Supplier: Biotium

Recognizes a 53 kDa protein, which is identified as p53 suppressor gene product. It reacts with the mutant as well as the wild form of p53 under denaturing and non-denaturing conditions. Its epitope maps within the N-terminus (aa 20-25) of p53 oncoprotein. p53 is a tumor suppressor gene expressed in a wide variety of tissue types and is involved in regulating cell growth, replication, and apoptosis. It binds to MDM2, SV40 T antigen and human papilloma virus E6 protein. Positive nuclear staining with p53 antibody has been reported to be a negative prognostic factor in breast carcinoma, lung carcinoma, colorectal, and urothelial carcinoma. Anti-p53 positivity has also been used to differentiate uterine serous carcinoma from endometrioid carcinoma as well as to detect intratubular germ cell neoplasia. Mutations involving p53 are found in a wide variety of malignant tumors, including breast, ovarian, bladder, colon, lung, and melanoma.

Supplier: Biotium

The epitope of this MAb maps in the C-terminus of PTH, a hormone produced by the parathyroid gland that regulates the concentration of calcium and phosphorus in extracellular fluid. This hormone elevates blood Ca2 levels by dissolving the salts in bone and preventing their renal excretion.It is produced in the parathyroid gland as an 84 amino acid single chain polypeptide. It can also be secreted as N-terminal truncated fragments or C-terminal fragments after intracellular degradation, as in case of hypercalcemia. Defects in this gene are a cause of familial isolated hypoparathyroidism (FIH); also called autosomal dominant hypoparathyroidism or autosomal dominant hypocalcemia. FIH is characterized by hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia due to inadequate secretion of parathyroid hormone. Symptoms are seizures, tetany and cramps. FIH exist both as autosomal dominant and recessive forms of hypoparathyroidism.

Supplier: Biotium

The c-Myc protein is a transcription factor, which is encoded by the c-Myc gene on human chromosome 8q24. c-Myc is commonly activated in a variety of tumor cells and plays an important role in cellular proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and cell cycle progression. The phosphorylation of c-Myc has been investigated and previous studies have suggested a functional association between phosphorylation at Thr58/Ser62 by glycogen synthase kinase 3, cyclin dependent kinase, ERK2 and C-Jun N terminal Kinase (JNK) in cell proliferation and cell cycle regulation. Studies also have shown that c-Myc is essential for tumor cell development in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis that distribute blood throughout the cells, and which brought extensive attention in the development of new therapeutic approach for cancer treatment.

Supplier: Biotium

Recognizes a protein of 45 kDa, identified as SHBG. It functions as an androgen transport protein, but may also be involved in receptor-mediated processes. Each dimer binds one molecule of steroid. It is specific for 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone, testosterone, and 17-beta-estradiol. SHBG regulates the plasma metabolic clearance rate of steroid hormones by controlling their plasma concentration. In testis, it is synthesized by the Sertoli cells, secreted into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule and transported to the epididymis.

Supplier: Biotium

Chromogranin A is present in neuroendocrine cells throughout the body, including the neuroendocrine cells of the large and small intestine, adrenal medulla and pancreatic islets. It is an excellent marker for carcinoid tumors, pheochromocytomas, paragangliomas, and other neuroendocrine tumors. Co-expression of chromogranin A and neuron specific enolase (NSE) is common in neuroendocrine neoplasms. Reportedly, co-expression of certain keratins and chromogranin indicates neuroendocrine lineage. The presence of strong anti-chromogranin staining and absence of anti-keratin staining should raise the possibility of paraganglioma. The co-expression of chromogranin and NSE is typical of neuroendocrine neoplasms. Most pituitary adenomas and prolactinomas readily express chromogranin.

Supplier: Biotium

Chromogranin A is present in neuroendocrine cells throughout the body, including the neuroendocrine cells of the large and small intestine, adrenal medulla and pancreatic islets. It is an excellent marker for carcinoid tumors, pheochromocytomas, paragangliomas, and other neuroendocrine tumors. Co-expression of chromogranin A and neuron specific enolase (NSE) is common in neuroendocrine neoplasms. Reportedly, co-expression of certain keratins and chromogranin indicates neuroendocrine lineage. The presence of strong anti-chromogranin staining and absence of anti-keratin staining should raise the possibility of paraganglioma. The co-expression of chromogranin and NSE is typical of neuroendocrine neoplasms. Most pituitary adenomas and prolactinomas readily express chromogranin.

