28231 Risultati per: "Biotium"

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Cytokeratin 8 (CK8) belongs to the type II (or B or basic) subfamily of high molecular weight cytokeratins and exists in combination with cytokeratin 18 (CK18). CK8 is primarily found in the non-squamous epithelia and is present in majority of adenocarcinomas and ductal carcinomas. It is absent in squamous cell carcinomas. Hepatocellular carcinomas are defined by the use of antibodies that recognize only cytokeratin 8 and 18. CK8 exists on several types of normal and neoplastic epithelia, including many ductal and glandular epithelia such as colon, stomach, small intestine, trachea, and esophagus as well as in transitional epithelium. Anti-CK8 does not react with skeletal muscle or nerve cells. Epithelioid sarcoma, chordoma, and adamantinoma show strong positivity corresponding to that of simple epithelia (with antibodies against CK8, CK18 and CK19). Reportedly, anti-CK8 is useful for the differentiation of lobular (ring-like, perinuclear) from ductal (peripheral-predominant) carcinoma of the breast.

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This MAb recognizes basic (Type II or HMW) cytokeratins, which include 67 kDa (CK1); 64 kDa (CK3); 59 kDa (CK4); 58 kDa (CK5); 56 kDa (CK6); 52 kDa (CK8). Twenty human keratins are resolved with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis into acidic (pI 6.0) subfamilies. The acidic keratins have molecular weights (MW) of 56.5, 55, 51, 50, 50 , 48, 46, 45, and 40 kDa. Many studies have shown the usefulness of keratins as markers in cancer research and tumor diagnosis.

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Cyclins, regulatory subunits, which associate with kinases, control many of the important steps in cell cycle progression. The Cdc2 protein kinase (p34Cdc2) exhibits protein kinase activity in vitro and exists in a complex with both cyclin B and a protein homologous to p13SUC1. Cdc2 kinase is the active subunit of the M phase promoting factor (MPF) and the M phase-specific Histone H1 kinase. The p34Cdc2/cyclin B complex is required for the G2 to M transition. An additional cell cycle-dependent protein kinase, termed p55cdc, exhibits a high degree of homology with the S. cerevisiae proteins Cdc20 and Cdc4. The p55cdc transcript is readily detectable in a variety of cultured cell lines in growth phase, but disappears when cell growth is chemically arrested.

Supplier: Biotium

Cyclins, regulatory subunits, which associate with kinases, control many of the important steps in cell cycle progression. The Cdc2 protein kinase (p34Cdc2) exhibits protein kinase activity in vitro and exists in a complex with both cyclin B and a protein homologous to p13SUC1. Cdc2 kinase is the active subunit of the M phase promoting factor (MPF) and the M phase-specific Histone H1 kinase. The p34Cdc2/cyclin B complex is required for the G2 to M transition. An additional cell cycle-dependent protein kinase, termed p55cdc, exhibits a high degree of homology with the S. cerevisiae proteins Cdc20 and Cdc4. The p55cdc transcript is readily detectable in a variety of cultured cell lines in growth phase, but disappears when cell growth is chemically arrested.

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Recognizes a protein of 30-33 kDa, which is identified as CD20 (Workshop V; Code CD20.4). It is a non-Ig differentiation antigen of B-cells and its expression is restricted to normal and neoplastic B-cells, being absent from all other leukocytes and tissues. CD20 is expressed by pre B-cells and persists during all stages of B-cell maturation but is lost upon terminal differentiation into plasma cells. The protein passes through the membrane 4 times with both ends in cytoplasm and exposes one short and one longer loop to the external environment. CD20 is not glycosylated in resting B-cells and its cytoplasmic domains are differentially phosphorylated upon activation. It acts as calcium channel involved in B cell activation and cell cycle progression.

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Recognizes a protein of 40 kDa, identified as CD7 (Workshop IV; Code T155). CD7 is a member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily. Its N-terminal amino acids 1-107 are highly homologous to Ig kappa-L chains whereas the carboxyl-terminal region of the extracellular domain is proline-rich and has been postulated to form a stalk from which the Ig domain projects. CD7 is expressed on the majority of immature and mature T-lymphocytes, and T cell leukemia. It is also found on natural killer cells, a small subpopulation of normal B cells and on malignant B cells. Cross-linking surface CD7 positively modulates T cell and NK cell activity as measured by calcium fluxes, expression of adhesion molecules, cytokine secretion and proliferation. CD7 associates directly with phosphoinositol 3'-kinase. CD7 ligation induces production of D-3 phosphoinositides and tyrosine phosphorylation.

