Supplier: Bioss

Vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) is a multisubunit enzyme responsible for acidification of eukaryotic intracellular organelles. V-ATPases pump protons against an electrochemical gradient, while F-ATPases reverse the process, thereby synthesizing ATP. A peripheral V1 domain, which is responsible for ATP hydrolysis, and a integral V0 domain, which is responsible for proton translocation, compose V-ATPase. Nine subunits (AH) make up the V1 domain and five subunits (a, d, c, c' and c") make up the V0 domain. Like F-ATPase, V-ATPase most likely operates through a rotary mechanism. The V-ATPase V1 B subunit exists as two isoforms. In the inner ear, the V-ATPase B1 isoform functions in proton secretion and is required to maintain proper endolymph pH and normal auditory function. The gene encoding the human V-ATPase B1 isoform maps to chromosome 2cen-q13. Mutations in this gene cause distal renal tubular acidosis associated with sensorineural deafness. The V-ATPase B2 isoform is expressed in kidney and is the only B isoform expressed in osteoclasts. The gene encoding the human V-ATPase B2 isoform maps to chromosome 8p22-p21.

Supplier: Bioss

Vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) is a multisubunit enzyme responsible for acidification of eukaryotic intracellular organelles. V-ATPases pump protons against an electrochemical gradient, while F-ATPases reverse the process, thereby synthesizing ATP. A peripheral V1 domain, which is responsible for ATP hydrolysis, and a integral V0 domain, which is responsible for proton translocation, compose V-ATPase. Nine subunits (A–H) make up the V1 domain and five subunits (a, d, c, c' and c") make up the V0 domain. Like F-ATPase, V-ATPase most likely operates through a rotary mechanism. The V-ATPase V1 B subunit exists as two isoforms. In the inner ear, the V-ATPase B1 isoform functions in proton secretion and is required to maintain proper endolymph pH and normal auditory function. The gene encoding the human V-ATPase B1 isoform maps to chromosome 2cen-q13. Mutations in this gene cause distal renal tubular acidosis associated with sensorineural deafness. The V-ATPase B2 isoform is expressed in kidney and is the only B isoform expressed in osteoclasts. The gene encoding the human V-ATPase B2 isoform maps to chromosome 8p22-p21.

Supplier: Bioss

Vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) is a multisubunit enzyme responsible for acidification of eukaryotic intracellular organelles. V-ATPases pump protons against an electrochemical gradient, while F-ATPases reverse the process, thereby synthesizing ATP. A peripheral V1 domain, which is responsible for ATP hydrolysis, and a integral V0 domain, which is responsible for proton translocation, compose V-ATPase. Nine subunits (A–H) make up the V1 domain and five subunits (a, d, c, c' and c") make up the V0 domain. Like F-ATPase, V-ATPase most likely operates through a rotary mechanism. The V-ATPase V1 B subunit exists as two isoforms. In the inner ear, the V-ATPase B1 isoform functions in proton secretion and is required to maintain proper endolymph pH and normal auditory function. The gene encoding the human V-ATPase B1 isoform maps to chromosome 2cen-q13. Mutations in this gene cause distal renal tubular acidosis associated with sensorineural deafness. The V-ATPase B2 isoform is expressed in kidney and is the only B isoform expressed in osteoclasts. The gene encoding the human V-ATPase B2 isoform maps to chromosome 8p22-p21.

Supplier: Bioss

Vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) is a multisubunit enzyme responsible for acidification of eukaryotic intracellular organelles. V-ATPases pump protons against an electrochemical gradient, while F-ATPases reverse the process, thereby synthesizing ATP. A peripheral V1 domain, which is responsible for ATP hydrolysis, and a integral V0 domain, which is responsible for proton translocation, compose V-ATPase. Nine subunits (A–H) make up the V1 domain and five subunits (a, d, c, c' and c") make up the V0 domain. Like F-ATPase, V-ATPase most likely operates through a rotary mechanism. The V-ATPase V1 B subunit exists as two isoforms. In the inner ear, the V-ATPase B1 isoform functions in proton secretion and is required to maintain proper endolymph pH and normal auditory function. The gene encoding the human V-ATPase B1 isoform maps to chromosome 2cen-q13. Mutations in this gene cause distal renal tubular acidosis associated with sensorineural deafness. The V-ATPase B2 isoform is expressed in kidney and is the only B isoform expressed in osteoclasts. The gene encoding the human V-ATPase B2 isoform maps to chromosome 8p22-p21.

