652 Results for: "Shenandoah Biotechnology"

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Macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) is a hematopoietic growth factor that is widely produced by a variety of cells. M-CSF stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into monocyte and macrophage cell types.

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Growth regulated protein beta (GRO-β), also known as CXCL2, is a chemokine that is secreted by macrophages, neutrophils, and monocytes at sites of inflammation. GRO-β functions as a chemoattractant for leukocytes and hematopoietic stem cells. GRO-β activity is mediated through binding the G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor CXCR2.

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Interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10), or CXCL10, is a chemokine secreted by monocytes, endothelial cells and fibroblasts in response to interferon gamma (IFN-ɣ). IP-10 functions as a chemoattractant for activated T cells, monocytes, dendritic, and natural killer (NK) cells that express the G protein-coupled receptor CXCR3. IP-10 is an important factor in autoimmune diseases such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, and Type 1 diabetes mellitus.

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Sonic hedgehog (SHH) is a member of a small group of hedgehog secreted proteins that are essential for development in both vertebrates and invertebrates. There are three mammalian hedgehog homologues, sonic, desert, and indian, that signal via the Patched-1 and Patched-2 receptors. SHH is a morphogen that is essential during vertebrate organogenesis and adult stem cell division.

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Epstein-Barr virus induced gene 3 (EBI3) is a secreted glycoprotein belonging to the hematopoietin receptor family related to the p40 subunit of interleukin 12 (IL-12). EBI3 expression is induced in B-lymphocytes in response to epstein-barr virus infection.  EBI3 forms heterodimers with p28 to form interleukin 27 (IL-27), and with p35 to form interleukin 35 (IL-35).  Both IL-27 and IL-35 have anti-inflammatory and regulatory activity.

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IL-15 is a widely expressed proinflammatory cytokine that is structurally and functionally related to IL-2.

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Cytokines for polarising mouse T cells into Th17 cells. T helper 17 cells (Th17) are a distinct type of T cell subset that are thought to be important in immunity against microbes at the epitilial and mucosal interfaces of the body. Disruption of the regular function or balance of Th17 cells is thought to be involved in several autoimmune diseases and/or opportunistic infections. Th17 cells are characterised by their ability to produce IL-17, IL-22 and IL-21. Th17 cells can be cultured from naive CD4+ T cells by culturing them in the presence of anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 stimulation with recombinant IL-6 and recombinant TGF-β 1. In some cases neutralising antibodies against IL-12, IL-4 and IFNγ are used along with recombinat cytokines IL-1 β, IL-21 and/or IL-23.

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Cytokines for expansion and cell culture of mouse hematopoietic stem cells to progenitor cells. Hematopoietic stem cells are self renewing pluripotent cells often characterized by the expression of CD34. Studies have shown that decreased expression of CD34 tends to correlate with the decreased self renewal properties and pluripotent potential. Culturing CD34+ cells in a cytokine mixture of SCF, FLT-3 Ligand, IL-6 and IL-3 for short time periods allows rapid expansion of immature and more mature hematopoietic progenitor cells in cord blood or bone marrow preparations. If the goal is to only expand the most immature progenitor and stem cells, it is recommended that a combination of TPO, SCF and FLT-3 Ligand are used (Catalog: PB-500-04). Either cytokine combination can also be supplemented with other cytokines to promote specific lineages.

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Thrombopoietin (TPO) is a growth factor that is produced by liver and kidney tissues. TPO binds the TPO receptor (CD110) to promote megakaryocyte maturation, differentiation, and the production of platelets. Human TPO (CHO) contains a C-terminal 6x-polyhistidine (6xHis) tag.

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Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) exerts its effects by binding to the EGF Receptor, a protein kinase that initiates the intracellular signaling. EGF is widely distributed in tissues like the kidney, cerebrum, prostate, and salivary glands. EGF acts as a potent factor in promoting cell division, and the phosphorylated receptor recruit adapter proteins like GRB2, which then activate complex downstream signaling cascades.

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GM-CSF is a hematopoietic growth factor with the ability to form colonies of granulocytes and macrophages. Enhances the number of circulating white blood cells and function of neutrophils and monocytes. Regulates multiple functions via transcription factors in the differentiated cells, including cell survival, proliferation, and maturation. Generates in vitro murine and human DC populations from bone marrow precursors and blood monocytes, respectively.

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IL-4 is an immunomodulatory cytokine that stimulates B cell proliferation and activates eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells.

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IL-3 is a species-specific cytokine and pleiotropic growth factor that promotes the survival, differentiation, and proliferation of committed progenitor cells of the megakaryocyte, granulocyte-macrophage, erythroid, eosinophil, basophil, and mast cell lineages.

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BalanCD™ CHO Feed 3 is a chemically-defined, animal component-free feed medium designed to increase process yields of antibodies and recombinant proteins in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells in fed-batch mode.

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Stromal cell-derived factor-1 beta (SDF-1 β), also called CXCL12b, is one of two SDF-1 splice variants made by a wide variety of cells upon stimulation by inflammatory cytokines such as TNF, IL-1, and LPS. SDF-1 β signals through the G protein-coupled receptor CXCR4 to recruit activated leukocytes.

