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NadN (NAD nucleotidase) is a periplasmic enzyme from Haemophilus influenzae, a major pathogen of the respiratory tract in humans that has developed the capability to exploit host NAD(P) for its nicotinamide dinucleotide requirement. NadN plays a central role by degrading NAD into adenosine and NR (nicotinamide riboside), NMN to nicotinamide riboside and AMP to adenosine. It shows a broad substrate specificity, recognising either mono- or di-nucleotide nicotinamides and different adenosine phosphates with a maximal activity on 5'-adenosine monophosphate. It can be used as an economically alternative to produce NR (nicotinamide riboside). Catalytic activity: NAD=AMP + NMN=Ade+NR+PPi | AMP=Ade+Pi | NMN=NR+Pi.

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NAD kinase catalyses the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to NAD+ to generate NADP+, which in its reduced form acts as an electron donor for biosynthetic reactions. NADP+ is an essential coenzyme in metabolism and provides reducing power to biosynthetic processes such as fatty acid biosynthesis.

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Sulfotransferase 1A3/1A4 (SULT1A3) is 295 amino acids in length and localises to the cytoplasm. It is a member of the Sulfotransferase 1 family. SULT1A3 can be found in the liver, colon, kidney, lung, brain, spleen, small intestine, placenta, and leukocytes. SULT1A3 exists as a homodimer and it catalyses the sulfation of phenolic monoamines, such as dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin, and phenolic and catecholic drugs.

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Carboxypeptidase Q (Cpq) is a member of the peptidase M28 family. PGCP is involved in a number of fundamental biological processes such as the hydrolysis of circulating peptides, catalyzing the hydrolysis of dipeptides with unsubstituted terminals into amino acids. Carboxypeptidase may play an important role in the liberation of thyroxine hormone from its thyroglobulin (Tg) precursor. The monomeric form is inactive while the homodimer is active.

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beta Galactosidase is a lysosomal beta Galactosidase that hydrolyses the terminal beta Galactose from Ganglioside and Keratan sulfate. In lysosome, the mature beta Galactosidase protein associates with Cathepsin A and Neuraminidase 1 to form the lysosomal multienzyme complex . An alternative splicing at the RNA level of beta Galactosidase results a catalytically inactive beta Galactosidase that plays an important role in vascular development. Defects of beta -galactosidase (GLB1) are the cause of diseases like GM1-gangliosidosis which is a lysosomal storage disease and Morquio Syndrome B that cause patients to have abnormal elastic fibers. More than 100 mutations have been identified for beta Galactosidase, which result in different residual activities of the mutant enzymes and a spectrum of symptoms in the two related diseases.

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PEPD belongs to the peptidase M24B family of Eukaryotic-type prolidase subfamily. PEPD is a cytosolic dipeptidase that hydrolyses dipeptides with proline or hydroxyproline at the carboxy terminus. It is important in collagen metabolism because of the high levels of imino acids. Defects in PEPD are a cause of prolidase deficiency which is an autosomal recessive disorder associated with iminodipeptiduria.

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MDP1, which is short for nesium-dependent phosphatase 1, is a 176 aa. protein. It has 3 forms by different alternative splicing. This protein belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily, and usually takes its function with Magnesium. It can be inhibited by vanadate and zinc, and slightly by calcium. MDP1 is a Magnesium-dependent phosphatase which may act as a tyrosine phosphatase.

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Butyrylcholine Esterase (BCHE) is a secreted protein that belongs to the type-B carboxylesterase/lipase family. BCHE is a major acetylcholine hydrolyzing enzyme in the circulation. It is detected in blood plasma and present in most cells except erythrocytes. BCHE is an esterase with broad substrate specificity. BCHE can contribute to the inactivation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. BCHE can degrade a large number of neurotoxic organophosphate esters. Thus, it plays important pharmacological and toxicological roles and is thought to be involved in the pathological progression. Defects in BCHE are the cause of butyrylcholinesterase deficiency (BChE deficiency) which is a metabolic disorder characterised by prolonged apnoea after the use of certain anesthetic drugs, including the muscle relaxants succinylcholine and other ester local anesthetics.

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Kynurenine aminotransferases (KATs) are pyridoxal-5’-phosphate-dependent enzymes that catalyse the conversion of L-kynurenine into kynurenic acid, a neuroactive metabolite whose unbalancing is associated with a number of brain disorders. Biochemical and structural investigations revealed that L-kynurenine (L-KYN) recognition by hKAT II is achieved by exploiting structural features that are peculiar of this isoform, thus offering the possibility to select/design inhibitor molecules specifically targeting hKAT II to be used as modulators of kynurenic acid synthesis in the CNS. hKAT II is one of the aminotransferases involved in the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent irreversible transamination of L-kynurenine (L-KYN) to kynurenic acid (KYNA) in the central nervous system. When assayed in vitro the protein also displays beta-elimination activity.

