You searched for: Protilátky

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Recommended Applications: ELISA, IHC

Species reactivity: Rhesus monkey, Cynomolgus

Supplier: ENZO LIFE SCIENCES

Stats (Signal transducers and activators of transcription) are a family of cytoplasmic latent transcription factors that are activated to regulate gene expression in response to a large number of extracellular signaling polypeptides including cytokines, interferons, and growth factors. After phosphorylation by JAK tyrosine kinases, Stats enter the nucleus to regulate transcription of many different genes.

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Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1, AOF2, BHC110) is a nuclear amine oxidase homolog, and was the first such protein to display definitive activity in epigenetic modulation as a histone demethylase. LSD1 demethylates histone H3 at mono- or di-methylated lysine residues. Depending on associated co-factors, LSD1-mediated demethylation can lead to transcriptional repression or activation.

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Synaptophysin is an integral membrane protein involved in neurotransmitter exocytosis. This protein consists of four transmembrane domains, with its N- and C-terminus facing the cytoplasm. Studies have shown Synaptophysin to be a major cholesterol-binding protein in brain synaptic vesicles.

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Src is a member of the tyrosine kinase family that was originally identified as the oncogene of Rous sarcoma virus. The catalytic domain contains a tyrosine autophosphorylation site that increases kinase activity when phosphorylated. The Src family of tyrosine kinase is involved in a variety of receptor-induced signal transduction pathways such as immune recognition rec

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Endothelins are vasoactive peptides that exist in three forms (ET-1, ET-2, and ET-3), and function in the maintenance of vascular tone via two identified seven transmembrane-spanning domain-containing G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), endothelin A (ETA) and endothelin B (ETB). The human ETA receptor is primarily expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells, including those of the heart (also in myocytes), lung, and brain, and its stimulation generally results in vasoconstriction. Activation of ETA receptors can be stimulated by binding of ET-1 and ET-2, but not ET-3. triggering the release of vasorelaxive factors such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostanoids from endothelial cells. Human ETB receptors are primarily expressed in endothelial cells lining the vessel walls of the lungs, heart, and brain, and in contrast to ETA receptors, stimulation generally results in transient vasodilation. Activation of ETB receptors can be stimulated by binding of all three endothelins, triggering the release of vasorelaxive factors such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostanoids from endothelial cells. Both ETA and ETB receptors signal primarily via coupling to Gq/11 alpha subunits, although Gi/o and Gs coupling are also established mechanisms of endothelin signaling, resulting in stimulation of phospholipases C, A2, and D.

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Leukotrienes are metabolic products of arachidonic acid formed by the action of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), with the principal products being leukotrienes C4 (LTC4) and B4 (LTB4). LTB4 is a dihydroxy-leukotriene produced in a variety of cells including eosinophils, neutrophils, platelets, and vascular cells, and is a potent leukocyte chemoattractant known to regulate leukocyte activation, cytokine secretion, inflammatory gene transcription, and IgE synthesis. As such, LTB4 has been implicated in a number of disease pathologies including atherosclerosis, asthma, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease. The many actions of LTB4 are associated with two identified mammalian receptors, BLT1 and BLT2. BLT1 is a high-affinity LTB4 receptor expressed on peripheral leukocytes, while BLT2 is a more ubiquitously expressed low affinity LTB4 receptor whose function is not well understood. The BLT1 receptor is transiently expressed by antigen-primed T-cells in humans, and its expression is known to play a critical role in collagen-induced arthritis in mice.

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Adipose tissue is the source for a variety of bioactive molecules that regulate metabolism and immunity termed adipokines, most of which are elevated in the circulation of obese individuals. Adiponectin functions as an insulin sensitizing factor, resulting in reduced hepatic glucose production, increased glucose uptake in the muscle, and increased fatty acid oxidation in the liver and muscle. In contrast to most adipokines, adiponectin is detected at high levels in normal human plasma, but is often reduced in obese subjects and in those with increased insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Due to its suggested protective role in insulin resistance, adiponectin may be a useful pharmacological target for various metabolic diseases.

