"Staining Solutions"

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

This mAb reacts with MUC1/Mucin-1/Epithelial Marker Antigen/EMA. MUC1 is a large cell surface mucin glycoprotein expressed by most glandular and ductal epithelial cells and some hematopoietic cell lineages. It is expressed on most secretory epithelium, including mammary gland and some hematopoietic cells. It is expressed abundantly in lactating mammary glands and over expressed abundantly in >90% breast carcinomas and metastases. Transgenic MUC1 has been shown to associate with all four c-erbB receptors and localize with c-erbB1 (EGFR) in lactating glands. The MUC1 gene contains seven exons and produces several different alternatively spliced variants. The major expressed form of MUC1 uses all seven exons and is a type 1 transmembrane protein with a large extracellular tandem repeat domain. The tandem repeat domain is highly O glycosylated and alterations in glycosylation have been shown in epithelial cancer cells. Antibody to EMA is useful as a pan-epithelial marker for detecting early metastatic loci of carcinoma in bone marrow or liver.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

This antibody recognises a 67 kDa transmembrane protein, which is identified as CD5. The CD5 antigen is found on 95% of thymocytes and 72% of peripheral blood lymphocytes. In lymph nodes, the main reactivity is observed in T cell areas. antibody to CD5 is a pan T-cell marker that also reacts with a range of neoplastic B-cells, e.g. chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL), mantle cell lymphoma, and a subset (~10%) of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. CD5 aberrant expression is useful in making a diagnosis of mature T-cell neoplasms. CD5 antibody detection is diagnostic in CLL/SLL within a panel of other B-cell markers, especially one that includes anti-CD23. CD5 antibody is also very useful in differentiating among mature small lymphoid cell malignancies. In addition, antibody to CD5 can be used in distinguishing thymic carcinoma (+) from thymoma (-). CD5 antibody does not react with granulocytes or monocytes.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

Recognises a protein of 55 kDa, which is identified as fascin-1. Its actin binding ability is regulated by phosphorylation. Antibody to fascin-1 is a very sensitive marker for Reed-Sternberg cells and variants in nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity, and lymphocyte depletion Hodgkin's disease. It is uniformly negative in lymphoid cells, plasma cells, and myeloid cells. Fascin-1 is also expressed in dendritic cells. This marker may be helpful to distinguish between Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma in difficult cases. Also, the lack of expression of fascin-1 in the neoplastic follicles in follicular lymphoma may be helpful in distinguishing these lymphomas from reactive follicular hyperplasia in which the number of follicular dendritic cells is normal or increased. Antibody to fascin-1 has been suggested as a prognostic marker in neuroendocrine neoplasms of the lung as well as in ovarian cancer. Fascin-1 expression may be induced by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection of B cells with the possibility that viral induction of fascin in lymphoid or other cell types must also be considered in EBV-positive cases.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

Cyclin B1 (CCNB1) is a regulatory protein involved in mitosis. The gene product complexes with p34 (Cdk1) to form the maturation-promoting factor (MPF). Cyclin B1 contributes to the switch-like all or none behavior of the cell in deciding to commit to mitosis. Its activation is well-regulated, and positive feedback loops ensure that once the CCNB1-Cdk1 complex is activated, it is not deactivated. CCNB1-Cdk1 is involved in the early events of mitosis, such as chromosome condensation, nuclear envelope breakdown, and spindle pole assembly. Once activated, CCNB1-Cdk1 promotes several of the events of early mitosis. The active complex phosphorylates and activates 13S condensin, which helps to condense chromosomes. Another important function of the complex is to break down the nuclear envelope. The nuclear envelope is a membranous structure containing large protein complexes supported by a network of nuclear lamins. Phosphorylation of the lamins by CCBN1-Cdk1 causes them to dissociate, compromising the structural integrity of the nuclear envelope so that it breaks down. The destruction of the nuclear envelope is important because it allows the mitotic spindle to access the chromosomes. [Wiki].

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

This mAb reacts with a 58 kDa protein identified as vimentin. It shows no cross-reaction with other closely related intermediate filament proteins (IFPs) such as desmin, keratin, neurofilament, and glial fibrillary acid protein. Anti-vimentin alone is of limited value as a diagnostic tool; however, when used in panels with other antibodies, it is useful for the sub-classification of a given tumor. Expression of vimentin, when used in conjunction with anti-keratin, is helpful when distinguishing melanomas from undifferentiated carcinomas and large cell lymphomas. All melanomas and Schwannomas react strongly with anti-vimentin. It labels a variety of mesenchymal cells, including melanocytes, lymphocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. Non-reactivity of anti-vimentin is often considered more useful than its positive reactivity, since there are a few tumors that do not contain vimentin, e.g. hepatoma and seminoma. Anti-vimentin is also useful as a tissue process control reagent.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