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This antibody recognizes a protein of about 60 kDa, which is identified as human UGT1A9. It does not cross-react with the other UGT1A isoforms including UGT1A7, UGT1A8, and UGT1A10 and shows a high degree of specificity. UGT1A9 is a UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, an enzyme of the glucuronidation pathway that transforms small lipophilic molecules, such as steroids, bilirubin, hormones, and drugs, into water-soluble, excretable metabolites. This MAb binds to human hepatocytes and the majority of human hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC s). In frozen sections, it stains hepatic cells and may be used as a marker of the liver. This MAb also binds to cell preparations of hepatocellular carcinoma biopsies or cell lines.

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Mucin 5AC glycoprotein (MUC5AC) is a 641 kDa glycoprotein belonging to the superfamily of mucins. Mucins are high molecular weight glycoproteins produced by epithelial cells and can be divided into two families; secretory mucins and membrane bound mucins. MUC5AC is a mucus-forming secreted mucin that is found in normal gastric and tracheo-bronchial mucosa, but absent from normal colon. MUC5AC expression is present in primary ovarian mucinous cancer but usually absent in colorectal adenocarcinoma, thus showing an expression pattern opposite to MUC2. Together with a panel of antibodies, Anti-MUC5AC may be useful for differential identification of primary mucinous ovarian tumors from colon adenocarcinoma metastatic to the ovary. MUC5AC antibodies may also be useful for identification of intestinal metaplasia as well as in the identification of pancreatic carcinoma and pre-cancerous changes vs. normal pancreas.

Supplier: Biotium

Mucin 5AC glycoprotein (MUC5AC) is a 641 kDa glycoprotein belonging to the superfamily of mucins. Mucins are high molecular weight glycoproteins produced by epithelial cells and can be divided into two families; secretory mucins and membrane bound mucins. MUC5AC is a mucus-forming secreted mucin that is found in normal gastric and tracheo-bronchial mucosa, but absent from normal colon. MUC5AC expression is present in primary ovarian mucinous cancer but usually absent in colorectal adenocarcinoma, thus showing an expression pattern opposite to MUC2. Together with a panel of antibodies, Anti-MUC5AC may be useful for differential identification of primary mucinous ovarian tumors from colon adenocarcinoma metastatic to the ovary. MUC5AC antibodies may also be useful for identification of intestinal metaplasia as well as in the identification of pancreatic carcinoma and pre-cancerous changes vs. normal pancreas.

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This antibody recognizes a 45 kDa protein, which is identified as isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1). It belongs to the isocitrate and isopropylmalate dehydrogenases family. IDH1 catalyzes the third step of the citric acid cycle, which involves the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate, formingalpha-ketoglutarate and CO2 in a two-step reaction. The first step involves the oxidation of isocitrate to the intermediate oxalosuccinate, while the second step involves the production ofalpha-ketoglutarate. During this process, either NADH or NADPH is produced along with CO2. Recently, an inactivating mutation of IDH1 has been implicated in glioblastoma. IDH1 appears to function as a tumor suppressor that, when mutationally inactivated, contributes to tumorigenesis in part through induction of the HIF-1 pathway.

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HLA-B belongs to the HLA class I heavy chain paralogues. This class I molecule is a heterodimer consisting of a heavy chain and a light chain (beta-2 microglobulin). The heavy chain is anchored in the membrane. Class I molecules play a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from the endoplasmic reticulum lumen. They are expressed in nearly all cells. The heavy chain is approximately 45 kDa and its gene contains 8 exons. Exon 1 encodes the leader peptide, exon 2 and 3 encode the alpha1 and alpha2 domains, which both bind the peptide, exon 4 encodes the alpha3 domain, exon 5 encodes the transmembrane region and exons 6 and 7 encode the cytoplasmic tail. Polymorphisms within exon 2 and exon 3 are responsible for the peptide binding specificity of each class one molecule. Typing for these polymorphisms is routinely done for bone marrow and kidney transplantation. Hundreds of HLA-B alleles have been described.

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JC-1 dye is used for fluorescence-based measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential changes in cells, a key measure of cell viability.

