"Test Lead"

Supplier: Prosci

SPT1 Antibody: Serine palmitoyltransferase, which consists of two different subunits, is the key enzyme in sphingolipid biosynthesis. It converts L-serine and palmitoyl-CoA to 3-oxosphinganine with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate as a cofactor. SPT1 is the long chain base subunit 1 of mammalian serine palmitoyltransferase. SPT1 is not catalytically active but is necessary for the stabilization of the SPT2 subunit and anchoring the holoenzyme to the cytosolic face of the endoplasmic reticulum. Missense mutations in this gene have been identified in patients with hereditary sensory neuropathy type 1 (HSAN1). These mutations induce a shift in the substrate specificity of the holoenzyme, leading to the formation and accumulation of two neurotoxic sphingolipids.

Supplier: Prosci

Group I of the Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors includes GRM1 and GRM5, receptors that have been shown to activate phospholipase C. Alternative splice variants of GRM5 have been described, but their full-length nature has not been determined. Inflammation results in the activation of mGluR1 and mGluR5 in dorsal horn neurons of the spinal cord, leading to extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation, which is required for nociceptive plasticity and enhanced pain. GRM5 is involved in inflammatory mechanical hyperalgesia and potentially in schizophrenia

Supplier: Prosci

GSTP1 (glutathione-S-transferase, pi 1), also called GST3/DFN7, which is located on chromosome 11q13 , is a family of enzymes that play an important role in detoxification by catalyzing the conjugation of many hydrophobic and electrophilic compounds with reduced glutathione. GSTP1 act like a tumor suppressor gene, which when inactivated leads to tumor growth, and the -class glutathione S-transferase is commonly inactivated by somatic CpGisland hypermethylation in cancers of the prostate, liver, and breast. Methylation of regulatory sequences at the GSTP1 gene locus is found in the vast majority (>90%) of prostate carcinomas and is associated with transcriptional down-regulation.

Supplier: Prosci

Two Beclin-1-interacting proteins, the run domain Beclin-1 interacting and cysteine-rich containing protein (Rubicon) and ATG14L, reciprocally regulate autophagy at different stages. Knockdown of Rubicon caused enhancement of autophagy while that of ATG14L caused a defect in autophagosome formation. Rubicon functions as part of a Beclin-1-PIK3C3-containing autophagy complex and is also an essential, positive regulator of the NAPDH oxidase complex. Upon microbial infection or TLR2 activation, Rubicon interacts with the CYBA subunit of the NAPDH oxidase complex, leading to a burst of reactive oxygen species and inflammatory cytokines.

Supplier: Genetex

Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. AIDS, tuberculosis (TB), malaria, diarrhoeal and respiratory infections account for 78% of deaths caused by infectious disease. As many infectious diseases are controlled, new diseases emerge and old diseases become resistant to current drugs. Many infectious diseases have been associated with an increase risk of carcinoma. Influenza continues to attract researchers as new strains appear by the ability of the influenza gene to mix with different forms of the virus. Recently, research on SARS and West Nile virus has risen due to the increased number of infections. These antibodies assist in research by detecting the infectious disease agent.

Supplier: Prosci

CXXC5 Antibody: CXXC5 is zinc finger protein closely related to the DVL1-binding protein CXXC4 (also known as Idax), and like CXXC4 is thought to modulate the Wnt signaling pathway during development. CXXC5 is upregulated in neural stem cells upon BMP4 stimulation, leading to decreased levels of the Wnt-signaling target AXIN2 and facilitated the response of the stem cells to Wnt3a. Recent reports suggest CXXC5 transcription is activated by the Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) transcription factor, and together are involved in the WNT/beta-catenin pathway and play a role in embryonic kidney development.

Supplier: Prosci

Ephrin-A4 (EFNA4) is also known as EPH-related receptor tyrosine kinase ligand 4 (LERK4), EPLG4, which belongs to the ephrin family. EFNA4 contains one ephrin RBD (ephrin receptor-binding) domain. EFNA4 is cell surface GPI-bound ligand for Eph receptors, a family of receptor tyrosine kinases which are crucial for migration, repulsion and adhesion during neuronal, vascular and epithelial development. EFNA4 binds promiscuously Eph receptors residing on adjacent cells, leading to contact-dependent bidirectional signaling into neighboring cells. EFNA4 may play a role in the interaction between activated B-lymphocytes and dendritic cells in tonsils.

Supplier: Prosci

MEK3 belongs to MAPKK family. This kinase is activated by mitogenic and environmental stress, and participates in the MAPK-mediated signaling cascade. It phosphorylates and thus activates p38. This kinase can be activated by insulin, and is necessary for the expression of glucose transporter. Expression of Ras oncogene is found to result in the accumulation of the active form of this kinase, which thus leads to the constitutive activation of p38, and confers oncogenic transformation of primary cells. The inhibition of this kinase is involved in the pathogenesis of Yersina pseudotuberculosis.

Supplier: Genetex

The Peroxiredoxin (Prdx, Prx, or Trx-Px) family of enzymes is a recently identified family of peroxidases found in free-living organisms. The six known isoforms (Prx1-6) play an important role in protecting lipids, enzymes and DNA against peroxides, such as hydrogen peroxide. The ubiquitously expressed peroxiredoxins have also been shown to play a role in apoptosis and cell differentiation. This is acomplished by the active cysteine of Prx reducing peroxides, which is then converted into a transient cysteine sulfenic acid or cysteine sulfinic acid. If Prx protection is inadequate against peroxidases, the resulting protein and DNA damage may result in neurological disease such as Alzheimer's or DNA damage leading to cancer.