Mucin-1 is a large cell surface mucin glycoprotein expressed by most glandular and ductal epithelial cells and some hematopoietic cell lineages. It is expressed on most secretory epithelium, including mammary gland and some hematopoietic cells. It is expressed abundantly in lactating mammary glands and over expressed in >90% breast carcinomas and metastases. The transgenic protein has been shown to associate with all four c-erbB receptors and localize with c-erbB1 (EGFR) in lactating glands. The gene contains seven exons and produces several different alternatively spliced variants. The major expressed form of the protein uses all seven exons and is a type 1 transmembrane protein with a large extracellular tandem repeat domain. The tandem repeat domain is highly O glycosylated and alterations in glycosylation have been shown in epithelial cancer cells. Mucin-1 antibody is useful as a pan-epithelial marker for detecting early metastatic loci of carcinoma in bone marrow or liver. The specific epitope of this Mucin-1 antibody has not yet been determined.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

This mAb recognises granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in the cytoplasm of mature granulocytes. It shows no reactivity with any other cell types. Markers of myeloid cells are useful in the identification of different levels of cellular differentiation. It reacts with early precursor and mature forms of myeloid cells. It is useful for the detection of myeloid leukemias and granulocytic sarcomas. It can be used as a marker of granulocytes in normal tissues or inflammatory processes.G-CSF is a pleiotropic cytokine that influences differentiation, proliferation and activation of the neutrophilic granulocyte lineage. The human G-CSF cDNA encodes a 207 amino acid precursor containing a 29 amino acid signal peptide that is proteolytically cleaved to form a 178 amino acid residue mature protein. Two G-CSF's, which are identical except for a three amino acid deletion in the amino-terminus of one form of the protein have been isolated from human cells. Murine and human G-CSF's share 73% sequence identity at the amino acid level.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

This antibody reacts with both SUMO2 and SUMO3. The small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) proteins, which include SUMO1, 2 and 3, belong to the ubiquitin-like protein family. Like ubiquitin, the SUMO proteins are synthesised as precursors that undergo processing before conjugation to target proteins. Also, both utilize the E1, E2 and E3 cascade enzymes for conjugation. However, SUMO and ubiquitin differ with respect to targeting. Ubiquitination predominantly targets proteins for degradation, whereas sumoylation targets for a variety of cellular processing, including nuclear transport, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis and protein stability. The unconjugated SUMO1/2/3 proteins localize to the nuclear membrane, nuclear bodies and cytoplasm, respectively. SUMO1 utilizes Ubc9 for conjugation to several targets, which include MDM2, p53, Pml and RanGap1. SUMO2/3 contribute to a greater percentage of protein modification than does SUMO1 and they can form polymeric chains. In addition, SUMO3 regulates beta-Amyloid generation and may be critical in the onset or progression of Alzheimer’s disease.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

This antibody recognises a protein of 33-37 kDa, identified as CD20 (Workshop V; Code CD20.12). The antibody recognises the extracellular domain of the protein. The epitope is similar to or identical to that recognized by other CD20 antibodies including Leu-16 and B1. This antibody can be used for immunophenotyping of leukemia and malignant cells, B lymphocyte detection in peripheral blood, Bcell localization in tissues and B lymphocyte purification by immunosorbent methods. CD20 is a non-Ig differentiation antigen of Bcells and its expression is restricted to normal and neoplastic Bcells, being absent from all other leukocytes and tissues. It is expressed by pre Bcells and persists during all stages of Bcell maturation but is lost upon terminal differentiation into plasma cells. Protein passes through the membrane 4 times with both ends in cytoplasm and exposes one short and one longer loop to the external environment. CD20 is not glycosylated in resting Bcells and its cytoplasmic domains are differentially phosphorylated upon activation. It acts as a calcium channel involved in Bcell activation and cell cycle progression.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

This antibody is specific to Complement 4d (C4d) and it reacts with the secreted as well as cell-bound protein. C4d is a degradation product of the activated complement factor C4b. Complement 4b is typically activated by binding of antibodies to specific target molecules. Following activation and degradation of the C4 molecule, thio-ester groups are exposed, which allow transient, covalent binding of the degradation product C4d to endothelial cell surfaces and extracellular matrix components of vascular basement membranes near the sites of C4 activation. The presence of C4d in peritubular capillaries is a key indicator for acute humoral (i.e. antibody-mediated) rejection of kidney, heart, pancreas and lung allografts. As an established marker of antibody-mediated acute renal allograft rejection and its proclivity for endothelium, this component can be detected in peritubular capillaries in chronic renal allograft rejection as well as hyperacute rejection, acute vascular rejection, acute cellular rejection, and borderline rejection. C4d has been shown to be a significant predictor of transplant kidney graft survival. C4d antibody, combined with antibody to C3d, can be utilized as a tool for diagnosis of allograft rejection that may warrant a prompt and aggressive anti-rejection treatment.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