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The family of EF-hand type Ca2 -binding proteins includes calbindin, S-100 alpha and beta, calgranulins, B and C, and the parvalbumin family members, including parvalbumin alpha and parvalbumin beta. The S-100 protein is involved in the regulation of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S-100 protein may function in the activation of Ca2 induced Ca2 release, inhibition of microtubule assembly and inhibition of protein kinase C mediated phosphorylation. Two S-100 subunits, sharing 60% sequence identity, have been described as S-100 alpha chain and S-100 beta chain. Three S-100 dimeric forms have been characterized, differing in their subunit composition of two alpha chains, two beta chains or one alpha and one beta chain. S-100 localizes to the cytoplasm and nuclei of astrocytes, Schwann s cells, ependymomas and astrogliomas. S-100 is also detected in almost all benign naevi, malignant melanocytic tumours and in Langerhans cells in the skin. Calbindin, S-100 proteins and parvalbumin proteins are each expressed in neural tissues. In addition, S-100 alpha and beta are present in a variety of other tissues and calbindin is present in intestine and kidney.

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This MAb stains the cytoplasm of macrophages and histiocytes in hematopoietic organs, Kupffer's cells of the liver and Langerhan's cells of the skin. It also stains the mantle zone B-lymphocytes of the lymph node and spleen, spermatogonia, and chief cells of the stomach. S100A9 is expressed by macrophages in acutely inflamed tissues and in chronic inflammation. It is detected in peripheral blood leukocytes, in neutrophils and granulocytes. It is present at sites of vascular inflammation. S100A9 is also expressed in epithelial cells constitutively or induced during dermatoses. S100A9 is a Calcium-binding protein. It has antimicrobial activity towards bacteria and fungi. It is important for resistance to invasion by pathogenic bacteria. It up-regulates transcription of genes that are under the control of NF-kappa-B. S100A9 plays a role in the development of endotoxic shock in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). It promotes tubulin polymerization when unphosphorylated. It also promotes phagocyte migration and infiltration of granulocytes at sites of wounding. It plays a role as a pro-inflammatory mediator in acute and chronic inflammation and up-regulates the release of IL8 and cell-surface expression of ICAM1.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb stains the cytoplasm of macrophages and histiocytes in hematopoietic organs, Kupffer's cells of the liver and Langerhan's cells of the skin. It also stains the mantle zone B-lymphocytes of the lymph node and spleen, spermatogonia, and chief cells of the stomach. S100A9 is expressed by macrophages in acutely inflamed tissues and in chronic inflammation. It is detected in peripheral blood leukocytes, in neutrophils and granulocytes. It is present at sites of vascular inflammation. S100A9 is also expressed in epithelial cells constitutively or induced during dermatoses. S100A9 is a Calcium-binding protein. It has antimicrobial activity towards bacteria and fungi. It is important for resistance to invasion by pathogenic bacteria. It up-regulates transcription of genes that are under the control of NF-kappa-B. S100A9 plays a role in the development of endotoxic shock in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). It promotes tubulin polymerization when unphosphorylated. It also promotes phagocyte migration and infiltration of granulocytes at sites of wounding. It plays a role as a pro-inflammatory mediator in acute and chronic inflammation and up-regulates the release of IL8 and cell-surface expression of ICAM1.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb stains the cytoplasm of macrophages and histiocytes in hematopoietic organs, Kupffer's cells of the liver and Langerhan's cells of the skin. It also stains the mantle zone B-lymphocytes of the lymph node and spleen, spermatogonia, and chief cells of the stomach. S100A9 is expressed by macrophages in acutely inflamed tissues and in chronic inflammation. It is detected in peripheral blood leukocytes, in neutrophils and granulocytes. It is present at sites of vascular inflammation. S100A9 is also expressed in epithelial cells constitutively or induced during dermatoses. S100A9 is a Calcium-binding protein. It has antimicrobial activity towards bacteria and fungi. It is important for resistance to invasion by pathogenic bacteria. It up-regulates transcription of genes that are under the control of NF-kappa-B. S100A9 plays a role in the development of endotoxic shock in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). It promotes tubulin polymerization when unphosphorylated. It also promotes phagocyte migration and infiltration of granulocytes at sites of wounding. It plays a role as a pro-inflammatory mediator in acute and chronic inflammation and up-regulates the release of IL8 and cell-surface expression of ICAM1.

