"Biotium"

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb recognizes a protein of 134 kDa, which binds fibroblast growth factor and E-selectin (cell-adhesion lectin on endothelial cells mediating the binding of neutrophils). Fucosylation is essential for binding to E-selectin. It contains sialic acid residues and 16 Cys-rich GLG1 repeats. This MAb can be used to stain the Golgi complex in cell or tissue preparations and can be used as a Golgi marker in subcellular fractions. It produces a diffuse staining pattern of the Golgi zone in normal and malignant cells. This MAb is an excellent marker for human cells in xenographic model research. It reacts specifically with human cells. The Golgi apparatus is an organelle present in all eukaryotic cells that forms a part of the endomembrane system. The primary function of the Golgi apparatus is to process and package macromolecules synthesized by the cell for exocytosis or use within the cell. The Golgi is made up of a stack of flattened, membrane-bound sacs known as cisternae, with three functional regions: the cis face, medial region and trans face. Each region consists of various enzymes that selectively modify the macromolecules passing though them, depending on where they are destined to reside. Several spherical vesicles that have budded off of the Golgi are present surrounding the main cisternae. The Golgi tends to be more pronounced and numerous in cells that make and secrete many substances such as plasma B cells.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb recognizes a protein of 165 kDa, identified as carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1). This mitochondrial enzyme catalyzes synthesis of carbamoyl phosphate from ammonia and bicarbonate. This reaction is the first committed step of the urea cycle, which is important in the removal of excess urea from cells.Deficiency of CPS1 is an autosomal recessive disorder that causes hyperammonemia. CPS1 is a hepatocyte specific protein that localizes to the mitochondria of hepatocytes. It is a sensitive marker for distinguishing hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) from other metastatic carcinomas as well as cholangio-carcinomas. HCC s occur primarily in the stomach, but they are also found in many other organs. CPS1 may also be a useful marker for intestinal metaplasia. Reportedly, strong expression of CPS1 correlates with smaller tumor size and longer patient survival. Occasionally, CPS1 is also found in gastric carcinomas as well as in a few other non-hepatic tumors.

Supplier: Biotium

Anti-IgG Goat Polyclonal Antibody (CF™ 543)

Supplier: Biotium

The spiral shaped bacteriumHelicobacter pyloriis strongly associated with inflammation of the stomach and is also implicated in the development of gastric malignancy.H. pyloriis known to cause peptic ulcers and chronic gastritis in human. It is associated with duodenal ulcers and may be involved in development of adenocarcinoma and low-grade lymphoma of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue in the stomach.This antibody stains the individual H. pylori bacterium when it presents on the surface of the epithelium or in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells in biopsy tissue sections from the antrum and body of the stomach.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb is specific to progesterone receptor and shows minimal cross-reaction with other members of the family. Progesterone receptor is expressed as two major isoforms, PR-A (81 kDa) and PR-B (116 kDa). Expression of PgR has been suggested to reflect a intact estrogen regulatory machinery and therefore, predict better clinical response to endocrine therapy than ER alone.

Supplier: Biotium

This antibody recognizes a protein of 25-26 kDa, identified as the bcl-2 α oncoprotein. It shows no cross-reaction with Bcl-x or Bax protein. Expression of bcl-2 α oncoprotein inhibits the programmed cell death (apoptosis). In most follicular lymphomas, neoplastic germinal centers express high levels of bcl-2 α protein, whereas the normal or hyperplastic germinal centers are negative. Consequently, this antibody is valuable when distinguishing between reactive and neoplastic follicular proliferation in lymph node biopsies. It may also be used in distinguishing between those follicular lymphomas that express bcl-2 protein and the small number in which the neoplastic cells are bcl-2 negative.

Supplier: Biotium

This MAb recognizes cytokeratin 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 13, and 18. This is a broad-spectrum antibody, which has been reported to differentiate epithelial tumors from non-epithelial tumors. Many studies have shown the usefulness of keratins as markers in cancer research and tumor diagnosis.

Supplier: Biotium

Recognizes a single chain glycoprotein of 70 kDa, identified as CD55 (also known as decay accelerating factor, DAF). This MAb was clustered in Kobe at the Sixth International Workshop on Human Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens as F429D-9 (N-L120). CD55/DAF is widely expressed on cells throughout the body including leukocytes, erythrocytes, epithelium, endothelium, and fibroblasts. It is a Glycosyl phosphatidylinositol anchored (GPI-anchored) member of the membrane bound complement regulatory proteins that inhibit autologous complement cascade activation. It prevents the amplification steps of the complement cascade by interfering with the assembly of the C3-convertases, C4b2a and C3bBb, and the C5-convertase, C4b2a3b and C3bBb3b. CD55 also serves as receptor for CD97 and for echovirus and Coxsackie B virus. Anti-CD55 can be used as marker for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH).

Supplier: Biotium

This antibody recognizes a carbohydrate epitope on a single chain, transmembrane, heavily glycosylated protein of 90-120 kDa, which is identified as CD34 (VI international workshop on human differentiation antigens). Its expression is a hallmark for identifying pluripotent hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells. Its expression is gradually lost as lineage committed progenitors differentiate. CD34 is a marker of choice for staining blasts in acute myeloid leukemia. In addition, it is expressed by soft tissue tumors, such as solitary fibrous tumor and gastrointestinal stromal tumor. CD34 expression is also found in vascular endothelium. Additionally, proliferating endothelial cells overexpress this molecule than the non-proliferating endothelial cells. Anti-CD34 labels > 85% of angiosarcoma and Kaposi's sarcoma, but shows low specificity.