Supplier: Bioss

Vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) is a multisubunit enzyme responsible for acidification of eukaryotic intracellular organelles. V-ATPases pump protons against an electrochemical gradient, while F-ATPases reverse the process, thereby synthesizing ATP. A peripheral V1 domain, which is responsible for ATP hydrolysis, and a integral V0 domain, which is responsible for proton translocation, compose V-ATPase. Nine subunits (A–H) make up the V1 domain and five subunits (a, d, c, c' and c") make up the V0 domain. Like F-ATPase, V-ATPase most likely operates through a rotary mechanism. The V-ATPase V1 B subunit exists as two isoforms. In the inner ear, the V-ATPase B1 isoform functions in proton secretion and is required to maintain proper endolymph pH and normal auditory function. The gene encoding the human V-ATPase B1 isoform maps to chromosome 2cen-q13. Mutations in this gene cause distal renal tubular acidosis associated with sensorineural deafness. The V-ATPase B2 isoform is expressed in kidney and is the only B isoform expressed in osteoclasts. The gene encoding the human V-ATPase B2 isoform maps to chromosome 8p22-p21.

Supplier: Bioss

Vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) is a multisubunit enzyme responsible for acidification of eukaryotic intracellular organelles. V-ATPases pump protons against an electrochemical gradient, while F-ATPases reverse the process, thereby synthesizing ATP. A peripheral V1 domain, which is responsible for ATP hydrolysis, and a integral V0 domain, which is responsible for proton translocation, compose V-ATPase. Nine subunits (A–H) make up the V1 domain and five subunits (a, d, c, c' and c") make up the V0 domain. Like F-ATPase, V-ATPase most likely operates through a rotary mechanism. The V-ATPase V1 B subunit exists as two isoforms. In the inner ear, the V-ATPase B1 isoform functions in proton secretion and is required to maintain proper endolymph pH and normal auditory function. The gene encoding the human V-ATPase B1 isoform maps to chromosome 2cen-q13. Mutations in this gene cause distal renal tubular acidosis associated with sensorineural deafness. The V-ATPase B2 isoform is expressed in kidney and is the only B isoform expressed in osteoclasts. The gene encoding the human V-ATPase B2 isoform maps to chromosome 8p22-p21.

Supplier: Bioss

Vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) is a multisubunit enzyme responsible for acidification of eukaryotic intracellular organelles. V-ATPases pump protons against an electrochemical gradient, while F-ATPases reverse the process, thereby synthesizing ATP. A peripheral V1 domain, which is responsible for ATP hydrolysis, and a integral V0 domain, which is responsible for proton translocation, compose V-ATPase. Nine subunits (AH) make up the V1 domain and five subunits (a, d, c, c' and c") make up the V0 domain. Like F-ATPase, V-ATPase most likely operates through a rotary mechanism. The V-ATPase V1 B subunit exists as two isoforms. In the inner ear, the V-ATPase B1 isoform functions in proton secretion and is required to maintain proper endolymph pH and normal auditory function. The gene encoding the human V-ATPase B1 isoform maps to chromosome 2cen-q13. Mutations in this gene cause distal renal tubular acidosis associated with sensorineural deafness. The V-ATPase B2 isoform is expressed in kidney and is the only B isoform expressed in osteoclasts. The gene encoding the human V-ATPase B2 isoform maps to chromosome 8p22-p21.

