28232 Results for: "Biotium"

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb recognizes human 17-26 kDa protein, which is identified as cytokine TNF-alpha (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha). TNF-alpha can be expressed as a 17 kDa free molecule, or as a 26 kDa membrane protein. TNF-alpha is a protein secreted by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages, and causes tumor necrosis when injected into tumor bearing mice. TNF alpha is believed to mediate pathogenic shock and tissue injury associated with endotoxemia. TNF alpha exists as a multimer of two, three, or five non-covalently linked units, but shows a single 17 kDa band following SDS PAGE under non-reducing conditions. TNF alpha is closely related to the 25 kDa protein Tumor Necrosis Factor beta (lymphotoxin), sharing the same receptors and cellular actions. TNF alpha causes cytolysis of certain transformed cells, being synergistic with interferon gamma in its cytotoxicity. Although it has little effect on many cultured normal human cells, TNF alpha appears to be directly toxic to vascular endothelial cells. Other actions of TNF alpha include stimulating growth of human fibroblasts and other cell lines, activating polymorphonuclear neutrophils and osteoclasts, and induction of interleukin 1, prostaglandin E2 and collagenase production. TNF alpha is currently being evaluated in treatment of certain cancers and AIDS Related Complex.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb recognizes human 17-26 kDa protein, which is identified as cytokine TNF-alpha (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha). TNF-alpha can be expressed as a 17 kDa free molecule, or as a 26 kDa membrane protein. TNF-alpha is a protein secreted by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages, and causes tumor necrosis when injected into tumor bearing mice. TNF alpha is believed to mediate pathogenic shock and tissue injury associated with endotoxemia. TNF alpha exists as a multimer of two, three, or five non-covalently linked units, but shows a single 17 kDa band following SDS PAGE under non-reducing conditions. TNF alpha is closely related to the 25 kDa protein Tumor Necrosis Factor beta (lymphotoxin), sharing the same receptors and cellular actions. TNF alpha causes cytolysis of certain transformed cells, being synergistic with interferon gamma in its cytotoxicity. Although it has little effect on many cultured normal human cells, TNF alpha appears to be directly toxic to vascular endothelial cells. Other actions of TNF alpha include stimulating growth of human fibroblasts and other cell lines, activating polymorphonuclear neutrophils and osteoclasts, and induction of interleukin 1, prostaglandin E2 and collagenase production. TNF alpha is currently being evaluated in treatment of certain cancers and AIDS Related Complex.

Supplier: Biotium

S100 belongs to the family of calcium binding proteins. S100A and S100B proteins are two members of the S100 family. S100A is composed of an alpha and beta chain whereas S100B is composed of two beta chains. S-100 protein has been found in normal melanocytes, Langerhans cells, histiocytes, chondrocytes, lipocytes, skeletal and cardiac muscle, Schwann cells, epithelial and myoepithelial cells of the breast, salivary and sweat glands, as well as in glial cells. Neoplasms derived from these cells also express S-100 protein, albeit non-uniformly. A large number of well-differentiated tumors of the salivary gland, adipose and cartilaginous tissue, and Schwann cell-derived tumors express S-100 protein. Almost all malignant melanomas and cases of histiocytosis X are positive for S-100 protein. Despite the fact that S-100 protein is an ubiquitous substance, its demonstration is of great value in the identification of several neoplasms, particularly melanomas and their metastases.