Supplier: Biotium

Chromogranin A is present in neuroendocrine cells throughout the body, including the neuroendocrine cells of the large and small intestine, adrenal medulla and pancreatic islets. It is an excellent marker for carcinoid tumors, pheochromocytomas, paragangliomas, and other neuroendocrine tumors. Co-expression of chromogranin A and neuron specific enolase (NSE) is common in neuroendocrine neoplasms. Reportedly, co-expression of certain keratins and chromogranin indicates neuroendocrine lineage. The presence of strong anti-chromogranin staining and absence of anti-keratin staining should raise the possibility of paraganglioma. The co-expression of chromogranin and NSE is typical of neuroendocrine neoplasms. Most pituitary adenomas and prolactinomas readily express chromogranin.

Supplier: Biotium

The c-Myc protein is a transcription factor, which is encoded by the c-Myc gene on human chromosome 8q24. c-Myc is commonly activated in a variety of tumor cells and plays an important role in cellular proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and cell cycle progression. The phosphorylation of c-Myc has been investigated and previous studies have suggested a functional association between phosphorylation at Thr58/Ser62 by glycogen synthase kinase 3, cyclin dependent kinase, ERK2 and C-Jun N terminal Kinase (JNK) in cell proliferation and cell cycle regulation. Studies also have shown that c-Myc is essential for tumor cell development in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis that distribute blood throughout the cells, and which brought extensive attention in the development of new therapeutic approach for cancer treatment.

Supplier: Biotium

MAb 2H11 reacts with a partially defined epitope of human thyroglobulin. This epitope is different form the epitope recognized by MAb 6E1. Thyroglobulin is a 660 kDa dimeric pre-protein with mutiple glycosylation sites. It is produced by and processed within the thyroid gland to produce the hormone thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Prior to forming dimers, thyroglobulin monomers undergo conformational maturation in the endoplasmic reticulation. The vast majority of follicular carcinomas of the thyroid will give positive immunoreactivity for anti-thyroglobulin even though sometimes only focally. Poorly differentiated carcinomas of the thyroid are frequently anti-thyroglobulin negative. Adenocarcinomas of other-than-thyroid origin do not react with this antibody. This antibody is useful in identification of thyroid carcinoma of the papillary and follicular types. Presence of thyroglobulin in metastatic lesions establishes the thyroid origin of tumor. Anti-thyroglobulin, combined with anti-calcitonin, can identify medullary carcinomas of the thyroid. Furthermore, anti-thyroglobulin, combined with anti-TTF1, can be a reliable marker to differentiate between primary thyroid and lung neoplasms.

Supplier: Biotium

The epitope of this MAb maps in between aa 1-34. PTH is a hormone produced by the parathyroid gland that regulates the concentration of calcium and phosphorus in extracellular fluid. This hormone elevates blood Ca2 levels by dissolving the salts in bone and preventing their renal excretion.It is produced in the parathyroid gland as an 84 amino acid single chain polypeptide. It can also be secreted as N-terminal truncated fragments or C-terminal fragments after intracellular degradation, as in case of hypercalcemia. Defects in this gene are a cause of familial isolated hypoparathyroidism (FIH); also called autosomal dominant hypoparathyroidism or autosomal dominant hypocalcemia. FIH is characterized by hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia due to inadequate secretion of parathyroid hormone. Symptoms are seizures, tetany and cramps. FIH exist both as autosomal dominant and recessive forms of hypoparathyroidism.

Supplier: Biotium

PDCD-1 (programmed cell death-1 protein), also designated CD279, is a type I transmembrane receptor and a member of the immunoglobin gene superfamily. It is expressed on activated T-cells, B-cells, and myeloid cells. Anti-PDCD-1 is a marker of angioimmunoblastic lymphoma and suggests a unique cell of origin for this neoplasm. Unlike CD10 and BCL6, PDCD-1 is expressed by few B-cells, so anti-PDCD-1 may be a more specific and useful diagnostic marker in angioimmunoblastic lymphoma. In addition, PDCD-1 expression provides evidence that angioimmunoblastic lymphoma is a neoplasm derived from germinal center-associated T-cells.

