"Bioss"

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Myosin phosphatase target subunit 1, which is also called the myosin-binding subunit of myosin phosphatase, is one of the subunits of myosin phosphatase. Myosin phosphatase regulates the interaction of actin and myosin downstream of the guanosine triphosphatase Rho. The small guanosine triphosphatase Rho is implicated in myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation, which results in contraction of smooth muscle and interaction of actin and myosin in nonmuscle cells. The guanosine triphosphate(GTP)-bound, active form of RhoA (GTP.RhoA) specifically interacted with the myosin-binding subunit (MBS) of myosin phosphatase, which regulates the extent of phosphorylation of MLC. Rho-associated kinase (Rho-kinase), which is activated by GTP. RhoA, phosphorylated MBS and consequently inactivated myosin phosphatase. Overexpression of RhoA or activated RhoA in NIH 3T3 cells increased phosphorylation of MBS and MLC. Thus, Rho appears to inhibit myosin phosphatase through the action of Rho-kinase. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq].

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Associates with the spliceosome late in the splicing pathway and may function in the second step of pre-mRNA splicing.

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Adapter protein that plays a role in the assembling of signaling complexes, being a link between ABL kinases and actin cytoskeleton. Can form complex with ABL1 and CBL, thus promoting ubiquitination and degradation of ABL1 or with AKT1 and PAK1, thus mediating AKT1-mediated activation of PAK1. Isoform 6 increases water and sodium absorption in the intestine and gall-bladder.

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Loads PCNA onto primed templates regulating velocity, spacing and restart activity of replication forks. May couple DNA replication to sister chromatid cohesion through regulation of the acetylation of the cohesin subunit SMC3.

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This gene encodes a member of the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) family of transcription factors. The protein functions as a dominant-negative inhibitor by forming heterodimers with other C/EBP members, such as C/EBP and LAP (liver activator protein), and preventing their DNA binding activity. The protein is implicated in adipogenesis and erythropoiesis, is activated by endoplasmic reticulum stress, and promotes apoptosis. Fusion of this gene and FUS on chromosome 16 or EWSR1 on chromosome 22 induced by translocation generates chimeric proteins in myxoid liposarcomas or Ewing sarcoma. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding two isoforms with different length have been identified.

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Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes (SMC) family proteins play critical roles in various nuclear events that require structural changes of chromosomes, including mitotic chromosome organization, DNA recombination and repair and global transcriptional repression. The chromosome proteins are conserved in eukaryotes and can lead to mitotic chromosome segregation defects, suggesting a critical function of SMC family proteins in mitotic chromosome dynamics. SMC1 and SMC3 form a heterodimeric complex required for metaphase progression in mitotic cells. Specifically this SMC1/SMC3 complex is responsible for sister chromatid cohesion during metaphase. A number of cellular factors interact with hSMC1/hSMC3 during cell cycle. The major population of hSMC1/hSMC3 is in a compex with hRAD21 forming the human cohesion complex. Human cohesion complex associates with chromosomes which peaks at S phase and dissociates from chromosomes during G2/M transition. In addition, a subpopulation of hSMC1/hSMC3 associates tightly with nuclear matrix and centrosomes during interphase. A subset of hSMC1/hSMC3 is localized to spindle poles, spindles and kinetochores during mitosis when cohesin is in the cytoplasm. hSMC1/hSMC3 is required for spindle aster formation in vitro and reacts with nuclear mitotic apparatus protein in vivo.

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Histone chaperone that facilitates histone deposition and histone exchange and removal during nucleosome assembly and disassembly. Cooperates with chromatin assembly factor 1 (CAF-1) to promote replication-dependent chromatin assembly and with HIRA to promote replication-independent chromatin assembly. Required for the formation of senescence-associated heterochromatin foci (SAHF) and efficient senescence-associated cell cycle exit.

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Representing about 2% of human DNA, chromosome 20 consists of approximately 63 million bases and 600 genes. Chromosome 20 contains a region with numerous genes expressed in the epididymis, which are thought important for seminal production, and some viewed as potential targets for male contraception. The PRNP gene encoding the prion protein associated with spongiform encephalopathies, like Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, is found on chromosome 20. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy, ring chromosome 20 epilepsy syndrome and Alagille syndrome are also associated with chromosome 20. The C20orf160 gene product has been provisionally designated C20orf160 pending further characterization.

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Receptor for melanin-concentrating hormone, coupled to both G proteins that inhibit adenylyl cyclase and G proteins that activate phosphoinositide hydrolysis.