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The Src homology 2 domain containing (Shc) adaptor protein links growth factor, cytokine, and antigen receptor stimulation to the Ras signaling pathway, and plays a critical role in insulin signaling, tumorigenesis, and hematopoietic cell growth and differentiation. Structurally, Shc is composed of an N-terminal phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain, a medial CH1 domain, and a C-terminal SH2 domain. Upon binding to activate cell-surface receptors, Shc is phosphorylated at three tyrosine residues (Tyr239, Tyr240, Tyr317) triggering recognition of Shc by SH2-containing proteins such as Grb2.

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The enzymatic conversion of arginine to citrulline by nitric oxide synthase (NO Synthase) leads to the formation of nitric oxide (NO). Peroxynitrite is formed following reaction of NO with superoxide, producing a potent oxidant that reacts with a variety of biological molecules, including tyrosine residues in proteins. Tyrosine nitration can inactivate enzymes and receptors that depend on tyrosine residues for their activity. Nitration prevents phosphorylation of tyrosine residues important for signal transduction.

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Cyclins are a family of proteins which function as the regulatory subunits of cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) holoenzymes, mediating entry into and progression through the cell cycle. Each cyclin is expressed in a temporal fashion during the cell cycle, partnering with a specific Cdk to activate its protein kinase activity. The most well defined mitotic cyclins are: cyclin D, which partners with cdks 4 and 6 during early G1 phase; cyclin E, which activates Cdk2 in the G1 to S phase transition; cyclin A, which utilizes Cdks 1 and 2 during progression through S phase and into G2; and cyclin B, which activates Cdk1 in M-phase promotion.

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Leukotrienes are metabolic products of arachidonic acid formed by the action of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), with the principal products being leukotrienes C4 (LTC4) and B4 (LTB4). LTB4 is a dihydroxy-leukotriene produced in a variety of cells including eosinophils, neutrophils, platelets, and vascular cells, and is a potent leukocyte chemoattractant known to regulate leukocyte activation, cytokine secretion, inflammatory gene transcription, and IgE synthesis. As such, LTB4 has been implicated in a number of disease pathologies including atherosclerosis, asthma, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease. The many actions of LTB4 are associated with two identified mammalian receptors, BLT1 and BLT2. BLT1 is a high-affinity LTB4 receptor expressed on peripheral leukocytes, while BLT2 is a more ubiquitously expressed low affinity LTB4 receptor whose function is not well understood. The BLT1 receptor is transiently expressed by antigen-primed T-cells in humans, and its expression is known to play a critical role in collagen-induced arthritis in mice.

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Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and the closely related peptide YY (PYY) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) are a family of 36-amino acid, tyrosine-rich peptides with amidated C-terminal ends that are known to regulate gastrointestinal and central nervous system functions including food intake and the inhibition of anxiety. Four functional NPY receptors (Y1/Y2/Y4/Y5) have been identified to date, with a fifth (y6) being a non-functional receptor in primates that is absent from the rat genome. Y1, Y2, and Y5 receptors preferentially bind NPY and PYY, while the Y4 receptor preferentially binds PP. All four receptors signal via coupling to Gi/o alpha subunits, inhibiting adenylyl cyclase activity, thereby decreasing intracellular cAMP levels. Y1 receptor deficient mice display a variety of physical and behavioral phenotypes including obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and increased territorial behavior.

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Zinc-finger proteins contain DNA-binding domains and have a wide variety of functions, most of which encompass some form of transcriptional activation or repression. The majority of zinc-finger proteins contain a krueppel-type DNA binding domain and a KRAB domain, which is thought to interact with KAP1, thereby recruiting histone modifying proteins. GLI-4, also known as HKR4, is a 376 amino acid protein that localizes to the nucleus and contains seven C2H2-type zinc fingers. Belonging to the krueppel C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family, GLI-4 may function as a transcriptional regulator, effectively activating or repressing the transcription of target genes. The gene encoding GLI-4 maps to human chromosome 8, which consists of nearly 146 million base pairs, houses more than 800 genes and is associated with a variety of diseases and malignancies.