Cytokeratin 8 is the product of the KRT8 gene and one of the most abundant keratins. The KRT8 gene is a member of the type II keratin family clustered on the long arm of chromosome 12. Cytokeratin 8 participates in cellular differentiation and signal transduction, protects against apoptosis, stress and injury, and helps maintain cellular structural integrity. It is primarily found in the non-squamous epithelia and is present in majority of adenocarcinomas and ductal carcinomas. It is absent in squamous cell carcinomas. Specific combinations of cytokeratins are associated with certain epithelial cells, and therefore useful in the characterization of poorly differentiated carcinoma. Hepatocellular carcinomas are defined by the use of antibody that recognises only cytokeratin 8 and 18. Keratin 8 exists on several types of normal and neoplastic epithelia, including many ductal and glandular epithelia such as colon, stomach, small intestine, trachea, and esophagus as well as in transitional epithelium. Antibody to Cytokeratin 8 does not react with skeletal muscle or nerve cells. Epithelioid sarcoma, chordoma, and adamantinoma show strong positivity corresponding to that of simple epithelia (with antibodies against Keratin 8, 18 and 19). Reportedly, Cytokeratin 8 antibody is useful for the differentiation of lobular (ring-like, perinuclear) from ductal (peripheral-predominant) carcinoma of the breast.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

Recognises an epitope on the extracellular domain of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor or luteinizing hormone receptor (LHCGR). Lutropin (also designated luteinizing hormone) plays a role in spermatogenesis and ovulation by stimulating the testes and ovaries to produce steroids. Gonadotropin (also designated choriogonadotropin) production in the placenta maintains estrogen and progesterone levels during the first trimester of pregnancy. Ovaries and testes abundantly express luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor. GnRH receptor contains seven hydrophobic transmembrane domains connected by hydrophilic extracellular and intracellular loops characteristic of G-protein coupled receptors. GnRH stimulates the gonadotrophs of the anterior pituitary to secrete luteinizing hormone (LH) as well as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). GnRH influences the protective effect of pregnancy and Gonadotropin against breast cancer. The expression of GnRH on breast carcinoma correlates in part to the degree of tumor differentiation. GnRH-positive breast tumors occur more frequently in tumors with greater cell differentiation in premenopausal women. GnRH is present in luteal and granulosa cells as well as in ovarian cell membrane preparations.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF alpha) is a protein secreted by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages, and causes tumor necrosis when injected into tumor bearing mice. TNF alpha is believed to mediate pathogenic shock and tissue injury associated with endotoxemia. TNF alpha exists as a multimer of two, three, or five non-covalently linked units, but shows a single 17 kDa band following SDS PAGE under non-reducing conditions. TNF alpha is closely related to the 25 kDa protein Tumor Necrosis Factor beta (lymphotoxin), sharing the same receptors and cellular actions. TNF alpha causes cytolysis of certain transformed cells, being synergistic with interferon gamma in its cytotoxicity. Although it has little effect on many cultured normal human cells, TNF alpha appears to be directly toxic to vascular endothelial cells. Other actions of TNF alpha include stimulating growth of human fibroblasts and other cell lines, activating polymorphonuclear neutrophils and osteoclasts, and induction of interleukin 1, prostaglandin E2 and collagenase production. TNF alpha is currently being evaluated in treatment of certain cancers and AIDS Related Complex.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

Immunoglobulin gamma (IgG) is the most common class of antibody in blood and extracellular fluid. Approximately 75% of serum antibodies in humans are IgG. There are four immunoglobulin gamma subclasses: one, two, three and four. IgG1 is the most common, with 68% of all gamma class antibodies being G1, and G4 is the least common at 4%. Gamma class antibodies are found primarily in the secondary immune response, class switching from IgM and IgD. They are the only class of antibody that can cross the placenta, and along with IgA secreted in breast milk, provide the neonate with humoral immunity before immune system development occurs.

This antibody recognises a protein of 75 kDa identified as the gamma heavy chain of human immunoglobulins. It does not cross-react with alpha, mu, epsilon, or delta heavy chains, T-cells, monocytes, granulocytes, or erythrocytes. The IgG antibody is useful in the identification of leukemias, plasmacytomas, and certain non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The most common feature of these malignancies is the restricted expression of a single heavy chain class. Demonstration of clonality in lymphoid infiltrates indicates that the infiltrate is clonal and therefore malignant.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

This mAb is specific to Complement 4d (C4d) and it reacts with the secreted as well as cell-bound C4d. C4d is a degradation product of the activated complement factor C4b. Complement 4b is typically activated by binding of Abs to specific target molecules. Following activation and degradation of the C4 molecule, thio-ester groups are exposed, which allow transient, covalent binding of the degradation product Complement 4d to endothelial cell surfaces and extracellular matrix components of vascular basement membranes near the sites of C4 activation. The presence of C4d in peritubular capillaries is a key indicator for acute humoral (i.e. antibody-mediated) rejection of kidney, heart, pancreas and lung allografts. As an established marker of antibody-mediated acute renal allograft rejection and its proclivity for endothelium, this component can be detected in peritubular capillaries in chronic renal allograft rejection as well as hyperacute rejection, acute vascular rejection, acute cellular rejection, and borderline rejection. It has been shown to be a significant predictor of transplant kidney graft survival. Anti-C4d, combined with anti-C3d, can be utilized as a tool for diagnosis of allograft rejection that may warrant a prompt and aggressive anti-rejection treatment.

Supplier: G-Biosciences

Plasmid Screening ToothPick™ allows the rapid screening of bacteria for transformed plasmids. Simply pick a colony, add to Plasmid Screening ToothPick™ reagents and then analyse using restriction enzymes.