Supplier: Prosci

DYRK1A Antibody: DYRK1A is a member of the dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase (DYRK) family and is thought to be involved in neuronal differentiation, neurodegenerative diseases, and is considered to be a strong candidate gene for learning defects associated with Down syndrome. DYRK1A phosphorylates several transcription factors such as p53, leading to inhibition of embryonic neuronal cell proliferation. DYRK1A associates with multiple proteins, including SPRED1 and SPRED2; this association appears to inhibit the phosphorylation activity of DYRK1A. Recent evidence also suggests that DYRK1A may be involved in the replication of HIV-1.

Supplier: Prosci

KLOTHO Antibody: KLOTHO is the systemic anti-aging hormone within the glycosidase1 superfamily. It encodes a type I membrane protein that is abundant in the kidney and brain. In mice, a deficiency in KLOTHO expression leads to various systemic phenotypes resembling human aging such as arteriosclerosis, osteoporosis, and skin atrophy together with growth retardation, short life-span and infertility. Transgenic mice overexpressing KLOTHO have an extended life span by inhibiting insulin/IGF1 signaling. KLOTHO is involved in the regulation of calcium/phosphorus homeostasis by inhibiting the synthesis of active vitamin D and identified as a potential tumor suppressor.

Supplier: Prosci

LMAN1 is a type I integral membrane protein localized in the intermediate region between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi, presumably recycling between the two compartments. The protein is a mannose-specific lectin and is a member of a novel family of plant lectin homologs in the secretory pathway of animal cells. Mutations in its gene are associated with a coagulation defect. Using positional cloning, its gene was identified as the disease gene leading to combined factor V-factor VIII deficiency, a rare, autosomal recessive disorder in which both coagulation factors V and VIII are diminished.The protein encoded by this gene is a type I integral membrane protein localized in the intermediate region between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi, presumably recycling between the two compartments. The protein is a mannose-specific lectin and is a member of a novel family of plant lectin homologs in the secretory pathway of animal cells. Mutations in the gene are associated with a coagulation defect. Using positional cloning, the gene was identified as the disease gene leading to combined factor V-factor VIII deficiency, a rare, autosomal recessive disorder in which both coagulation factors V and VIII are diminished.

Supplier: Prosci

MECR Antibody: The mitochondrial trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase (MECR), was initially identified as nuclear receptor-binding factor 1 (NRBF1), which can interact with a multitude of nuclear hormone receptors in the presence of the respective ligands. MECR has been shown to be part of the mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis (FAS II) system and to catalyze the NAPDH-dependent reduction of 2-enoyl thioesters, generating saturated acyl-groups. Overexpression of this gene in transgenic mice can lead to cardiac abnormalities, suggesting that inappropriate expression of genes of FAS II can result in the development of hereditary cardiomyopathy.

Supplier: Prosci

Renin is also known as REN and angiotensinogenase, is a circulating enzyme that participates in the body's renin-angiotensin system (RAS), and plays an essential role in the elevation of arterial blood pressure and increased sodium retention by the kidney. Renin activates the renin-angiotensin system by cleaving angiotensinogen, produced by the liver, to yield angiotensin I, which is further converted into angiotensin II by ACE, the angiotensin-converting enzyme primarily within the capillaries of the lungs. Renin is secreted from kidney cells, which are activated via signaling from the macula densa, which responds to the rate of fluid flow through the distal tubule, by decreases in renal perfusion pressure (through stretch receptors in the vascular wall), and by sympathetic nervous stimulation, mainly through beta-1 receptor activation. Renin can bind to ATP6AP2, which results in a fourfold increase in the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I over that shown by soluble renin. In addition, renin binding results in phosphorylation of serine and tyrosine residues of ATP6AP2. The level of renin mRNA appears to be modulated by the binding of HADHB, HuR and CP1 to a regulatory region in the 3' UTR. An over-active renin-angiotension system leads to vasoconstriction and retention of sodium and water. These effects lead to hypertension. Therefore, renin inhibitors can be used for the treatment of hypertension.

Supplier: Prosci

Wnt1 is a secreted protein that signals through the Frizzled family of cell surface receptors and is required for normal embryonic development. Wnt1 activation induces a complex signaling cascade that ultimately leads to the increased expression of over fifty genes. An important component of Wnt1 signaling is the stabilization, and resulting accumulation, of the intracellular signaling protein, beta catenine. Mature human Wnt1 is a glycosylated protein containing 343 amino acid residues.

Supplier: Genetex

This gene encodes a member of the RSK (ribosomal S6 kinase) family of serine/threonine kinases. This kinase contains 2 non-identical kinase catalytic domains and phosphorylates several residues of the S6 ribosomal protein. The kinase activity of this protein leads to an increase in protein synthesis and cell proliferation. Amplification of the region of DNA encoding this gene and overexpression of this kinase are seen in some breast cancer cell lines. Alternate translational start sites have been described and alternate transcriptional splice variants have been observed but have not been thoroughly characterized.