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Sentrin-Specific Protease 8 (SENP8) mediates the reversible covalent modification of proteins by NEDD8. SENP8 catalyses the full-length NEDD8 to generate its mature form and deconjugation of NEDD8 from targeted proteins such as CUL2 , CUL4A in vivo, or p53. but it does not show activity against ubiquitin or SUMO proteins.

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ALPP is a membrane protein and exits as a homodimer. ALPP is expressed only in normal term placenta, endocervix and fallopian tube and also in ovarian and proximal gastrointestinal tumors. It has been shown to play a role in a number of processes including cell signaling, long-term potentiation, and cell adhesion, however, the best known and most commonly studied role is implicated in Alzheimer's research.

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Carboxylesterase 5 (CES5), also called cauxin or CES7, is a member of carboxylesterases family which plays an important role in the hydrolysis of ester and amide bonds. Carboxylesterase is a type of enzyme that capable of hydrolysing a variety of carboxylic acid esters and it's widely distributed in cells especially in mammalian liver. CES5 is with broad substrate specificity ranging from small molecule esters to longchain fatty acid esters and thioesters. It has been previously reported CES5 was in high concentrations in the urine (cauxin) of adult male cats, and within a protein complex of mammalian male epididymal fluids. Roles for CES5 may include regulating urinary levels of male cat pheromones, catalysing lipid transfer reactions within mammalian male reproductive fluids, and protecting neural tissue from drugs and xenobiotics.

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RNASET2, also known as RNASE6PL, is short for bonuclease T2. It is a 256 aa. protein which belongs to the RNase T2 family. RNASET2 is a secreted protein, and is higher expressed in the temporal lobe and fetal brain. This protein can be inhibited by Zn₂⁺ and Cu₂⁺. It has ribonuclease activity, with higher activity at acidic pH and is probably involved in lysosomal degradation of ribosomal RNA. It also plays a role in cellular RNA catabolism.

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Sedoheptulokinase (SHPK) belongs to the FGGY kinase family, and is mainly located in cytoplasm. SHPK is strongly expressed in liver, kidney and pancreas. It is expressed at lower levels in placenta and heart, and very weakly expressed in lung and brain. SHPK catalyses the chemical reaction: ATP + sedoheptulose = ADP + sedoheptulose 7-phosphatecan, It can transform sedoheptulose to sedoheptulose 7-phosphate in the condition of ATP, and acts as a modulator of macrophage activation through control of glucose metabolism. In addition, It also can be down-regulated by LPS.

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Sulfotransferase 4A1 (ST4A1) is a member of the Sulfotransferase 1 family. ST4A1 is highly expressed in the cerebral cortex and frontal lobe, but no expression is detected in the pancreas. ST4A1 is a brain-specific sulfotransferase believed to be involved in the metabolism of neurotransmitters. ST4A1 acts on catecholamines and T4 in a manner that may not involve sulfonation. ST4A1 may have a role in the metabolism of drugs and neurotransmitters in the CNS. In addition, ST4A1 is related to schizophrenia.

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Fumarylacetoacetase belongs to the FAH family. Fumarylacetoacetase is primary expressed in liver and kidney. It exists as a homodimer and catalyses the hydrolysis of 4-fumarylacetoacetate into fumarate and acetoacetate. Defects in Fumarylacetoacetase cause tyrosinemia type 1, which is congenital metabolism defect characterised by elevated levels of tyrosine in the blood and urine, and hepatorenal manifestations. Typical features include renal tubular injury, self-mutilation, hepatic necrosis, episodic weakness, and seizures.

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Carboxypeptidase M (CPM) belongs to the peptidase M14 family, and exists in cell membrane. The protein binds 1 zinc ion per subunit, and cleavage of C-terminal arginine or lysine residues from polypeptides. CPM specifically removes C-terminal basic residues (Arg or Lys) from peptides and proteins. It is believed to play important roles in the control of peptide hormone and growth factor activity at the cell surface, and in the membrane-localised degradation of extracellular proteins.

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Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1 Member C2 (AKR1C2) plays a role in concert with the 5- alpha/5- beta -Steroid Reductases to convert Steroid hormones into the 3- alpha/5- alpha and 3- alpha/5- beta -Tetrahydrosteroids. AKR1C2 catalyses the inactivation of the most potent androgen 5- alpha-Dihydrotestosterone (5- alpha-DHT) to 5- alpha-Androstane-3- alpha, 17- beta -diol (3- alpha-diol).

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Peptidyl-Prolyl Cis-Trans Isomerase D (PPID) belongs to the cyclophilin-type PPIase family and PPIase D subfamily. PPID is widely expressed and it contains one PPIase cyclophilin-type domain and three TPR repeats. PPID catalyses the cis-trans isomerisation of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides and accelerates the folding of proteins. PPID can bind to the immunosuppressant cyclosporine A and is known that its overexpression suppresses the apoptosis in cancer cells.

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Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1(FBP1) is a homotetramer protein and belongs to the FBPase class 1 family. It involves in carbohydrate biosynthesis; gluconeogenesis pathway. FBP1 is a gluconeogenesis regulatory protein which catalyses the hydrolysis of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate and inorganic phosphate. FBP1 deficiency is associated with hypoglycemia and metabolic acidosis. FBP1 regulates mouse endogenous glucose production. FBP1 coupled with phosphofructokinase (PFK) takes part in the metabolism of pancreatic islet cells.