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The activation of RaP1 by cAMP is independent of PKA and is mediated by recently discovered family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) called cAMP-GEFs or Epacs. The Epac signaling therefore represents a novel mechanism for cAMP signaling with in the cAMP cascade. There are 2 members of the Epac family, Epac1 and Epac 2. Both proteins are multidomain proteins containing an autoinhibitory cAMP-binding domain that inhibits the catalytic region and a DEP domain (dishevelled, Egl-10 and pleckstrin homology domain) targeting the membrane anchors. EPAC2 has an additional cAMP-binding site in its N-terminus that binds cAMP with low affinity. EPAC1 mRNA is broadly expressed, with particularly high levels occurring in the thyroid, ovary, kidney and certain brain regions, whereas expression of EPAC2 mRNA appears to be restricted to the brain and adrenal glands. Epac 1 and Epac 2 also interact with light chain 2 (LC2) or MAP1A that serves as a scaffolding structure to stabilize the signal transduction complex. The Epac 1-selective were generated against unique antigenic sequences form near N-terminus and between RasGEFN and Ras GEF domains. The to Epac 1are affinity purified over immobilized antigen based chromatography.

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IQCF1 is an 81 amino acid protein encoded by the IQCF1 gene, which maps to human chromosome 3. Chromosome 3 is made up of about 214 million bases encoding over 1,100 genes. Notably, there is a chemokine receptor gene cluster and a variety of human cancer related loci on chromosome 3. Particular regions of the chromosome 3 short arm are deleted in many types of cancer cells. Key tumor suppressing genes on chromosome 3 encode apoptosis mediator RASSF1, cell migration regulator HYAL1 and angiogenesis suppressor SEMA3B. Marfan Syndrome, porphyria, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta and Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease are a few of the numerous genetic diseases associated with chromosome 3.

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ACADM protein is a medium chain specific (C4 to C12 straight chain) acyl Coenzyme A dehydrogenase. The enzyme catalyzes the initial step of the mitochondrial fatty acid beta oxidation pathway. ACADM expression is induced during periods of fasting, when reliance on fatty acids for energy is increased. Clinical phenotypes are associated with ACADM hereditary deficiency.

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5-aminolevulinate synthase 1 (ALAS-H) and 2 (ALAS-E) are two isoforms of ALAS, an enzyme catalyzing the first step of the heme biosynthetic pathway in mammals. The erythroid-specific isoenzyme, ALAS-E, regulates the first step of hematopoietic cell differentation and iron metabolism in the liver. ALAS-H is a housekeeping protein which mediates synthesis of early heme in the mitochondria of most cells. Succinyl CoA associates with ALAS-E in protein conformation change and translocation of ALAS-E into the mitochondria and does not interact with ALAS-H. The ALAS-E 5'-flanking region contains binding sites for nuclear activators such as GATA-1, NF-E2 and EKLF. Since the ALAS gene maps to the X chromosome, mutation of the gene leads to the pyridoxine-refractory X-linked sideroblastic anemia.

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Ubiquitin like proteins fall into two classes: the first class, ubiquitin-like modifiers (UBLs) function as modifiers in a manner analogous to that of ubiquitin. Examples of UBLs are SUMO, Rub1 (also called Nedd8), Apg12 and Hub1. Proteins of the second class include Parkin, RAD23 and DSK2, are designated ubiquitin domain proteins (UDPs). These proteins contain domains that are related to ubiquitin but are otherwise unrelated to each other. In contrast to UBLs, UDPs are not proteolytically processed or conjugated to other proteins. Rub1 and the corresponding human homolog NEDD8 are activated by the E1 ubiquitin activating enzyme UBA2, that forms isopeptide linkages between thio esters. NEDD8 shows 80% homology to ubiquitin. The best known targets of Rub1 modification are members of the cullin family. Cullins are subunits of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex called the Skp1 /Cul1/Cdc53 F box (SCF). The SCF promotes transfer of ubiquitin from a ubiquitin conjugating enzyme (E2) to the target protein. Rub1 modification may regulate SCF function or localization.

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Casein kinases are operationally defined by their preferential utilization of acidic proteins such as caseins as substrates. They can phosphorylate a large number of proteins. Participates in Wnt signaling.

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The two G protein-coupled receptors GPR7 and GPR8 display high similarity to each other. They both show high expression in brain and in particular in hypothalamus, and have been characterized as receptors for neuropeptide W (NPW) and neuropeptide B (NPB). In response to NPW and NPB, they play a role in the regulation of feeding behavior. GPR7 deficient mice develop an adult-onset obese phenotype that progressively worsens with age and is exacerbated when fed a high-fat diet. The genes encoding human GPR7 and GPR8 map to chromosomes 10q11.2-q21.1 and 10q13.3, respectively.