Supplier: Bioss

Vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) is a multisubunit enzyme responsible for acidification of eukaryotic intracellular organelles. V-ATPases pump protons against an electrochemical gradient, while F-ATPases reverse the process, thereby synthesizing ATP. A peripheral V1 domain, which is responsible for ATP hydrolysis, and a integral V0 domain, which is responsible for proton translocation, compose V-ATPase. Nine subunits (A–H) make up the V1 domain and five subunits (a, d, c, c' and c") make up the V0 domain. Like F-ATPase, V-ATPase most likely operates through a rotary mechanism. The V-ATPase V1 B subunit exists as two isoforms. In the inner ear, the V-ATPase B1 isoform functions in proton secretion and is required to maintain proper endolymph pH and normal auditory function. The gene encoding the human V-ATPase B1 isoform maps to chromosome 2cen-q13. Mutations in this gene cause distal renal tubular acidosis associated with sensorineural deafness. The V-ATPase B2 isoform is expressed in kidney and is the only B isoform expressed in osteoclasts. The gene encoding the human V-ATPase B2 isoform maps to chromosome 8p22-p21.

Supplier: Bioss

Vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) is a multisubunit enzyme responsible for acidification of eukaryotic intracellular organelles. V-ATPases pump protons against an electrochemical gradient, while F-ATPases reverse the process, thereby synthesizing ATP. A peripheral V1 domain, which is responsible for ATP hydrolysis, and a integral V0 domain, which is responsible for proton translocation, compose V-ATPase. Nine subunits (A–H) make up the V1 domain and five subunits (a, d, c, c' and c") make up the V0 domain. Like F-ATPase, V-ATPase most likely operates through a rotary mechanism. The V-ATPase V1 B subunit exists as two isoforms. In the inner ear, the V-ATPase B1 isoform functions in proton secretion and is required to maintain proper endolymph pH and normal auditory function. The gene encoding the human V-ATPase B1 isoform maps to chromosome 2cen-q13. Mutations in this gene cause distal renal tubular acidosis associated with sensorineural deafness. The V-ATPase B2 isoform is expressed in kidney and is the only B isoform expressed in osteoclasts. The gene encoding the human V-ATPase B2 isoform maps to chromosome 8p22-p21.

Supplier: Bioss

Vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) is a multisubunit enzyme responsible for acidification of eukaryotic intracellular organelles. V-ATPases pump protons against an electrochemical gradient, while F-ATPases reverse the process, thereby synthesizing ATP. A peripheral V1 domain, which is responsible for ATP hydrolysis, and a integral V0 domain, which is responsible for proton translocation, compose V-ATPase. Nine subunits (A–H) make up the V1 domain and five subunits (a, d, c, c' and c") make up the V0 domain. Like F-ATPase, V-ATPase most likely operates through a rotary mechanism. The V-ATPase V1 B subunit exists as two isoforms. In the inner ear, the V-ATPase B1 isoform functions in proton secretion and is required to maintain proper endolymph pH and normal auditory function. The gene encoding the human V-ATPase B1 isoform maps to chromosome 2cen-q13. Mutations in this gene cause distal renal tubular acidosis associated with sensorineural deafness. The V-ATPase B2 isoform is expressed in kidney and is the only B isoform expressed in osteoclasts. The gene encoding the human V-ATPase B2 isoform maps to chromosome 8p22-p21.

Supplier: Bioss

Vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) is a multisubunit enzyme responsible for acidification of eukaryotic intracellular organelles. V-ATPases pump protons against an electrochemical gradient, while F-ATPases reverse the process, thereby synthesizing ATP. A peripheral V1 domain, which is responsible for ATP hydrolysis, and a integral V0 domain, which is responsible for proton translocation, compose V-ATPase. Nine subunits (A–H) make up the V1 domain and five subunits (a, d, c, c' and c") make up the V0 domain. Like F-ATPase, V-ATPase most likely operates through a rotary mechanism. The V-ATPase V1 B subunit exists as two isoforms. In the inner ear, the V-ATPase B1 isoform functions in proton secretion and is required to maintain proper endolymph pH and normal auditory function. The gene encoding the human V-ATPase B1 isoform maps to chromosome 2cen-q13. Mutations in this gene cause distal renal tubular acidosis associated with sensorineural deafness. The V-ATPase B2 isoform is expressed in kidney and is the only B isoform expressed in osteoclasts. The gene encoding the human V-ATPase B2 isoform maps to chromosome 8p22-p21.