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Cytokines for expansion and cell culture of mouse hematopoietic stem cells. Hematopoietic stem cells are self renewing pluripotent cells often characterized by the expression of CD34. Studies have shown that decreased expression of CD34 tends to correlate with decreased self renewal properties and pluripotent potential. Culturing CD34+ cells in a cytokine mixture of TPO, SCF, and FLT-3 Ligand for short time periods allows CD34+ cells to proliferate without decreasing CD34 expression, thus retaining their stem cell properties.

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Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF-11), also known as bone morphogenetic protein 11 (BMP-11), is a regulator of cell growth and differentiation during muscular and neural development. GDF-11 binds the transforming growth factor-beta receptors ALK4, ALK5, and ALK7 to activate SMAD signaling. In adults, exogenous GDF-11 promotes cardiomyocyte regeneration to reverse age-related cardiac hypertrophy.

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Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a heparin-binding growth factor that has mitogenic effects on fibroblast, epithelial, and endothelial cells. PTN is made by many tissues, but is predominantly secreted by nervous tissue during development. PTN induces neurite outgrowth and is involved in tumor growth and metastasis.

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Interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1α) is expressed by epithelial cells, activated macrophages, neutrophils, and endothelial cells to regulate immune responses. IL-1α signals through the IL-1 receptor, type 1 (IL-1R1) to activate the myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MYD88) signaling pathway, which contains the cytoplasmic Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain adapter. IL-1α and the independently regulated IL-1β protein have overlapping proinflammatory activities to induce adhesion molecule expression on epithelial cells, control fever induction, initiate rheumatoid arthritis, and promote septic shock.

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Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages and type 2 T helper (Th2) cells. IL-10 inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon gamma (IFN-ƴ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 3 (IL-3), interleukin 4 (IL-4), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), made by macrophages and regulatory T cells. IL-10 also suppresses antigen presentation on antigen presenting cells, and enhances the survival, proliferation, and antibody production of B cells. Mouse IL-10 is not active on human cells.

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Epithelial-derived neutrophil-activating peptide 78 (ENA 78), also known as CXCL5, is a chemokine that recruits neutrophils, promotes angiogenesis.

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Interleukin 17A (IL-17A), also known as CTLA-8, is a member of the IL-17 family of proteins. IL-17A is a proinflammatory cytokine that is secreted by activated CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. IL-17A acts through its receptor, IL-17R, to promote increased cytokine and chemokine secretion. In turn, the cytokines and chemokines mediate the immunoregulatory function of IL-17A by promoting the proliferation, maturation, and chemoattraction of neutrophils to inflammatory sites.  Elevated levels of IL-17A are associated with rheumatoid arthritis, airway inflammation, allograft rejection, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, cancer, and multiple sclerosis.  Human, mouse, and rat IL-17A show activity on mouse cells.  

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Fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF-9) is a mitogen and survival factor for nerve and mesenchymal cells. FGF-9 functions as an autocrine and paracrine factor to support the growth and survival of motor neurons and prostate tissue. FGF-9 expression in the gonad is also necessary for sex determination.

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Interleukin 31 (IL-31) is an immunoregulatory cytokine that is expressed by activated type 2 T helper (Th2) cells. IL-31 signals through a heterodimer receptor consisting of the IL-31 Receptor A (IL-31RA) and the oncostatin M receptor (OSMR), which are expressed on monocytes, epithelial cells, and keratinocytes. IL-31 promotes allergic reactions and inflammatory skin diseases.

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Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is produced by monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs).  IL-1β signals through the IL-1 receptor, type 1 (IL-1R1) to activate the myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MYD88) signaling pathway, which contains the cytoplasmic Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain adapter.

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Interleukin 4 (IL-4) is an immunomodulatory cytokine that functions to induce naïve helper T cells to differentiate into type 2 T helper (Th2) cells. Th2 cells subsequently produce more IL-4 in a positive feedback loop. IL-4 also promotes immunoglobulin IgG to IgE isotype switching on B cells. IL-4 binds the IL-4Rα receptor to activate STAT6 signaling.

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Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a heparin-binding growth factor that has mitogenic effects on fibroblast, epithelial, and endothelial cells. PTN is made by many tissues, but is predominantly secreted by nervous tissue during development. PTN induces neurite outgrowth and is involved in tumor growth and metastasis.

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Interleukin 33 (IL-33) is a member of the IL-1 cytokine family and is constitutively expressed in smooth muscle and airway epithelial cells. IL-33 signals through the interleukin 1 receptor-like 1 (IL-1R1) and interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein (IL1RAP) receptors to ativate NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. IL-33 functions to induce type 2 cytokine production in polarized Type 2 helper T (Th2) cells.

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Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is hematopoietic growth factor produced by endothelial cells, monocytes, fibroblasts, and T cells. GM-CSF stimulates the production of neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages, and mixed granulocyte-macrophage colonies from bone marrow cells. GM-CSF promotes immune system development and regulates neutrophil function during infection. Human and mouse GM-CSF show no cross-reactivity.

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Follistatin is an autocrine, activin-binding protein that is ubiquitously expressed with highest expression levels being in the ovary and skin. Follistatin negatively regulates the signaling of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) family members, such as activin, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), myostatin, growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF-11), and TGF-β1. Follistatin functions as an antagonist by binding TGF-β family members to block interaction with their signaling receptors. Follistatin also inhibits the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary.