"Test Lead"

Supplier: Prosci

May be involved in the regulation of dopamine release and transport. Soluble protein, normally localized primarily at the presynaptic region of axons, which can form filamentous aggregates that are the major non amyloid component of intracellular inclusions in several neurodegenerative diseases (synucleinopathies). Induces fibrillization of microtubule-associated protein tau. Reduces neuronal responsiveness to various apoptotic stimuli, leading to a decreased caspase-3 activation.

Supplier: Genetex

Insulin is one of the major regulatory hormones of intermediate metabolism throughout the body. The biological actions of this hormone involve integration of carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism. Insulin enhances membrane transport of glucose, amino acids, and certain ions. It also promotes glycogen storage,formation of triglycerides and synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids. Immunocytochemical investigations have localized insulin in the B or b-cells of pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Deficiency of insulin results in diabetes mellitus, one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the general population. Insulin is also present in tumors of b-cell origin such as insulinoma.

Supplier: Prosci

STK39 is a serine/threonine kinase that is thought to function in the cellular stress response pathway. The kinase is activated in response to hypotonic stress, leading to phosphorylation of several cation-chloride-coupled cotransporters. The catalytically active kinase specifically activates the p38 MAP kinase pathway, and its interaction with p38 decreases upon cellular stress, suggesting that this kinase may serve as an intermediate in the response to cellular stress.

Supplier: Genetex

Insulin is one of the major regulatory hormones of intermediate metabolism throughout the body. The biological actions of this hormone involve integration of carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism. Insulin enhances membrane transport of glucose, amino acids, and certain ions. It also promotes glycogen storage,formation of triglycerides and synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids. Immunocytochemical investigations have localized insulin in the B or b-cells of pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Deficiency of insulin results in diabetes mellitus, one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the general population. Insulin is also present in tumors of b-cell origin such as insulinoma.

Supplier: Prosci

TCIRG1 Antibody: The T-cell immune regulator 1 (TCIRG1) is the a3 subunit of the vacuolar-type proton transporting ATPase (V-ATPase), a proton pump in late endosomes and lysosomes that functions in the luminal acidification of these organelles. Genetic defects in the gene encoding this protein a responsible for a severe form of autosomal recessive osteopetrosis, a condition that leads to increased bone density, decreased bone strength, and inflammation in bone tissues. TCIRG1 is also required for the normal secretion of insulin and the bacteria-killing function of macrophages.

Supplier: Genetex

Chlamydia trachomatis is an intracellular organism. Chlamydia usually infects the cervix and fallopian tubes of women and the urethra of men. Chlamydial infections are believed to be one of the most common of all STDs. It is generally thought that in a population of 15 million, there are up to 300,000 cases of chlamydia each year. Thus, there are many undiagnosed cases of chlamydia in the community. It has been estimated that the true prevalence of chlamydia in the sexually active population may be in the order of 5% to 10%. Chlamydia is one of the leading causes of blindness in underdeveloped countries.

Supplier: Prosci

NMDA receptors are members of the ionotropic class of glutamate receptors, which also includes Kainate and AMPA receptors. NMDA receptors consist of NR1 subunits combined with one or more NR2 (A-D) or NR3 (A-B) subunits. The ligand-gated channel is permeable to cations including Ca2+, and at resting membrane potentials NMDA receptors are inactive due to a voltage-dependent blockade of the channel pore by Mg2+. NMDA receptor activation, which requires binding of glutamate and glycine, leads to an influx of Ca2+ into the postsynaptic region where it activates several signaling cascades, including pathways leading to the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD). NMDA receptors have a critical role in excitatory synaptic transmission and plasticity in the CNS. They govern a range of physiological conditions including neurological disorders caused by excitotoxic neuronal injury, psychiatric disorders and neuropathic pain syndromes.

Supplier: Prosci

Regulates cytoskeleton remodeling during cell differentiation, cell division and cell adhesion. Localizes to dynamic actin structures, and phosphorylates CRK and CRKL, DOK1, and other proteins controlling cytoskeleton dynamics. Regulates DNA repair potentially by activating the proapoptotic pathway when the DNA damage is too severe to be repaired. Phosphorylates PSMA7 that leads to an inhibition of proteasomal activity and cell cycle transition blocks.

Supplier: Prosci

May be involved in the regulation of dopamine release and transport. Soluble protein, normally localized primarily at the presynaptic region of axons, which can form filamentous aggregates that are the major non amyloid component of intracellular inclusions in several neurodegenerative diseases (synucleinopathies). Induces fibrillization of microtubule-associated protein tau. Reduces neuronal responsiveness to various apoptotic stimuli, leading to a decreased caspase-3 activation.

Supplier: Genetex

PCNA is a marker for cells in early G1 phase and S phase of the cell cycle. It is found in the nucleus and is a cofactor of DNA polymerase delta. It acts as a homotrimer and helps increase the processivity of leading strand synthesis during DNA replication. In response to DNA damage, PCNA is ubiquitinated and is involved in the RAD6-dependent DNA repair pathway. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for PCNA. Pseudogenes of this gene have been described on chromosome 4 and on the X chromosome.

Supplier: Genetex

Transmembrane receptor Patched regulates several developmental processes in both invertebrates and vertebrates. In higher vertebrates the patched (Ptc) also acts as a tumor suppressor. The patched receptor signaling involves negatively regulating a GPCR, smoothened. The binding Hedgehog ligand to Ptc removes the negative interaction of Ptc, and allows the signaling by smoothened. It has been shown that during head morphogenesis in D. melanogaster, Ptc positively interacts with smoothened, which leads to stimulation of Activin type 1 receptor Baboon, and activation of cell proliferation in the eye antennal disc. The expression of activated Baboon in the Ptc domain in Ptc mutant background completely abolish the head developmental defects.

Supplier: Genetex

sRANKL is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) cytokine family which is a ligand for osteoprotegerin and functions as a key factor for osteoclast differentiation and activation. This protein was shown to be a dentritic cell survival factor and is involved in the regulation of T cell-dependent immune response. T cell activation was reported to induce expression of this gene and lead to an increase of osteoclastogenesis and bone loss. This protein was shown to activate antiapoptotic kinase AKT/PKB through a signaling complex involving SRC kinase and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) 6, which indicated this protein may have a role in the regulation of cell apoptosis.

Supplier: Prosci

GPR37 is an Orphan-A GPCR with an unknown ligand. GPR37 was recently identified as the PAEL receptor, a Parkin substrate involved in autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinson's (PDJ) disease. The PAEL receptor becomes unfolded, insoluble, and ubiquitinated when overexpressed, leading to unfolded protein-induced cell death. When the PAEL receptor is ubiquitinated by Parkin, it gets degraded, resulting in the suppression of cell death. The insoluble form of the PAEL receptor accumulates in the brains of PDJ patients and may cause selective neuronal death.

Supplier: Prosci

NMDA receptors are members of the ionotropic class of glutamate receptors, which also includes Kainate and AMPA receptors. NMDA receptors consist of NR1 subunits combined with one or more NR2 (A-D) or NR3 (A-B) subunits. The ligand-gated channel is permeable to cations including Ca2+, and at resting membrane potentials NMDA receptors are inactive due to a voltage-dependent blockade of the channel pore by Mg2+. NMDA receptor activation, which requires binding of glutamate and glycine, leads to an influx of Ca2+ into the postsynaptic region where it activates several signaling cascades, including pathways leading to the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD). NMDA receptors have a critical role in excitatory synaptic transmission and plasticity in the CNS. They govern a range of physiological conditions including neurological disorders caused by excitotoxic neuronal injury, psychiatric disorders and neuropathic pain syndromes.

Supplier: Prosci

The NOX family of NAPDH oxidases is comprised of seven transmembrane proteins that oxidize intracellular NAPDH/NADH, causing electron transport across the membrane and the reduction of molecular oxygen to superoxide. NOX3 is expressed predominantly in the inner ear and is involved in the biogenesis of otoconia/otolith. It has been suggested that NOX3 is activated by the Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), and this activity causes increased levels of reactive oxygen species in the inner ear, which in turn leads to STAT1-mediated inflammation and hearing loss.

Supplier: Prosci

Group I of the Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors includes GRM1 and GRM5, receptors that have been shown to activate phospholipase C. Alternative splice variants of GRM5 have been described, but their full-length nature has not been determined. Inflammation results in the activation of mGluR1 and mGluR5 in dorsal horn neurons of the spinal cord, leading to extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation, which is required for nociceptive plasticity and enhanced pain. GRM5 is involved in inflammatory mechanical hyperalgesia and potentially in schizophrenia