Supplier: Bioss

Vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) is a multisubunit enzyme responsible for acidification of eukaryotic intracellular organelles. V-ATPases pump protons against an electrochemical gradient, while F-ATPases reverse the process, thereby synthesizing ATP. A peripheral V1 domain, which is responsible for ATP hydrolysis, and a integral V0 domain, which is responsible for proton translocation, compose V-ATPase. Nine subunits (A–H) make up the V1 domain and five subunits (a, d, c, c' and c") make up the V0 domain. Like F-ATPase, V-ATPase most likely operates through a rotary mechanism. The V-ATPase V1 B subunit exists as two isoforms. In the inner ear, the V-ATPase B1 isoform functions in proton secretion and is required to maintain proper endolymph pH and normal auditory function. The gene encoding the human V-ATPase B1 isoform maps to chromosome 2cen-q13. Mutations in this gene cause distal renal tubular acidosis associated with sensorineural deafness. The V-ATPase B2 isoform is expressed in kidney and is the only B isoform expressed in osteoclasts. The gene encoding the human V-ATPase B2 isoform maps to chromosome 8p22-p21.

Supplier: US Biological

Anti-NBN Mouse Monoclonal Antibody [clone: 3E4]

Supplier: OHAUS

Rack 1×100 ml, depth: 40 mm RB, V1

Supplier: ENZO LIFE SCIENCES

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is a nonapeptide hormone produced in magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamus, which functions as an antidiuretic in the kidney and systemically as a regulator of vasoconstriction, blood volume, and blood pressure. AVP acts by binding to a set of specific seven transmembrane domain-containing G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) classified into three groups: V1a (V1), V1b (V3), and V2. V1b receptors stimulate adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release in the anterior pituitary, but may also participate in corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) release by the hypothalamus. The V1b receptor signals through coupling of Gq/11 alpha subunits, activating phospholipase C and release of intracellular Ca2+ via phosphoinositide second messengers. V1b receptor overexpression is a common marker for ACTH-secreting corticotropic adenomas. V2 receptors in the collecting ducts of the kidneys stimulate adenylyl cyclase activity, regulating the reabsorption of water via aquaporin channels.

Supplier: ENZO LIFE SCIENCES

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is a nonapeptide hormone produced in magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamus, which functions as an antidiuretic in the kidney and systemically as a regulator of vasoconstriction, blood volume, and blood pressure. AVP acts by binding to a set of specific seven-transmembrane domain-containing G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) classified into three groups: V1a (V1) receptors regulate vasoconstriction, and are expressed in vascular smooth muscle, kidney, myometrium, bladder, adipocytes, hepatocytes, platelets and testis; V1b (V3) receptors stimulate adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release in the anterior pituitary, but may also participate in corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) release by the hypothalamus; and V2 receptors of the kidney regulate the antidiuretic effects of AVP. The V1b receptor signals through coupling of Gq/11 alpha subunits, activating phospholipase C and release of intracellular Ca2+ via phosphoinositide second messengers. V1b receptor overexpression is a common marker for ACTH-secreting corticotropic adenomas.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

This gene encodes a component of vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme that mediates acidification of eukaryotic intracellular organelles. V-ATPase dependent organelle acidification is necessary for such intracellular processes as protein sorting, zymogen activation, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and synaptic vesicle proton gradient generation. V-ATPase is composed of a cytosolic V1 domain and a transmembrane V0 domain. The V1 domain consists of three A and three B subunits, two G subunits plus the C, D, E, F, and H subunits. The V1 domain contains the ATP catalytic site. The V0 domain consists of five different subunits: a, c, c', c'', and d. Additional isoforms of many of the V1 and V0 subunit proteins are encoded by multiple genes or alternatively spliced transcript variants. This encoded protein is part of the transmembrane V0 domain and is the human counterpart of yeast VMA16. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode different proteins have been found for this gene.