Supplier: Biotium

PDCD-1 (programmed cell death-1 protein), also designated CD279, is a type I transmembrane receptor and a member of the immunoglobin gene superfamily. It is expressed on activated T-cells, B-cells, and myeloid cells. Anti-PDCD-1 is a marker of angioimmunoblastic lymphoma and suggests a unique cell of origin for this neoplasm. Unlike CD10 and BCL6, PDCD-1 is expressed by few B-cells, so anti-PDCD-1 may be a more specific and useful diagnostic marker in angioimmunoblastic lymphoma. In addition, PDCD-1 expression provides evidence that angioimmunoblastic lymphoma is a neoplasm derived from germinal center-associated T-cells.

Supplier: Biotium

This antibody recognizes a protein of ~35 kDa, identified as CD74. It is a type II transmembrane protein which binds to the peptide binding groove of newly synthesized MHC class II alpha/beta heterodimers and prevents their premature association with endogenous polypeptides. CD74 is expressed primarily by antigen presenting cells, such as B-lymphocytes (from before the pre-B cell stage to before the plasma cell stage), macrophages, and monocytes, and many epithelial cells. Anti-CD74 stains predominantly germinal center lymphocytes and B-cell lymphomas, but rarely T-cell lymphomas. Anti-CD74 has been shown to be useful in differentiating atypical fibroxanthoma (-) from malignant fibrous histiocytoma ( ).

Supplier: Biotium

This antibody recognizes a glycoprotein of 110 kDa, which is identified as CD68. It is important for identifying macrophages in tissue sections. It stains macrophages in a wide variety of human tissues, including Kupffer cells and macrophages in the red pulp of the spleen, in lamina propria of the gut, in lung alveoli, and in bone marrow. It reacts with myeloid precursors and peripheral blood granulocytes. It also reacts with plasmacytoid T cells, which are supposed to be of monocyte/macrophage origin. It shows strong granular cytoplasmic staining of chronic and acute myeloid leukemia and also reacts with rare cases of true histiocytic neoplasia. Lymphomas are negative or show few granules.

Supplier: Biotium

This antibody recognizes a glycoprotein of 110 kDa, which is identified as CD68. It is important for identifying macrophages in tissue sections. It stains macrophages in a wide variety of human tissues, including Kupffer cells and macrophages in the red pulp of the spleen, in lamina propria of the gut, in lung alveoli, and in bone marrow. It reacts with myeloid precursors and peripheral blood granulocytes. It also reacts with plasmacytoid T cells, which are supposed to be of monocyte/macrophage origin. It shows strong granular cytoplasmic staining of chronic and acute myeloid leukemia and also reacts with rare cases of true histiocytic neoplasia. Lymphomas are negative or show few granules.

Supplier: Biotium

This antibody recognizes a glycoprotein of 110 kDa, which is identified as CD68. It is important for identifying macrophages in tissue sections. It stains macrophages in a wide variety of human tissues, including Kupffer cells and macrophages in the red pulp of the spleen, in lamina propria of the gut, in lung alveoli, and in bone marrow. It reacts with myeloid precursors and peripheral blood granulocytes. It also reacts with plasmacytoid T cells, which are supposed to be of monocyte/macrophage origin. It shows strong granular cytoplasmic staining of chronic and acute myeloid leukemia and also reacts with rare cases of true histiocytic neoplasia. Lymphomas are negative or show few granules.

Supplier: Biotium

MAb B-R18 specifically recognizes CD95, also known as Fas, a transmembrane glycoprotein with a MW of 40-45 kDa, containing 8 kDa of N-glycosidic-linked polysaccharide. It is a receptor for TNFSF6/FASLG, a member of the nerve growth factor receptor/tumor necrosis factor superfamily, mediating receptor-triggered apoptosis. The adapter molecule FADD recruits caspase-8 to the activated receptor. The resulting death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) performs caspase-8 proteolytic activation, which initiates the subsequent cascade of caspases (aspartate-specific cysteine proteases) mediating apoptosis. FAS-mediated apoptosis may have a role in the induction of peripheral tolerance, in the antigen-stimulated suicide of mature T-cells, or both. The secreted isoforms 2 to 6 block apoptosis (in vitro). CD95 antigen is expressed on the surface of various cell types, preferentially on the CD45RAlow CD45ROhigh subset of memory T lymphocytes.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb is specific to ER alpha and shows minimal cross-reaction with other members of the family. ER is an important regulator of growth and differentiation in the mammary gland. Presence of ER in breast tumors indicates an increased likelihood of response to anti-estrogen (e.g. tamoxifen) therapy. This MAb is excellent for staining of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded breast carcinomas.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb recognizes a protein of 134 kDa, which binds fibroblast growth factor and E-selectin (cell-adhesion lectin on endothelial cells mediating the binding of neutrophils). Fucosylation is essential for binding to E-selectin. It contains sialic acid residues and 16 Cys-rich GLG1 repeats. This MAb can be used to stain the Golgi complex in cell or tissue preparations and can be used as a Golgi marker in subcellular fractions. It produces a diffuse staining pattern of the Golgi zone in normal and malignant cells. This MAb is an excellent marker for human cells in xenographic model research. It reacts specifically with human cells. The Golgi apparatus is an organelle present in all eukaryotic cells that forms a part of the endomembrane system. The primary function of the Golgi apparatus is to process and package macromolecules synthesized by the cell for exocytosis or use within the cell. The Golgi is made up of a stack of flattened, membrane-bound sacs known as cisternae, with three functional regions: the cis face, medial region and trans face. Each region consists of various enzymes that selectively modify the macromolecules passing though them, depending on where they are destined to reside. Several spherical vesicles that have budded off of the Golgi are present surrounding the main cisternae. The Golgi tends to be more pronounced and numerous in cells that make and secrete many substances such as plasma B cells.

