gamma-sarcoglycan and collagen VI, and it is critical for the assembly of the dystrophin-associated protein complex. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2009]

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Tau proteins are important Promotes microtubule assembly and stability, and might be involved in the establishment and maintenance of neuronal polarity. The C-terminus binds axonal microtubules while the N-terminus binds neural plasma membrane components, suggesting that tau functions as a linker protein between both. Axonal polarity is predetermined by tau localization (in the neuronal cell) in the domain of the cell body defined by the centrosome. The short isoforms allow plasticity of the cytoskeleton whereas the longer isoforms may preferentially play a role in its stabilization. Tau proteins subcellular located in the axons of neurons, in the cytoso l and in association with plasma membrane components. It expressed in neurons. PNS-tau is expressed in the peripheral nervous system while the others are expressed in the central nervous system.

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Protein kinases are enzymes that transfer a phosphate group from a phosphate donor, generally the g phosphate of ATP, onto an acceptor amino acid in a substrate protein. By this basic mechanism, protein kinases mediate most of the signal transduction in eukaryotic cells, regulating cellular metabolism, transcription, cell cycle progression, cytoskeletal rearrangement and cell movement, apoptosis, and differentiation. With more than 500 gene products, the protein kinase family is one of the largest families of proteins in eukaryotes. The family has been classified in 8 major groups based on sequence comparison of their tyrosine (PTK) or serine/threonine (STK) kinase catalytic domains.