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GMP Reductase 1 (GMPR) is a member of the IMPDH/GMPR family. GMPR exists as a homotetramer and catalyses the irreversible NADPH-dependent deamination of GMP to IMP. It functions in the conversion of nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide derivatives of G to A nucleotides, and in maintaining the intracellular balance of A and G nucleotides. GMP reductase gene expression may be regulated by MITF. At least two different alleles are known.

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N-Sulphoglucosamine Sulphohydrolase (SGSH) is an important member of the sulphatase family which is involved in the degradation of heparin sulphate. SGSH binds one calcium ion per subunit as a cofactor. SGSH catalyses N-sulfo-D-glucosamine and H₂O to D-glucosamine and sulphate. SGSH deficiency is result in mucopolysaccharidosis type 3A (MPS3A), a recessive lysosomal storage disease characterised by neurological dysfunction but relatively mild somatic manifestations.

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SWSAP1 is a nucleus ATPase protein, interacts with ZSWIM7 and forms a functional complex. The complexs involved in homologous recombination repair and stabilises each other. SWS1AP1 also interacts with RAD51, RAD51B, RAD51C, RAD51D and XRCC3. It involves in homologous recombination repair. ATPase is preferentially stimulated by single-stranded DNA and is involved in homologous recombination repair (HRR). SWSAP1 has a DNA-binding activity which is independent of its ATPase activity.

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Malate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial is a 338 amino acids protein that belongs to the LDH/MDH superfamily. MDH type 1 family. MDH2 catalyses the reversible oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate, utilising the NAD/NADH cofactor system in the citric acid cycle. MDH2 is localised to the mitochondria and takes part in the malate-aspartate shuttle that functions in the metabolic coordination between cytosol and mitochondria. MDH2 is highly expressed in the adrenal system, small intestine, heart and pancreas.

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Ribonuclease K6 (RNASE6) is a secreted protein that belongs to the pancreatic ribonuclease family. Human RNASE6 is synthesised as a 150 amino acid precursor that contains a 23 amino acid signal sequence, and a 127 amino acid mature chain. RNASE6 is expressed in many tissues, with high expression levels in the lung, with lower expression levels in the heart, placenta, kidney, pancreas, liver, brain, and skeletal muscle. It is also detected in monocytes and neutrophils. RNASE6 may have a role in host defense.

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Creatine kinase M-type is also known as Creatine kinase M chain,M-CK. It is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CKM gene. It belongs to the ATP:guanido phosphotransferase family,containing 1 phosphagen kinase C-terminal domain and 1 phosphagen kinase N-terminal domain. Creatine kinase M-type can reversibly catalyses the transfer of phosphate between ATP and various phosphogens. It plays a central role in energy transduction in tissues with large, fluctuating energy demands, such as skeletal muscle, heart, brain and spermatozoa.

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Tryptases are Trypsin-like Serine Proteases. beta -Tryptases are the main isoenzymes in mast cells. beta tryptases form active tetramers with heparin proteoglycan. In the tetramer, the unique arrangement of the active sites facing a narrow central pore, beta -Tryptases are resistant to macromolecule protease inhibitors . When mast cells are activated, beta -Tryptases are released and participate in provoking inflammatory conditions . beta -Tryptases have been implicated as mediators in the pathogenesis of asthma and other allergic disorders.

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Tryptophan 5-hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) is an isozyme member of the biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylase family. TPH2 is primarily expressed in the serotonergic neurons of the brain, with the highest expression found in the raphe nucleus of the midbrain. TPH2 catalyses the first and rate limiting step in the biosynthesis of serotonin, an important hormone and neurotransmitter. Genetic variation in TPH2 may influence susceptibility to major depressive disorder (MDD). Defects in TPH2 are the cause of psychiatric diseases such as bipolar affective disorder and major depression.

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Galactokinase belongs to the GHMP kinase family and GalK subfamily. Galactokinase is more important to the galactose metabolism pathway. It modifies galactose to create a similar molecule called Galactose-1-Phosphate.Thus, a series of additional steps converts Galactose-1-Phosphate to another simple sugar Glucose, which is the main energy source for most cells. Galactokinase deficiency results in Galactosemia II, an autosomal recessive deficiency characterised by congenital cataracts during infancy and presenile cataracts in the adult population. The cataracts are secondary to accumulation of Galactitol in the lenses.

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LTA4H, which is short for Leukotriene A-4 hydrolase, is a 611 aa. protein. It belongs to the peptidase M1 family, and exists in cytoplasm. This protein has at least 4 isforms produced by alternative splicing, and two of them are expressed in monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, reticulocytes, platelets and fibroblasts. LTA4H involves in lipid metabolism and leukotriene B4 biosynthesis. It is a epoxide hydrolase that catalyses the final step in the biosynthesis of the proinflammatory mediator leukotriene B4. It also has aminopeptidase activity.