Supplier: Biotium

This antibody recognizes a protein of 35 kDa, which is identified as tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAcP). It exists as two isoforms (5a and 5b). This MAb reacts with both the isoforms. Serum TRAcP 5a is secreted by macrophages and dendritic cells and increased in many patients of rheumatoid arthritis.Serum TRAcP 5b is produced from osteoclasts and elevated during bone resorption. TRAcP is an iron containing glycoprotein, which catalyzes the conversion of orthophosphoric monoester to alcohol and orthophosphate. It is the most basic of the acid phosphatases and is the only form not inhibited by L( )-tartrate. TRAcP is synthesized as a latent proenzyme and is activated by proteolytic cleavage and reduction. Normally, TRAcP is highly expressed by osteoclasts, activated macrophages, neurons and endometrium during pregnancy. Expression of TRAcP is increased in certain pathological conditions such as Leukemic Reticuloendotheliosis (Hairy Cell Leukemia), Gaucher's Disease, HIV-induced Encephalopathy, Osteoclastoma and in osteoporosis and metabolic bone diseases. Anti-TRAcP antibody labels the cells of Hairy Cell Leukemia (HCL) with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity. Other cells stained with this antibody are tissue macrophages and osteoclasts.

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This antibody recognizes a protein of about 60 kDa, which is identified as human UGT1A9. It does not cross-react with the other UGT1A isoforms including UGT1A7, UGT1A8, and UGT1A10 and shows a high degree of specificity. UGT1A9 is a UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, an enzyme of the glucuronidation pathway that transforms small lipophilic molecules, such as steroids, bilirubin, hormones, and drugs, into water-soluble, excretable metabolites. This MAb binds to human hepatocytes and the majority of human hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC s). In frozen sections, it stains hepatic cells and may be used as a marker of the liver. This MAb also binds to cell preparations of hepatocellular carcinoma biopsies or cell lines.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb recognizes a protein of 170 kDa, identified as EGFR. EGFR is type I receptor tyrosine kinase with sequence homology to erbB-1, -2, -3 -4 or HER-1, -2, -3 -4. It binds to Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), Transforming Growth Factor-a (TGF-a), Heparin-binding EGF (HB-EGF), amphiregulin, βcellulin and epiregulin. EGFR is overexpressed in tumors of breast, brain, bladder, lung, gastric, head & neck, esophagus, cervix, vulva, ovary, and endometrium. It is predominantly present in squamous cell carcinomas.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb recognizes a protein of 170 kDa, identified as EGFR. EGFR is type I receptor tyrosine kinase with sequence homology to erbB-1, -2, -3 -4 or HER-1, -2, -3 -4. It binds to Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), Transforming Growth Factor-a (TGF-a), Heparin-binding EGF (HB-EGF), amphiregulin, βcellulin and epiregulin. EGFR is overexpressed in tumors of breast, brain, bladder, lung, gastric, head & neck, esophagus, cervix, vulva, ovary, and endometrium. It is predominantly present in squamous cell carcinomas.

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Anti-EGFR Mouse Monoclonal Antibody (APC) [clone: 31G7]

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This MAb recognizes proteins of 19-22 kDa (reducing) and 38 kDa-44 kDa (non-reducing), identified as various isoforms of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor or Vascular Permeability Factor (VEGF/VPF). It is highly specific to VEGF, which is a homodimeric, disulfide-linked glycoprotein with a close homology to platelet derived growth factor (PDGF). There are multiple isoforms of VEGF containing 206-, 189-, 165-, and 121-amino acid residues. The smaller two isoforms, VEGF165 and VEGF121, are secreted proteins and act as diffusible agents, whereas the larger two remain cell associated. VEGF/VPF plays an important role in angiogenesis, which promotes tumor progression and metastasis.

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This antibody recognizes a 66 kDa protein, which is identified as Tripartite motif-containing protein 29 (TRIM29). It interacts with the intermediate filament protein vimentin, a substrate for the PKC family of protein kinases, and with hPKCI-1, an inhibitor of the PKCs. TRIM29 protein contains both zinc finger and leucine zipper motifs, suggesting that the it may form homodimers and possibly associate with DNA. High expression of TRIM29 has been reported in gastric cancer and pancreatic cancer, and correlates with enhanced tumor growth and lymph node metastasis. TRIM29 is also able to distinguish lung squamous cell carcinoma from lung adenocarcinoma with ~90% positive accuracy, when used in a panel with TTF-1, p63, CK5/6, and Napsin-A antibodies.