Supplier: ENZO LIFE SCIENCES

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is a nonapeptide hormone produced in magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamus, which functions as an antidiuretic in the kidney and systemically as a regulator of vasoconstriction, blood volume, and blood pressure. AVP acts by binding to a set of specific seven-transmembrane domain-containing G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) classified into three groups: V1a (V1) receptors regulate vasoconstriction, and are expressed in vascular smooth muscle, kidney, myometrium, bladder, adipocytes, hepatocytes, platelets and testis; V1b (V3) receptors stimulate adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release in the anterior pituitary, but may also participate in corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) release by the hypothalamus; and V2 receptors of the kidney regulate the antidiuretic effects of AVP. The V1b receptor signals through coupling of Gq/11 alpha subunits, activating phospholipase C and release of intracellular Ca2+ via phosphoinositide second messengers. V1b receptor overexpression is a common marker for ACTH-secreting corticotropic adenomas.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

This gene encodes a component of vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme that mediates acidification of eukaryotic intracellular organelles. V-ATPase dependent organelle acidification is necessary for such intracellular processes as protein sorting, zymogen activation, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and synaptic vesicle proton gradient generation. V-ATPase is composed of a cytosolic V1 domain and a transmembrane V0 domain. The V1 domain consists of three A and three B subunits, two G subunits plus the C, D, E, F, and H subunits. The V1 domain contains the ATP catalytic site. The V0 domain consists of five different subunits: a, c, c', c'', and d. Additional isoforms of many of the V1 and V0 subunit proteins are encoded by multiple genes or alternatively spliced transcript variants. This encoded protein is one of two V1 domain B subunit isoforms and is found in the kidney. Mutations in this gene cause distal renal tubular acidosis associated with sensorineural deafness. [provided by RefSeq].

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

ATP6V1C1 is a component of vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme that mediates acidification of intracellular compartments of eukaryotic cells. V-ATPase dependent acidification is necessary for such intracellular processes as protein sorting, zymogen activation, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and synaptic vesicle proton gradient generation. V-ATPase is composed of a cytosolic V1 domain and a transmembrane V0 domain. The V1 domain consists of three A and three B subunits, two G subunits plus the C, D, E, F, and H subunits. The V1 domain contains the ATP catalytic site. The V0 domain consists of five different subunits: a, c, c', c'', and d. Additional isoforms of many of the V1 and V0 subunit proteins are encoded by multiple genes or alternatively spliced transcript variants. This gene is one of two genes that encode the V1 domain C subunit proteins and is found ubiquitously. This C subunit is analogous but not homologous to gamma subunit of F-ATPases. Previously, this gene was designated ATP6D.This gene encodes a component of vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme that mediates acidification of intracellular compartments of eukaryotic cells. V-ATPase dependent acidification is necessary for such intracellular processes as protein sorting, zymogen activation, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and synaptic vesicle proton gradient generation. V-ATPase is composed of a cytosolic V1 domain and a transmembrane V0 domain. The V1 domain consists of three A and three B subunits, two G subunits plus the C, D, E, F, and H subunits. The V1 domain contains the ATP catalytic site. The V0 domain consists of five different subunits: a, c, c', c'', and d. Additional isoforms of many of the V1 and V0 subunit proteins are encoded by multiple genes or alternatively spliced transcript variants. This gene is one of two genes that encode the V1 domain C subunit proteins and is found ubiquitously. This C subunit is analogous but not homologous to gamma subunit of F-ATPases. Previously, this gene was designated ATP6D. Publication Note: This RefSeq record includes a subset of the publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Entrez Gene record to access additional publications.