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Cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal component of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, catalyzes the electron transfer from reduced cytochrome c to oxygen. This component is a heteromeric complex consisting of three catalytic subunits encoded by mitochondrial genes, and multiple structural subunits encoded by nuclear genes. The mitochondrially-encoded subunits function in electron transfer, while the nuclear-encoded subunits may function in the regulation and assembly of the complex. This nuclear gene encodes polypeptide 2 (liver isoform) of subunit VIIa, with this polypeptide being present in both muscle and non-muscle tissues. In addition to polypeptide 2, subunit VIIa includes polypeptide 1(muscle isoform), which is present only in muscle tissues, and a related protein, which is present in all tissues. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Related pseudogenes have been identified on chromosomes 4 and 14. [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009].

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Polyadenylation of mRNA precursors is a two-step reaction that requires multiple protein factors. The first step, endonucleolytic cleavage of polyadenylation substrates, requires CstF (cleavage stimulation factor), a heterotrimer that is composed of three distinct subunits. Heterotrimeric CstF recognizes GU- and U-rich sequences located downstream of the polyadenylation site on RNA. CstF-77 (cleavage stimulation factor, 77 kDa subunit), also known as CstF3, is one of the three subunits comprising CstF. It can exist as a homodimer and functions as the bridge, directly interacting with the other two CstF subunits, namely CstF-64 and CstF-50. CstF-77 is highly conserved among eukaryotes. It contains an Alpha-helical structure with 11 HAT (Half-a-TPR-containing) repeats and is essential for CstF assembly. In addition, CstF-77 is capable of interacting with CPSF1 and FCP1, other factors involved in polyadenylation.

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The caspase family of cysteine proteases play a key role in apoptosis. Caspase 3 is the most extensively studied apoptotic protein among caspase family members. Caspase 3 is synthesised as inactive pro enzyme that is processed in cells undergoing apoptosis by self proteolysis and/or cleavage by other upstream proteases (e.g. Caspases 8, 9 and 10). The processed form of Caspase 3 consists of large (17kDa) and small (12kDa) subunits which associate to form an active enzyme. Caspase 3 is cleaved at Asp28 Ser29 and Asp175 Ser176. The active Caspase 3 proteolytically cleaves and activates other caspases (e.g. Caspases 6, 7 and 9), as well as relevant targets in the cells (e.g. PARP and DFF). Alternative splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants which encode the same protein. In immunohistochemical studies Caspase 3 expression has been shown to be widespread but not present in all cell types (e.g. commonly reported in epithelial cells of skin, renal proximal tubules and collecting ducts). Differences in the level of Caspase 3 have been reported in cells of short lived nature (eg germinal centre B cells) and those that are long lived (eg mantle zone B cells). Caspase 3 is the predominant caspase involved in the cleavage of amyloid beta 4A precursor protein, which is associated with neuronal death in Alzheimer's disease.

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Dual specificity protein kinase which acts as an essential component of the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. Binding of extracellular ligands such as growth factors, cytokines and hormones to their cell-surface receptors activates RAS and this initiates RAF1 activation. RAF1 then further activates the dual-specificity protein kinases MAP2K1/MEK1 and MAP2K2/MEK2. Both MAP2K1/MEK1 and MAP2K2/MEK2 function specifically in the MAPK/ERK cascade, and catalyse the concomitant phosphorylation of a threonine and a tyrosine residue in a Thr-Glu-Tyr sequence located in the extracellular signal-regulated kinases MAPK3/ERK1 and MAPK1/ERK2, leading to their activation and further transduction of the signal within the MAPK/ERK cascade. Depending on the cellular context, this pathway mediates diverse biological functions such as cell growth, adhesion, survival and differentiation, predominantly through the regulation of transcription, metabolism and cytoskeletal rearrangements. One target of the MAPK/ERK cascade is peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG), a nuclear receptor that promotes differentiation and apoptosis. MAP2K1/MEK1 has been shown to export PPARG from the nucleus. The MAPK/ERK cascade is also involved in the regulation of endosomal dynamics, including lysosome processing and endosome cycling through the perinuclear recycling compartment (PNRC), as well as in the fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus during mitosis.