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This antibody recognizes an intermediate filament protein (IFP) of 55 kDa, which is identified as cytokeratin 7. This MAb is highly specific to cytokeratin 7 and shows no cross-reaction with other IFPs. Cytokeratin 7 is a basic cytokeratin, which is found in most glandular and transitional epithelia but not in the stratified squamous epithelia. Keratin 7 is expressed in the epithelial cells of ovary, lung, and breast but not of colon, prostate, or gastrointestinal tract. This MAb is highly useful in distinguishing ovarian carcinomas (keratin 7 ) from colon carcinomas (keratin 7-).

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb recognizes proteins of 19-22 kDa (reducing) and 38 kDa-44 kDa (non-reducing), identified as various isoforms of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor or Vascular Permeability Factor (VEGF/VPF). It is highly specific to VEGF, which is a homodimeric, disulfide-linked glycoprotein with a close homology to platelet derived growth factor (PDGF). There are multiple isoforms of VEGF containing 206-, 189-, 165-, and 121-amino acid residues. The smaller two isoforms, VEGF165 and VEGF121, are secreted proteins and act as diffusible agents, whereas the larger two remain cell associated. VEGF/VPF plays an important role in angiogenesis, which promotes tumor progression and metastasis.

Supplier: Biotium

This antibody recognizes an intermediate filament protein (IFP) of 55 kDa, which is identified as cytokeratin 7. This MAb is highly specific to cytokeratin 7 and shows no cross-reaction with other IFPs. Cytokeratin 7 is a basic cytokeratin, which is found in most glandular and transitional epithelia but not in the stratified squamous epithelia. Keratin 7 is expressed in the epithelial cells of ovary, lung, and breast but not of colon, prostate, or gastrointestinal tract. This MAb is highly useful in distinguishing ovarian carcinomas (keratin 7 ) from colon carcinomas (keratin 7-).

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This antibody recognizes a protein of ~35 kDa, identified as CD74. It is a type II transmembrane protein which binds to the peptide binding groove of newly synthesized MHC class II alpha/beta heterodimers and prevents their premature association with endogenous polypeptides. CD74 is expressed primarily by antigen presenting cells, such as B-lymphocytes (from before the pre-B cell stage to before the plasma cell stage), macrophages, and monocytes, and many epithelial cells. Anti-CD74 stains predominantly germinal center lymphocytes and B-cell lymphomas, but rarely T-cell lymphomas. Anti-CD74 has been shown to be useful in differentiating atypical fibroxanthoma (-) from malignant fibrous histiocytoma ( ).

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This MAb recognizes the 56.5 kDa (CK10); 50 kDa (CK14); 50 kDa (CK15); 48 kDa (CK16); 40 kDa (CK19) keratins of the acidic (Type I or LMW) subfamily. Twenty human keratins are resolved with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis into acidic (pI 6.0) subfamilies. The acidic keratins have molecular weights (MW) of 56.5, 55, 51, 50, 50 , 48, 46, 45, and 40 kDa. Many studies have shown the usefulness of keratins as markers in cancer research and tumor diagnosis.

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This antibody recognizes a protein of 40 kDa, identified as cytokeratin-19 (CK19), which is expressed in sweat gland, mammary gland ductal and secretory cells, bile ducts, gastrointestinal tract, bladder urothelium, oral epithelia, esophagus, and ectocervical epithelium. Anti-CK19 reacts with a wide variety of epithelial malignancies including adenocarcinomas of the colon, stomach, pancreas, biliary tract, liver, and breast. Perhaps the most useful application is the identification of thyroid carcinoma of the papillary type, although 50%-60% of follicular carcinomas are also labeled. Anti-CK19 is a useful marker for detection of tumor cells in lymph nodes, peripheral blood, bone marrow and breast cancer.

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This antibody recognizes proteins of 80-200 kDa, identified as different members of CEA family. CEA is synthesized during development in the fetal gut and is re-expressed in increased amounts in intestinal carcinomas and several other tumors. This MAb does not react with nonspecific cross-reacting antigen (NCA) and with human polymorphonuclear leucocytes. It shows no reaction with a variety of normal tissues and is suitable for staining of formalin/paraffin tissues. CEA is not found in benign glands, stroma, or malignant prostatic cells. Antibody to CEA is useful in detecting early foci of gastric carcinoma and in distinguishing pulmonary adenocarcinomas (60-70% are CEA ) from pleural mesotheliomas (rarely or weakly CEA ). Anti-CEA positivity is seen in adenocarcinomas from the lung, colon, stomach, esophagus, pancreas, gallbadder, urachus, salivary gland, ovary, and endocervix.