Supplier: Biotium

Peripheral blood granulocytes are classified into neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils according to the staining characteristics of their cytoplasmic granules. Granule proteins are released by physiologic and pharmacologic stimuli and play important roles in both normal and pathological host immune responses. Eosinophil major basic protein and eosinophil peroxidase (EPX) are granule proteins specific to the eosinophil. AHE-1 recognizes human EPX, a granule protein specific to eosinophils. It does not cross-react with eosinophil major basic protein, elastase, cathepsin G, esterase N, thrombin, plasmin, kallikrein, lactoferrin, or transferrin. This MAb stains eosinophils only and does not stain other peripheral blood cells, including platelets, neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes or red blood cells. Human EPX gene product can form a tetramer of two light chains and two heavy chains. Other peroxidase family members include myeloperoxidase (MPO), lactoperoxidase (LPO), and thyroid peroxidase (TPO).

Supplier: Biotium

EGP40 is a 40-43 kDa transmembrane epithelial glycoprotein, also identified as epithelial specific antigen (ESA), or epithelial cellular adhesion molecule (Ep-CAM). It is expressed on baso-lateral cell surface in most simple epithelia and a vast majority of carcinomas. This antibody has been used to distinguish adenocarcinoma from pleural mesothelioma and hepatocellular carcinoma. This antibody is also useful in distinguishing serous carcinomas of the ovary from mesothelioma.

Supplier: Biotium

EGP40 is a 40-43 kDa transmembrane epithelial glycoprotein, also identified as epithelial specific antigen (ESA), or epithelial cellular adhesion molecule (Ep-CAM). It is expressed on baso-lateral cell surface in most simple epithelia and a vast majority of carcinomas. This antibody has been used to distinguish adenocarcinoma from pleural mesothelioma and hepatocellular carcinoma. This antibody is also useful in distinguishing serous carcinomas of the ovary from mesothelioma.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb is specific to ER alpha and shows minimal cross-reaction with other members of the family. Epitope of this MAb is mapped between aa300-550. ER is an important regulator of growth and differentiation in the mammary gland. Presence of ER in breast tumors indicates an increased likelihood of response to anti-estrogen (e.g. tamoxifen) therapy.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb recognizes granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in the cytoplasm of mature granulocytes. It shows no reactivity with any other cell types. Markers of myeloid cells are useful in the identification of different levels of cellular differentiation. It reacts with early precursor and mature forms of myeloid cells. It is useful for the detection of myeloid leukemias and granulocytic sarcomas. It can be used as a marker of granulocytes in normal tissues or inflammatory processes.G-CSF is a pleiotropic cytokine that influences differentiation, proliferation and activation of the neutrophilic granulocyte lineage. The human G-CSF cDNA encodes a 207 amino acid precursor containing a 29 amino acid signal peptide that is proteolytically cleaved to form a 178 amino acid residue mature protein. Two G-CSF's, which are identical except for a three amino acid deletion in the amino-terminus of one form of the protein have been isolated from human cells. Murine and human G-CSF's share 73% sequence identity at the amino acid level.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb recognizes granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in the cytoplasm of mature granulocytes. It shows no reactivity with any other cell types. Markers of myeloid cells are useful in the identification of different levels of cellular differentiation. It reacts with early precursor and mature forms of myeloid cells. It is useful for the detection of myeloid leukemias and granulocytic sarcomas. It can be used as a marker of granulocytes in normal tissues or inflammatory processes.G-CSF is a pleiotropic cytokine that influences differentiation, proliferation and activation of the neutrophilic granulocyte lineage. The human G-CSF cDNA encodes a 207 amino acid precursor containing a 29 amino acid signal peptide that is proteolytically cleaved to form a 178 amino acid residue mature protein. Two G-CSF's, which are identical except for a three amino acid deletion in the amino-terminus of one form of the protein have been isolated from human cells. Murine and human G-CSF's share 73% sequence identity at the amino acid level.