Supplier: Biotium

The family of EF-hand type Ca2 -binding proteins includes calbindin, S-100 alpha and beta, calgranulins, B and C, and the parvalbumin family members, including parvalbumin alpha and parvalbumin beta. The S-100 protein is involved in the regulation of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S-100 protein may function in the activation of Ca2 induced Ca2 release, inhibition of microtubule assembly and inhibition of protein kinase C mediated phosphorylation. Two S-100 subunits, sharing 60% sequence identity, have been described as S-100 alpha chain and S-100 beta chain. Three S-100 dimeric forms have been characterized, differing in their subunit composition of two alpha chains, two beta chains or one alpha and one beta chain. S-100 localizes to the cytoplasm and nuclei of astrocytes, Schwann s cells, ependymomas and astrogliomas. S-100 is also detected in almost all benign naevi, malignant melanocytic tumours and in Langerhans cells in the skin. Calbindin, S-100 proteins and parvalbumin proteins are each expressed in neural tissues. In addition, S-100 alpha and beta are present in a variety of other tissues and calbindin is present in intestine and kidney.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb recognizes TGF beta 1, 2 and 3. Three TGF betas have been identified in mammals. TGF beta-1, TGF beta-2 and TGF beta-3 are each synthesized as precursor proteins that are very similar in that each is cleaved to yield a 112 amino acid polypeptide that remains associated with the latent portion of the molecules. Biologically active TGF betarequires dimerization of the monomers (usually homodimers) and release of the latent peptide portion. Overall, the mature region of the TGF beta-3 protein has approximately 80% identity to the mature region of both TGF beta-1 and TGF beta-2. However, the NH2 terminals or precursor regions of their molecules share only 27% sequence identity. TGF betas inhibit the growth of epithelial cells and stimulate the growth of mesenchymal cells.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb recognizes TGF beta 1, 2 and 3. Three TGF betas have been identified in mammals. TGF beta-1, TGF beta-2 and TGF beta-3 are each synthesized as precursor proteins that are very similar in that each is cleaved to yield a 112 amino acid polypeptide that remains associated with the latent portion of the molecules. Biologically active TGF betarequires dimerization of the monomers (usually homodimers) and release of the latent peptide portion. Overall, the mature region of the TGF beta-3 protein has approximately 80% identity to the mature region of both TGF beta-1 and TGF beta-2. However, the NH2 terminals or precursor regions of their molecules share only 27% sequence identity. TGF betas inhibit the growth of epithelial cells and stimulate the growth of mesenchymal cells.

Supplier: Biotium

Anti-TNF Mouse Monoclonal Antibody (APC) [clone: TNF656]

Supplier: Biotium

Anti-SUMO1 Mouse Monoclonal Antibody (HRP) [clone: SUMO1/1188]

Supplier: Biotium

S100 belongs to the family of calcium binding proteins. S100A and S100B proteins are two members of the S100 family. S100A is composed of an alpha and beta chain whereas S100B is composed of two beta chains. S-100 protein has been found in normal melanocytes, Langerhans cells, histiocytes, chondrocytes, lipocytes, skeletal and cardiac muscle, Schwann cells, epithelial and myoepithelial cells of the breast, salivary and sweat glands, as well as in glial cells. Neoplasms derived from these cells also express S-100 protein, albeit non-uniformly. A large number of well-differentiated tumors of the salivary gland, adipose and cartilaginous tissue, and Schwann cell-derived tumors express S-100 protein. Almost all malignant melanomas and cases of histiocytosis X are positive for S-100 protein. Despite the fact that S-100 protein is an ubiquitous substance, its demonstration is of great value in the identification of several neoplasms, particularly melanomas and their metastases.

Supplier: Biotium

Anti-S100A1 Mouse Monoclonal Antibody (APC) [clone: 4C4.9]

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb reacts with both SUMO-2 and SUMO-3. The small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) proteins, which include SUMO-1, 2 and 3, belong to the ubiquitin-like protein family. Like ubiquitin, the SUMO proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins that undergo processing before conjugation to target proteins. Also, both utilize the E1, E2 and E3 cascade enzymes for conjugation. However, SUMO and ubiquitin differ with respect to targeting. Ubiquitination predominantly targets proteins for degradation, whereas sumoylation targets proteins to a variety of cellular processing, including nuclear transport, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis and protein stability. The unconjugated SUMO-1, 2 and 3 proteins localize to the nuclear membrane, nuclear bodies and cytoplasm, respectively. SUMO-1 utilizes Ubc9 for conjugation to several target proteins, which include MDM2, p53, PML and RanGap1. SUMO-2 and 3 contribute to a greater percentage of protein modification than does SUMO-1 and unlike SUMO-1, they can form polymeric chains. In addition, SUMO-3 regulates beta-Amyloid generation and may be critical in the onset or progression of Alzheimer’s disease.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb recognizes TGF beta 1, 2 and 3. Three TGF betas have been identified in mammals. TGF beta-1, TGF beta-2 and TGF beta-3 are each synthesized as precursor proteins that are very similar in that each is cleaved to yield a 112 amino acid polypeptide that remains associated with the latent portion of the molecules. Biologically active TGF betarequires dimerization of the monomers (usually homodimers) and release of the latent peptide portion. Overall, the mature region of the TGF beta-3 protein has approximately 80% identity to the mature region of both TGF beta-1 and TGF beta-2. However, the NH2 terminals or precursor regions of their molecules share only 27% sequence identity. TGF betas inhibit the growth of epithelial cells and stimulate the growth of mesenchymal cells.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb reacts with both SUMO-2 and SUMO-3. The small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) proteins, which include SUMO-1, 2 and 3, belong to the ubiquitin-like protein family. Like ubiquitin, the SUMO proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins that undergo processing before conjugation to target proteins. Also, both utilize the E1, E2 and E3 cascade enzymes for conjugation. However, SUMO and ubiquitin differ with respect to targeting. Ubiquitination predominantly targets proteins for degradation, whereas sumoylation targets proteins to a variety of cellular processing, including nuclear transport, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis and protein stability. The unconjugated SUMO-1, 2 and 3 proteins localize to the nuclear membrane, nuclear bodies and cytoplasm, respectively. SUMO-1 utilizes Ubc9 for conjugation to several target proteins, which include MDM2, p53, PML and RanGap1. SUMO-2 and 3 contribute to a greater percentage of protein modification than does SUMO-1 and unlike SUMO-1, they can form polymeric chains. In addition, SUMO-3 regulates beta-Amyloid generation and may be critical in the onset or progression of Alzheimer’s disease.

Supplier: Biotium

S100 belongs to the family of calcium binding proteins. S100A and S100B proteins are two members of the S100 family. S100A is composed of an alpha and beta chain whereas S100B is composed of two beta chains. S-100 protein has been found in normal melanocytes, Langerhans cells, histiocytes, chondrocytes, lipocytes, skeletal and cardiac muscle, Schwann cells, epithelial and myoepithelial cells of the breast, salivary and sweat glands, as well as in glial cells. Neoplasms derived from these cells also express S-100 protein, albeit non-uniformly. A large number of well-differentiated tumors of the salivary gland, adipose and cartilaginous tissue, and Schwann cell-derived tumors express S-100 protein. Almost all malignant melanomas and cases of histiocytosis X are positive for S-100 protein. Despite the fact that S-100 protein is an ubiquitous substance, its demonstration is of great value in the identification of several neoplasms, particularly melanomas and their metastases.

Supplier: Biotium

Recognizes a single protein of 33-34 kDa, identified as the prostate specific antigen (PSA). This MAb is highly specific to PSA and stains prostatic secretory and ductal epithelium in both normal and neoplastic tissues. PSA is a chymotrypsin-like serine protease (kallikrein family) exclusively produced by the prostate epithelium, and abundant in seminal fluid. PSA can be detected in the sera of patients with prostatic carcinoma. It is predominantly complexed to a liver-derived serine protease inhibitor, alpha-1-antichymotrypsin (ACT). A higher proportion of serum PSA is complexed to ACT in prostate cancer than in benign prostate hyperplasia. This MAb makes an excellent pair with MAb 1A7G6B6 for PSA tests.

Supplier: Biotium

Recognizes a protein of 45 kDa, identified as SHBG. It functions as an androgen transport protein, but may also be involved in receptor-mediated processes. Each dimer binds one molecule of steroid. It is specific for 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone, testosterone, and 17-beta-estradiol. SHBG regulates the plasma metabolic clearance rate of steroid hormones by controlling their plasma concentration. In testis, it is synthesized by the Sertoli cells, secreted into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule and transported to the epididymis.

Supplier: Biotium

Recognizes a single protein of 33-34 kDa, identified as the prostate specific antigen (PSA). This MAb is highly specific to PSA and stains prostatic secretory and ductal epithelium in both normal and neoplastic tissues. PSA is a chymotrypsin-like serine protease (kallikrein family) exclusively produced by the prostate epithelium, and abundant in seminal fluid. PSA can be detected in the sera of patients with prostatic carcinoma. It is predominantly complexed to a liver-derived serine protease inhibitor, alpha-1-antichymotrypsin (ACT). A higher proportion of serum PSA is complexed to ACT in prostate cancer than in benign prostate hyperplasia.

Supplier: Biotium

Recognizes a protein of 45 kDa, identified as SHBG. It functions as an androgen transport protein, but may also be involved in receptor-mediated processes. Each dimer binds one molecule of steroid. It is specific for 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone, testosterone, and 17-beta-estradiol. SHBG regulates the plasma metabolic clearance rate of steroid hormones by controlling their plasma concentration. In testis, it is synthesized by the Sertoli cells, secreted into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule and transported to the epididymis.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb stains the cytoplasm of macrophages and histiocytes in hematopoietic organs, Kupffer's cells of the liver and Langerhan's cells of the skin. It also stains the mantle zone B-lymphocytes of the lymph node and spleen, spermatogonia, and chief cells of the stomach. S100A9 is expressed by macrophages in acutely inflamed tissues and in chronic inflammation. It is detected in peripheral blood leukocytes, in neutrophils and granulocytes. It is present at sites of vascular inflammation. S100A9 is also expressed in epithelial cells constitutively or induced during dermatoses. S100A9 is a Calcium-binding protein. It has antimicrobial activity towards bacteria and fungi. It is important for resistance to invasion by pathogenic bacteria. It up-regulates transcription of genes that are under the control of NF-kappa-B. S100A9 plays a role in the development of endotoxic shock in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). It promotes tubulin polymerization when unphosphorylated. It also promotes phagocyte migration and infiltration of granulocytes at sites of wounding. It plays a role as a pro-inflammatory mediator in acute and chronic inflammation and up-regulates the release of IL8 and cell-surface expression of ICAM1.

Supplier: Biotium

Recognizes an oncofetal antigen of 220 kDa, identified as a tumor-associated glycoprotein (TAG-72) with properties of a mucin. This MAb defines the mucin-carried sialylated-Tn epitope. TAG-72 is usually expressed by adenocarcinomas, but is negative in mesotheliomas. Studies have reported that this antibody has 80% sensitivity and 93% specificity for pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Therefore, TAG-72 is a useful marker to distinguish between mesothelioma and adenocarcinoma. However, false positive reactions can occur so results must be interpreted with the utmost caution. This antibody may be useful in the differentiation of non-small cell carcinomas from small cell carcinomas of the lung. The combined use of anti-TAG-72 and anti-GCDFP-15 is valuable in the diagnosis of apocrine carcinoma.

Supplier: Biotium

This antibody recognizes a protein of 36 kDa, identified as Thymidylate Synthase (TS) (EC 2.1.1.45). TS converts deoxyuridine monophosphate (dUMP) to deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP), which is essential for DNA biosynthesis. TS is also a critical target for the fluoropyrimidines, an important group of antineoplastic drugs that are widely used in the treatment of solid tumors. Both 5-FU and fluorodeoxyuridine are converted in tumor cells to FdUMP which inactivates TS by formation of a ternary covalent complex in the presence of the folate cofactor 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. Expression of TS protein is associated with response to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in human colorectal, gastric, head and neck, and breast carcinomas.

Supplier: Biotium

Recognizes a protein of 45 kDa, identified as SHBG. It functions as an androgen transport protein, but may also be involved in receptor-mediated processes. Each dimer binds one molecule of steroid. It is specific for 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone, testosterone, and 17-beta-estradiol. SHBG regulates the plasma metabolic clearance rate of steroid hormones by controlling their plasma concentration. In testis, it is synthesized by the Sertoli cells, secreted into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule and transported to the epididymis.

Supplier: Biotium

Recognizes a protein of 45 kDa, identified as SHBG. It functions as an androgen transport protein, but may also be involved in receptor-mediated processes. Each dimer binds one molecule of steroid. It is specific for 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone, testosterone, and 17-beta-estradiol. SHBG regulates the plasma metabolic clearance rate of steroid hormones by controlling their plasma concentration. In testis, it is synthesized by the Sertoli cells, secreted into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule and transported to the epididymis.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb reacts with a membrane-associated protein present in normal and malignant neuroendocrine tissues including small cell lung cancer (SCLC). It stains neural and a variable number of endocrine tissues and in the lung it reacts preferentially with SCLC and carcinoids. Its epitope is destroyed during formalin fixation. This antibody was categorized during the First International Workshop on Small Cell Lung Cancer Antigens held in London in April 1987. There are two major types of Lung Carcinoma: non-small cell, which accounts for 80% of all cases; and small cell, which accounts for roughly 20% of all lung cancers reported. The lung continues to be a customary place for cancer migration from tumors elsewhere in the body. Treatment depends on the specific cell type of the cancer, level of progression and status of the individual patient.

Supplier: Biotium

Actin is a major component of the cytoskeleton and is present in most cell types. This MAb is highly specific to actin from smooth muscles. Its epitope lies in the first four N-terminal amino acids. This MAb does not stain cardiac or skeletal muscle; however, it does stain myofibroblasts and myoepithelial cells. This antibody could be used together with anti-muscle specific actin and myogenin in making a diagnosis of smooth muscle and skeletal muscle tumors. In most cases of rhabdomyosarcoma, this antibody yields negative results whereas anti-muscle specific actin and myogenin are positive. Leiomyosarcomas are positive only with anti-muscle specific actin and anti-smooth muscle actin and are negative with anti-myogenin.

