Fluo-4 AM

Membrane-permeant form of Fluo-4 calcium indicator.

• Orange red solid soluble in DMSO
• λEx/λEm (with Ca2+): 494/506 nm (after hydrolysis)
• Kd for Ca2+ in buffer: ~335 nM (after hydrolysis)

Membrane-permeant AM ester form of Fluo-4 that can enter into into cells via incubation. Because of the relatively low water solubility of the AM ester, the mild detergent Pluronic® F-127 (cat# 89139-288) is often used as a dispersing agent to facilitate cell loading. Fluo-4 AM ester itself does not bind Ca2+, but it is readily hydrolyzed to Fluo-4 by endogenous esterases once inside cells. Fluo-4 AM ester is often used to measure intracellular calcium in high throughput drug screening.

Fluo-4 is an analog of Fluo-3 with the two chlorine substituents replaced by fluorines, which results in increased fluorescence excitation at 488 nm that gives higher fluorescence signal. Fluo-4 has its absorption maximum at 494 nm, thus making it excitable by the argon-ion laser. Fluo-4 is essentially nonfluorescent without Ca2+ present, but the fluorescence increases at least 100 times on Ca2+ binding. Also, because Fluo-4 binds Ca2+ more weakly (higher Kd) than do fura-2 and indo-1, it is more useful for measuring high transient Ca2+ concentration during Ca2+ spikes.

Fluo-4 AM ester can be used to detect intracellular free calcium by fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, or fluorescence microplate reader.

BAPTA-based ion indicators like Fluo-4 have been shown to be fixable in situ by EDC/EDAC (cat# 89139-284). The fixation of indicator dyes is useful for downstream immunofluorescence and IHC studies (Cell Calcium 1997, 21(3), 175).

As the indicator does not covalently bind to cellular components, it may be actively effluxed from the cell by organic anion transporters. The rate of efflux increases with temperature, and may vary between cell types, resulting in variable retention times of a few minutes to hours.

Experiments using indicators in cells usually are performed within one or two hours of loading, but it may be possible to re-load cells with indicator if needed. The organic anion transporter inhibitor Probenecid (cat# 89410-769) can be used to slow the rate of indicator efflux from cells.

Biotium offers Fluo-4 as a membrane-impermeant pentapotassium salt version, (cat# 76221-766).

Pluronic is a registered trademark of BASF

Caution: Store -20°C and protect from light, especially when in solution