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DBX1 could have a role in patterning the central nervous system during embryogenesis. DBX1 has a key role in regulating the distinct phenotypic features that distinguish two major classes of ventral interneurons, V0 and V1 neurons. DBX1 regulates the transcription factor profile, neurotransmitter phenotype, intraspinal migratory path and axonal trajectory of V0 neurons, features that differentiate them from an adjacent set of V1 neurons.

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This gene encodes a component of vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme that mediates acidification of eukaryotic intracellular organelles. V-ATPase dependent organelle acidification is necessary for such intracellular processes as protein sorting, zymogen activation, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and synaptic vesicle proton gradient generation. V-ATPase is composed of a cytosolic V1 domain and a transmembrane V0 domain. The V1 domain consists of three A and three B subunits, two G subunits plus the C, D, E, F, and H subunits. The V1 domain contains the ATP catalytic site. The V0 domain consists of five different subunits: a, c, c', c'', and d. Additional isoforms of many of the V1 and V0 subunit proteins are encoded by multiple genes or alternatively spliced transcript variants. This encoded protein is one of two V1 domain B subunit isoforms and is found in the kidney. Mutations in this gene cause distal renal tubular acidosis associated with sensorineural deafness. [provided by RefSeq].

Supplier: Thermo Fisher Scientific

Thick film columns for the analysis of volatile analytes.

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Recombinant Plants Bet v 1 (1.0101) (from E. coli)

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

This protein is a component of vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme that mediates acidification of eukaryotic intracellular organelles. V-ATPase dependent organelle acidification is necessary for such intracellular processes as protein sorting, zymogen activation, and receptor-mediated endocytosis. V-ATPase is comprised of a cytosolic V1 domain and a transmembrane V0 domain. The V1 domain consists of a hexamer of three A and three B subunits plus the C, D, and E subunits. It contains the ATP catalytic site. The protein is known as the E subunit and is found ubiquitously.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

ATP6V0C is a component of vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme that mediates acidification of eukaryotic intracellular organelles. V-ATPase dependent organelle acidification is necessary for such intracellular processes as protein sorting, zymogen activation, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and synaptic vesicle proton gradient generation. V-ATPase is composed of a cytosolic V1 domain and a transmembrane V0 domain. The V1 domain consists of three A and three B subunits, two G subunits plus the C, D, E, F, and H subunits. The V1 domain contains the ATP catalytic site. The V0 domain consists of five different subunits: a, c, c', c', and d. ATP6V0C encodes the V0 subunit c.

Supplier: Agrisera

V-ATPase, subunit B is a non-catalytic subunit of the peripheral V1 complex of vacuolar ATPase. Alternative names: Vacuolar proton pump subunit B1, vacuolar H+-ATPase subunit B, V-ATPase 57 kDa subunit.,V-ATPase, subunit B is a non-catalytic subunit of the peripheral V1 complex of vacuolar ATPase. Alternative names: Vacuolar proton pump subunit B1, vacuolar H+-ATPase subunit B, V-ATPase 57 kDa subunit.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

FUNCTION: Catalytic subunit of the peripheral V1 complex of vacuolar ATPase. V-ATPase vacuolar ATPase is responsible for acidifying a variety of intracellular compartments in eukaryotic cells.
CATALYTIC ACTIVITY: ATP + H₂O + H⁺(In) = ADP + phosphate + H⁺(Out).
SUBUNIT: V-ATPase is an heteromultimeric enzyme composed of a peripheral catalytic V1 complex (components A to H) attached to an integral membrane V0 proton pore complex (components: a, c, c', c'' and d).

Supplier: MIELE

Neutralising agent, acidic, 5 L for optimal neutralization based on organic acid.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

DBX1 Antibody: DBX1 is implicated in patterning the central nervous system during embryogenesis. DBX1 homeodomain transcription factor is expressed in progenitors which are critical in establishing cell fate allocation and cell diversity. DBX1 has a key role in regulating the distinct phenotypic features that distinguish two major classes of ventral interneurons, V0 and V1 neurons. DBX1-derived neurons are essential for the transgenic expression and generation of respiratory behavior both in vitro and in vivo.