Supplier: Biotium

The epitope of this MAb maps in the C-terminus of PTH, a hormone produced by the parathyroid gland that regulates the concentration of calcium and phosphorus in extracellular fluid. This hormone elevates blood Ca2 levels by dissolving the salts in bone and preventing their renal excretion.It is produced in the parathyroid gland as an 84 amino acid single chain polypeptide. It can also be secreted as N-terminal truncated fragments or C-terminal fragments after intracellular degradation, as in case of hypercalcemia. Defects in this gene are a cause of familial isolated hypoparathyroidism (FIH); also called autosomal dominant hypoparathyroidism or autosomal dominant hypocalcemia. FIH is characterized by hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia due to inadequate secretion of parathyroid hormone. Symptoms are seizures, tetany and cramps. FIH exist both as autosomal dominant and recessive forms of hypoparathyroidism.

Supplier: Biotium

Thyroglobulin is a 660 kDa dimeric pre-protein with mutiple glycosylation sites. It is produced by and processed within the thyroid gland to produce the hormone thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Prior to forming dimers, thyroglobulin monomers undergo conformational maturation in the endoplasmic reticulation. The vast majority of follicular carcinomas of the thyroid will give positive immunoreactivity for anti-thyroglobulin even though sometimes only focally. Poorly differentiated carcinomas of the thyroid are frequently anti-thyroglobulin negative. Adenocarcinomas of other-than-thyroid origin do not react with this antibody. This antibody is useful in identification of thyroid carcinoma of the papillary and follicular types. Presence of thyroglobulin in metastatic lesions establishes the thyroid origin of tumor. Anti-thyroglobulin, combined with anti-calcitonin, can identify medullary carcinomas of the thyroid. Furthermore, anti-thyroglobulin, combined with anti-TTF1, can be a reliable marker to differentiate between primary thyroid and lung neoplasms.

Supplier: Biotium

Thyroglobulin is a 660 kDa dimeric pre-protein with mutiple glycosylation sites. It is produced by and processed within the thyroid gland to produce the hormone thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Prior to forming dimers, thyroglobulin monomers undergo conformational maturation in the endoplasmic reticulation. The vast majority of follicular carcinomas of the thyroid will give positive immunoreactivity for anti-thyroglobulin even though sometimes only focally. Poorly differentiated carcinomas of the thyroid are frequently anti-thyroglobulin negative. Adenocarcinomas of other-than-thyroid origin do not react with this antibody. This antibody is useful in identification of thyroid carcinoma of the papillary and follicular types. Presence of thyroglobulin in metastatic lesions establishes the thyroid origin of tumor. Anti-thyroglobulin, combined with anti-calcitonin, can identify medullary carcinomas of the thyroid. Furthermore, anti-thyroglobulin, combined with anti-TTF1, can be a reliable marker to differentiate between primary thyroid and lung neoplasms.

Supplier: Biotium

The epitope of this MAb maps in the C-terminus of PTH, a hormone produced by the parathyroid gland that regulates the concentration of calcium and phosphorus in extracellular fluid. This hormone elevates blood Ca2 levels by dissolving the salts in bone and preventing their renal excretion.It is produced in the parathyroid gland as an 84 amino acid single chain polypeptide. It can also be secreted as N-terminal truncated fragments or C-terminal fragments after intracellular degradation, as in case of hypercalcemia. Defects in this gene are a cause of familial isolated hypoparathyroidism (FIH); also called autosomal dominant hypoparathyroidism or autosomal dominant hypocalcemia. FIH is characterized by hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia due to inadequate secretion of parathyroid hormone. Symptoms are seizures, tetany and cramps. FIH exist both as autosomal dominant and recessive forms of hypoparathyroidism.

Supplier: Biotium

Recognizes an oncofetal antigen of 220 kDa, identified as a tumor-associated glycoprotein (TAG-72) with properties of a mucin. The majority of human adenocarcinomas including colorectal, pancreatic, gastric, ovarian, endometrial, mammary, and non-small cell lung cancer display some cell populations that are positive for TAG72. About 60% of carcinoma patients express TAG72 in their sera. TAG72 is reportedly useful in distinguishing pulmonary adenocarcinomas from pleural mesotheliomas.