"Prosci"

Supplier: Prosci

TRIM5 alpha Antibody: TRIM5 is a member of a broad family of otherwise unrelated proteins defined by the presence of a tripartite motif containing a RING domain, a B-box type 1, and a B-box type 2, followed by a coiled-coil region. TRIM5 has six alternately spliced isoforms, the longest of which is the alpha variant which also contains a carboxy-terminal B30.2 (SPRY) domain. Expression of TRIM5 alpha variants from humans, rhesus monkeys, and African green monkeys enabled resistance to infection by various retroviruses including HIV-1, albeit at differing efficiencies. All TRIM5 alpha variants could inhibit at least two different retroviruses, but not from those viruses isolated from the same species, suggesting that TRIM5 alpha acts as a natural barrier to cross-species retrovirus transmission.

Supplier: Prosci

TRIM5 alpha Antibody: TRIM5 is a member of a broad family of otherwise unrelated proteins defined by the presence of a tripartite motif containing a RING domain, a B-box type 1, and a B-box type 2, followed by a coiled-coil region. TRIM5 has six alternately spliced isoforms, the longest of which is the alpha variant which also contains a carboxy-terminal B30.2 (SPRY) domain. Expression of TRIM5 alpha variants from humans, rhesus monkeys, and African green monkeys enabled resistance to infection by various retroviruses including HIV-1, albeit at differing efficiencies. All TRIM5 alpha variants could inhibit at least two different retroviruses, but not from those viruses isolated from the same species, suggesting that TRIM5 alpha acts as a natural barrier to cross-species retrovirus transmission.

Supplier: Prosci

TRIM5 alpha Antibody: TRIM5 is a member of a broad family of otherwise unrelated proteins defined by the presence of a tripartite motif containing a RING domain, a B-box type 1, and a B-box type 2, followed by a coiled-coil region. TRIM5 has six alternately spliced isoforms, the longest of which is the alpha variant which also contains a carboxy-terminal B30.2 (SPRY) domain. Expression of TRIM5 alpha variants from humans, rhesus monkeys, and African green monkeys enabled resistance to infection by various retroviruses including HIV-1, albeit at differing efficiencies. All TRIM5 alpha variants could inhibit at least two different retroviruses, but not from those viruses isolated from the same species, suggesting that TRIM5 alpha acts as a natural barrier to cross-species retrovirus transmission.

Supplier: Prosci

APOBEC3G Antibody: The Apoliprotein B mRNA-editing, enzyme-catalytic, polypeptide-like (APOBEC) 3 is a multi-isoform member of the cytidine deaminase family of enzymes that act on monomeric nucleoside and nucleotide substrates. Similar to TRIM5 alpha which targets incoming retroviral capsids, APOBEC3 plays a major role in cellular defense against retroviral infection as at least two isoforms, APOBEC3G and to a lesser extent APOBEC3F, can be incorporated HIV-1 virions and induce hypermutation in the newly synthesized viral DNA and thus destabilize the viral genome. This innate mechanism of retroviral resistance is counteracted by the HIV-1 Vif protein by inducing the ubiquitization and degradation of APOBEC3G; a single amino acid substitution (D128K) blocks APOBEC3G depletion without affecting its inhibitory activity.

Supplier: Prosci

TLR7 Antibody: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are signaling molecules that recognize different microbial products during infection and serve as an important link between the innate and adaptive immune responses. These proteins act through adaptor molecules such as MyD88 and TIRAP to activate various kinases and transcription factors. TLR7, like TLRs 3, 8, and 9, is localized in intracellular acidic compartments such as the phagolysosome and will recognize some single-stranded RNA viruses such as vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and influenza virus. Activation of TLR7 by VSV results in stimulation of the immune response including IFNalpha secretion, suggesting the importance of TLR7 in virus recognition.

Supplier: Prosci

TLR8 Antibody: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are signaling molecules that recognize different microbial products during infection and serve as an important link between the innate and adaptive immune responses. These proteins act through adaptor molecules such as MyD88 and TIRAP to activate various kinases and transcription factors. Like TLR7, TLR8 is localized to endosomal or lysosomal compartments and stimulates the innate immune response after activation by guanosine- and uridine-rich single-stranded RNA. Human but not murine TLR8 confers responsiveness to the antiviral compound R-848.

Supplier: Prosci

TLR10 Antibody: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are signaling molecules that recognize different microbial products during infection and serve as an important link between the innate and adaptive immune responses. These proteins act through adaptor molecules such as MyD88 and TIRAP to activate various kinases and transcription factors. TLR10 is highly homologous to TLRs 1 and 6 and is most highly expressed in lymphoid tissues. Most recently genetic variation in TLR10 has been associated with contributing to asthma risk. It should be noted that TLR10 exists in mice only as a pseudogene.