Supplier: Biotium

CD31 (PECAM-1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein member of the immunoglobulin supergene family of adhesion molecules. CD31 is expressed by stem cells of the hematopoietic system and is primarily used to identify and concentrate these cells for experimental studies as well as for bone marrow transplantation. Anti-CD31 has shown to be highly specific and sensitive for vascular endothelial cells. Staining of nonvascular tumors (excluding hematopoietic neoplasms) is rare. CD31 MAb reacts with normal, benign, and malignant endothelial cells which make up blood vessel lining. The level of CD31 expression can help to determine the degree of tumor angiogenesis, and a high level of CD31 expression may imply a rapidly growing tumor and potentially a predictor of tumor recurrence.

Supplier: Biotium

Recognizes a protein of 185 kDa, which is identified as c-erbB-2/HER-2/neu. Its epitope is localized in the extracellular domain. C-erbB-2/HER-2 is a member of the EGFR family. This MAb is specific and shows minimal cross-reaction with other members of the EGFR-family. Receptors of this family are located on the plasma membrane and consist of an extracellular ligand-binding domain that is connected to a large intracellular domain by a single transmembrane sequence. c-erbB-2/HER-2 protein is over-expressed in a variety of carcinomas especially those of breast and ovary.

Supplier: Biotium

This antibody recognizes a protein doublet of 20-22 kDa, identified as MART-1 (Melanoma Antigen Recognized by T cells 1) or Melan-A. MART-1 is a newly identified melanocyte differentiation antigen recognized by autologous cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Seven other melanoma associated antigens recognized by autologous cytotoxic T cells include MAGE-1, MAGE-3, tyrosinase, gp100, gp75, BAGE-1, and GAGE-1. Subcellular fractionation shows that MART-1 is present in melanosomes and endoplasmic reticulum. This MAb labels melanomas and other tumors showing melanocytic differentiation. It is also a useful positive-marker for angiomyolipomas. It does not stain tumor cells of epithelial, lymphoid, glial, or mesenchymal origin.

Supplier: Biotium

This antibody is specific to Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF-1) and shows minimal cross-reaction with IGF-11, Proinsulin, MSF, and Insulin. IGF-1 is a polypeptide growth factor with two isoforms that are produced by alternative splicing. Isoform 1 is also known as IGF-IB while isoform 2 is known as IGF-IA. IGF-1 stimulates the proliferation of a wide range of cell types including muscle, bone and cartilage tissue. It functions as an autocrine regulator of growth. Activation of IGF system has emerged as a key factor for tumor progression and resistance to apoptosis in many cancers like those of breast, thyroid and colon.

Supplier: Biotium

Recognizes a protein of 12 kDa, identified as β-microglobulin. β-microglobulin non-covalently associates with the 44 kDa chain to form the HLA Class I antigen complex. Human β-2 microglobulin associated with HLA Class I antigens is expressed on many types of cells including lymphocytes, thymocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, platelets, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells. It is absent on erythrocytes. This MAb is specific to human β-2 microglobulin and does not react with non-human primate cells. This antibody reacts with all cell types excluding erythrocytes. The detection of β-2 microglobulin in body fluids has been used as a tumor marker and for monitoring patients with HIV infection.

Supplier: Biotium

The onset of angiogenesis is believed to be an early event in tumorigenesis and may facilitate tumor progression and metastasis. Several growth factors with angiogenic activity have been described. These include Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF), Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Placenta Growth Factor (PLGF). Placenta growth factor (PLGF) is a secreted protein primarily produced by placental trophoblasts but also expressed in other endothelial cells and tumors. There are three isoforms, PLGF-1, PLGF-2, and PLGF-3. PLGF-2 is expressed up until week 8 in the placenta; the placental tissues continuously express PLGF-1 and PLGF-3 but only PLGF-1 is found in colon and mammary carcinomas. PLGF acts to stimulate angiogenesis, endothelial growth and migration. PLGF is a powerful promoter of tumor growth and is upregulated in some cancers, and PLGF is thought to aid in atherosclerotic lesions and neovascular growth surrounding the lesion. Also, PLGF appears to aid aldosterone mediated atherosclerosis. Serum levels of PLGF in some cases are used as a potential biomarker for disease or genetic defect. Recent research indicates that PLGF levels are lower in mothers with Down syndrome fetuses. Evidence has suggested VEGF to be an obligatory component in PLGF signaling. While VEGF homodimers and VEGF/PLGF heterodimers function as potent mediators of mitogenic and chemotactic responses in endothelial cells, PLGF homodimers are effectual only at extremely high concentrations. Indeed, many of the physiological effects attributed to VEGF may actually be a result of VEGF/PLGF. VEGF and PLGF share a common receptor, Flt-1, and may also activate Flk-1/KDR.

Supplier: Biotium

This is a cocktail of four highly specific monoclonal antibodies (EGP40/826, EGP40/837, EGP40/1110, EGP40/1120) that recognize extracellular as well as intracellular domains of the epithelial cellular adhesion molecule (Ep-CAM). It is a 40-43 kDa transmembrane epithelial glycoprotein, identified as epithelial specific antigen (ESA), or Ep-CAM. Ep-CAM is expressed on baso-lateral cell surface in most simple epithelia and a vast majority of carcinomas. This epithelial antigen plays an important role as a tumor-cell marker in lymph nodes from patients with esophageal carcinoma otherwise classified as node-negative. Epithelial antigen has also been suggested as a discriminator between basal cell and baso-squamous carcinomas, and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.