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EHM2 belongs to the NF2/ERM/4.1 superfamily of proteins, which function in connecting cell surface transmembrane proteins to cytoskeletal molecules.

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A SLe(x)-type proteoglycan, which through high affinity, calcium-dependent interactions with E-, P- and L-selectins, mediates rapid rolling of leukocytes over vascular surfaces during the initial steps in inflammation. Critical for the initial leukocyte capture.

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Gene amplification is associated with tumor stage and progression in human gliomas. Several amplified loci are identified and comprise multiple genes. The glioma amplified sequence 41 (GAS41) is an evolutionarily conserved eukaryotic protein found in diverse species. GAS41 is related to the AF-9 and ENL proteins, which are putative transcription factors in some acute leukemias, and interacts with a component of the nuclear matrix, NuMA, in interphase cells. GAS41 has a dotted staining pattern in interphase nuclei and a uniform distribution in mitotic cells. GAS41 is ubiquitously expressed, with the highest levels of expression in human brain. In neuroblastoma, GAS41 is located in the nucleoli, but not in the nucleoplasm. GAS41 also binds to the MLL fusion partner AF10, which is involved in two distinct chromosomal translocations associated with hematologic malignancy. In addition, GAS41 interacts with INI1 (Integrase Interactor), which is a human homologue of the yeast SNF5 protein, a component of the SWI/SNF complex. The GAS41 gene maps to human chromosome 12q13-q15.

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Auxiliary protein of DNA polymerase delta and is involved in the control of eukaryotic DNA replication by increasing the polymerase's processibility during elongation of the leading strand. Induces a robust stimulatory effect on the 3'-5' exonuclease and 3'-phosphodiesterase, but not apurinic-apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease, APEX2 activities. Has to be loaded onto DNA in order to be able to stimulate APEX2. Plays a key role in DNA damage response (DDR) by being conveniently positioned at the replication fork to coordinate DNA replication with DNA repair and DNA damage tolerance pathways. Acts as a loading platform to recruit DDR proteins that allow completion of DNA replication after DNA damage and promote postreplication repair: Monoubiquitinated PCNA leads to recruitment of translesion (TLS) polymerases, while 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of PCNA is involved in error-free pathway and employs recombination mechanisms to synthesize across the lesion.

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FREM1 is a 2,179 amino acid protein that contains one C-type lectin domain, one Calx-beta domain and twelve CSPG repeats. Localized to the basement membrane of embryonic epidermal cells and secreted into extracellular space, FREM1 functions as an extracellular matrix protein that is essential for epidermal adhesion during embryogenesis and may also participate in epidermal differentiation. FREM1 exists as multiple alternatively spliced isoforms and is encoded by a gene which maps to human chromosome 9. Chromosome 9 contains 145 million base pairs and comprises 4% of the human genome, encoding nearly 900 genes. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, which is characterized by harmful vascular defects, and Familial dysautonomia, are both associated with chromosome 9. Notably, chromosome 9 encompasses the largest interferon family gene cluster.

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Lymphotoxin beta-activated kinase which seems to be exclusively involved in the activation of NF-kappa-B and its transcriptional activity. Promotes proteolytic processing of NFKB2/P1, which leads to activation of NF-kappa-B via the non-canonical pathway. Could act in a receptor-selective manner.

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VWCE

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Steroid receptors are ligand-dependent, intracellular proteins that stimulate transcription of specific genes by binding to specific DNA sequences following activation by the appropriate hormone. Glucocorticoids are a family of steroids necessary for the regulation of energy metabolism and the immune and inflammatory responses. These compounds exert their effect through their interaction with the glucocoticoid receptor (GR) and that complex's subsequent association with DNA. All normal mammalian tissues examined to date have been shown to contain glucocorticoid receptor.

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Probable transporter.

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Anti-RBCK1 Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody

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Anti-MYLPF Mouse Monoclonal Antibody [clone: MY-38]

Supplier: Abcam

Anti-CDK7 Mouse Monoclonal Antibody [clone: IMD-26]