Supplier: Prosci

TLR11 Antibody: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are signaling molecules that recognize different microbial products during infection and serve as an important link between the innate and adaptive immune responses. These proteins act through adaptor molecules such as MyD88 and TIRAP to activate various kinases and transcription factors. TLR11 is one of three mouse TLRs that lack a human ortholog. It is activated specifically by uropathogenic bacteria, and mice lacking TLR11 showed a much greater susceptability to uropathogenic infections, indicating a potentially important role for TLR11 in preventing infections in the urogenital system.

Supplier: Prosci

TLR8 Antibody: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are signaling molecules that recognize different microbial products during infection and serve as an important link between the innate and adaptive immune responses. These proteins act through adaptor molecules such as MyD88 and TIRAP to activate various kinases and transcription factors. Like TLR7, TLR8 is localized to endosomal or lysosomal compartments and stimulates the innate immune response after activation by guanosine- and uridine-rich single-stranded RNA. Human but not murine TLR8 confers responsiveness to the antiviral compound R-848.

Supplier: Prosci

TLR8 Antibody: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are signaling molecules that recognize different microbial products during infection and serve as an important link between the innate and adaptive immune responses. These proteins act through adaptor molecules such as MyD88 and TIRAP to activate various kinases and transcription factors. Like TLR7, TLR8 is localized to endosomal or lysosomal compartments and stimulates the innate immune response after activation by guanosine- and uridine-rich single-stranded RNA. Human but not murine TLR8 confers responsiveness to the antiviral compound R-848.

Supplier: Prosci

TLR11 Antibody: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are signaling molecules that recognize different microbial products during infection and serve as an important link between the innate and adaptive immune responses. These proteins act through adaptor molecules such as MyD88 and TIRAP to activate various kinases and transcription factors. TLR11 is one of three mouse TLRs that lack a human ortholog. It is activated specifically by uropathogenic bacteria, and mice lacking TLR11 showed a much greater susceptability to uropathogenic infections, indicating a potentially important role for TLR11 in preventing infections in the urogenital system.

Supplier: Prosci

MD-2 Antibody: MD-2 is a member of the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) family, a group of proteins that include the Toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLRs are signaling molecules that recognize different pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and serve as an important link between the innate and adaptive immune responses. TLR4, the major signaling receptor for lipopolysaccharide (LPS), requires the binding of MD-2 to its extracellular region for maximal response to LPS. The specificity of this response is determined by the species of MD-2; e.g., human MD-2 can cause mouse TLR4 to react to LPS analogs that are normally antagonistic to human but not mouse TLR4.

Supplier: Prosci

SARM Antibody: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are signaling molecules that recognize different microbial products during infection and serve as an important link between the innate and adaptive immune responses. SARM (SAM and ARM-containing protein), along with other molecules such as TIRP, TRIF, TIRAP, and MyD88, is thought to serve as an adaptor protein for the TLRs that allows for the activation of downstream kinases and NF-kappa B, and ultimately the expression of proteins involved in host defense. While SARM has not been conclusively shown to associate directly with TLRs, the presence of a Toll-interluekin-1 (TIR) domain in SARM is consistent with a role as a signaling molecule.

Supplier: Prosci

TIRP Antibody: TIRP is a member of the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) family, a group of proteins that include the Toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLRs are signaling molecules that recognize different pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and serve as an important link between the innate and adaptive immune responses. TIRP, along with other molecules such as TRIF, MAL, and MyD88, serves as an adaptor protein that allows for the interaction and activation of the IL-1R-associated kinase (IRAK) family, the subsequent activation of TNF receptor associated factor (TRAF)-6, and ultimately the activation of NF-kappa B. Expression of TIRP appears to be essential for TLR4 signalling.

Supplier: Prosci

ARMER Antibody: Apoptosis is important for normal development and tissue homeostasis. It is mediated by various caspases and ultimately results in the activation of endogenous endonucleases that degrade cellular DNA. Although apoptosis induced by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is thought to be mediated by caspase-12, other caspases such as caspase-9 are also thought to be activated following ER stress. Recently, ARMER, a novel integral ER-membrane protein was shown to protect cells from ER stress-induced apoptosis. Analysis of the caspase proteolytic cascade suggests that ARMER acts by inhibiting caspase-9 activity, although the mechanism for this remains unkown. It should be noted that ARMER is not related to the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP) family and does not contain any baculoviral IAP repeat (BIR) domains.

Supplier: Prosci

BRUCE Antibody: Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is related to many diseases, such as cancer. Apoptosis is triggered by a variety of stimuli including members in the TNF family and can be prevented by the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins. IAP proteins form a conserved gene family that binds to and inhibits cell death proteases. BRUCE, also known as BIRC6, is an IAP family member protein with a BIR (baculoviral inhibition of apoptosis protein repeat) domain and a UBCc (ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2, catalytic) domain. BRUCE regulates p53 and the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis by facilitating the degradation of apoptotic proteins such as Caspase-9 and SMAC by ubiquitination.