Supplier: Biotium

This antibody recognizes a protein of 94 kDa, which is identified as the glucose-regulated protein 94 (grp94) and also tumor rejection antigen (gp96). Grp94 shows a high degree of sequence homology with the heat shock protein 90 (hsp90). This MAb is highly specific to grp94 and shows minimal cross-reaction with other members of the HSP90 family. Grp s are a class of proteins unresponsive to heat shock and are induced by glucose deprivation. Grp94 has been briefly studied as a prognostic factor in breast cancer.

Supplier: Biotium

Recognizes a protein of 33-55 kDa, identified as CD53 (Workshop VI; Code N-L033). It is expressed on monocytes and macrophages, dendritic cells, osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and on T and B cells from every stage of differentiation but is absent from platelets, red blood cells. CD53 appears to be the marker with widest reactivity as well as the marker with the strictest specificity to hematopoietic cells. CD53 is a type III membrane with both termini in the cytoplasm and two loops in the extracellular environment. This molecule, in common with other members of tetraspan family, is involved in cellular activation as part of a signal transduction complex involving other membrane glycoproteins. CD53 crosslinking induces calcium flux on human monocyte and B cells. Cross-linking of CD53 promotes activation of resting human B-lymphocytes. This MAb recognizes CD53 transfected cells and partially inhibits T-cell proliferation induced by CD3 antibody (clone: UCHT1).

Supplier: Biotium

Chromogranin A is present in neuroendocrine cells throughout the body, including the neuroendocrine cells of the large and small intestine, adrenal medulla and pancreatic islets. It is an excellent marker for carcinoid tumors, pheochromocytomas, paragangliomas, and other neuroendocrine tumors. Co-expression of chromogranin A and neuron specific enolase (NSE) is common in neuroendocrine neoplasms. Reportedly, co-expression of certain keratins and chromogranin indicates neuroendocrine lineage. The presence of strong anti-chromogranin staining and absence of anti-keratin staining should raise the possibility of paraganglioma. The co-expression of chromogranin and NSE is typical of neuroendocrine neoplasms. Most pituitary adenomas and prolactinomas readily express chromogranin.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb recognizes a 21 kDa protein, identified as the p21WAF1 tumor suppressor protein. This MAb is highly specific to p21 and shows no cross-reaction with other closely related mitotic inhibitors. p21WAF1 is a specific inhibitor of cdk s and a tumor suppressor involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of malignancies. The expression of this gene acts as an inhibitor of the cell cycle during G1 phase and is tightly controlled by the tumor suppressor protein p53. Its expression is induced by the wild type, but not mutant, p53 suppressor protein. Normal cells generally display a rather intense nuclear p21 expression. Loss of p21 expression has been reported in many carcinomas (gastric carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, thyroid carcinoma). In ELISA, MAb WA-1 is useful either as a solid phase or for detection of p21 protein.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb is specific for progesterone. It exhibits minimal cross reactivity with related compounds in ELISA. It reacts with Progesterone-11a-HMS-BSA: 100%; 5-beta-Pregnane-3,20-dione: 48%; 5-alpha-Pregnane-3,20-dione: 26.4%; 17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone: 2.5% and 20-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone: 0.04%. Progesterone is a steroid hormone synthesized from the cholesterol derivative, pregnenolone, in the cortex of the adrenal gland. Progesterone is secreted by the corpus luteum and acts to prepare the endometrium for the implantation of a fertilized egg. During pregnancy, it is secreted by the placenta to prevent spontaneous abortion and to stimulate the development of mammary tissue to produce milk. Thus, progesterone plays a central role in the reproductive events associated with the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. Luteinized theca cells of normal ovary secrete progesterone. The determination of progesterone concentrations in the body fluids is of great value for endocrinological investigations in women. This MAb may prove useful in identification of ovarian tumors.