"Test Lead"

Supplier: Prosci

Two Beclin-1-interacting proteins, the run domain Beclin-1 interacting and cysteine-rich containing protein (Rubicon) and ATG14L, reciprocally regulate autophagy at different stages. Knockdown of Rubicon caused enhancement of autophagy while that of ATG14L caused a defect in autophagosome formation. Rubicon functions as part of a Beclin-1-PIK3C3-containing autophagy complex and is also an essential, positive regulator of the NAPDH oxidase complex. Upon microbial infection or TLR2 activation, Rubicon interacts with the CYBA subunit of the NAPDH oxidase complex, leading to a burst of reactive oxygen species and inflammatory cytokines.

Supplier: Prosci

Ephrin-A4 (EFNA4) is also known as EPH-related receptor tyrosine kinase ligand 4 (LERK4), EPLG4, which belongs to the ephrin family. EFNA4 contains one ephrin RBD (ephrin receptor-binding) domain. EFNA4 is cell surface GPI-bound ligand for Eph receptors, a family of receptor tyrosine kinases which are crucial for migration, repulsion and adhesion during neuronal, vascular and epithelial development. EFNA4 binds promiscuously Eph receptors residing on adjacent cells, leading to contact-dependent bidirectional signaling into neighboring cells. EFNA4 may play a role in the interaction between activated B-lymphocytes and dendritic cells in tonsils.

Supplier: Prosci

STK39 is a serine/threonine kinase that is thought to function in the cellular stress response pathway. The kinase is activated in response to hypotonic stress, leading to phosphorylation of several cation-chloride-coupled cotransporters. The catalytically active kinase specifically activates the p38 MAP kinase pathway, and its interaction with p38 decreases upon cellular stress, suggesting that this kinase may serve as an intermediate in the response to cellular stress.This gene encodes a serine/threonine kinase that is thought to function in the cellular stress response pathway. The kinase is activated in response to hypotonic stress, leading to phosphorylation of several cation-chloride-coupled cotransporters. The catalytically active kinase specifically activates the p38 MAP kinase pathway, and its interaction with p38 decreases upon cellular stress, suggesting that this kinase may serve as an intermediate in the response to cellular stress. Publication Note: This RefSeq record includes a subset of the publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Entrez Gene record to access additional publications.

Supplier: Prosci

Group I of the Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors includes GRM1 and GRM5, receptors that have been shown to activate phospholipase C. Alternative splice variants of GRM5 have been described, but their full-length nature has not been determined. Inflammation results in the activation of mGluR1 and mGluR5 in dorsal horn neurons of the spinal cord, leading to extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation, which is required for nociceptive plasticity and enhanced pain. GRM5 is involved in inflammatory mechanical hyperalgesia and potentially in schizophrenia

Supplier: Prosci

DYRK1A Antibody: DYRK1A is a member of the dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase (DYRK) family and is thought to be involved in neuronal differentiation, neurodegenerative diseases, and is considered to be a strong candidate gene for learning defects associated with Down syndrome. DYRK1A phosphorylates several transcription factors such as p53, leading to inhibition of embryonic neuronal cell proliferation. DYRK1A associates with multiple proteins, including SPRED1 and SPRED2; this association appears to inhibit the phosphorylation activity of DYRK1A. Recent evidence also suggests that DYRK1A may be involved in the replication of HIV-1.

Supplier: Prosci

The NOX family of NAPDH oxidases is comprised of seven transmembrane proteins that oxidize intracellular NAPDH/NADH, causing electron transport across the membrane and the reduction of molecular oxygen to superoxide. NOX3 is expressed predominantly in the inner ear and is involved in the biogenesis of otoconia/otolith. It has been suggested that NOX3 is activated by the Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), and this activity causes increased levels of reactive oxygen species in the inner ear, which in turn leads to STAT1-mediated inflammation and hearing loss.

Supplier: Genetex

The Peroxiredoxin (Prdx, Prx, or Trx-Px) family of enzymes is a recently identified family of peroxidases found in free-living organisms. The six known isoforms (Prx1-6) play an important role in protecting lipids, enzymes and DNA against peroxides, such as hydrogen peroxide. The ubiquitously expressed peroxiredoxins have also been shown to play a role in apoptosis and cell differentiation. This is acomplished by the active cysteine of Prx reducing peroxides, which is then converted into a transient cysteine sulfenic acid or cysteine sulfinic acid. If Prx protection is inadequate against peroxidases, the resulting protein and DNA damage may result in neurological disease such as Alzheimer's or DNA damage leading to cancer.

Supplier: Prosci

LMAN1 is a type I integral membrane protein localized in the intermediate region between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi, presumably recycling between the two compartments. The protein is a mannose-specific lectin and is a member of a novel family of plant lectin homologs in the secretory pathway of animal cells. Mutations in its gene are associated with a coagulation defect. Using positional cloning, its gene was identified as the disease gene leading to combined factor V-factor VIII deficiency, a rare, autosomal recessive disorder in which both coagulation factors V and VIII are diminished.The protein encoded by this gene is a type I integral membrane protein localized in the intermediate region between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi, presumably recycling between the two compartments. The protein is a mannose-specific lectin and is a member of a novel family of plant lectin homologs in the secretory pathway of animal cells. Mutations in the gene are associated with a coagulation defect. Using positional cloning, the gene was identified as the disease gene leading to combined factor V-factor VIII deficiency, a rare, autosomal recessive disorder in which both coagulation factors V and VIII are diminished.

Supplier: Prosci

Renin is also known as REN and angiotensinogenase, is a circulating enzyme that participates in the body's renin-angiotensin system (RAS), and plays an essential role in the elevation of arterial blood pressure and increased sodium retention by the kidney. Renin activates the renin-angiotensin system by cleaving angiotensinogen, produced by the liver, to yield angiotensin I, which is further converted into angiotensin II by ACE, the angiotensin-converting enzyme primarily within the capillaries of the lungs. Renin is secreted from kidney cells, which are activated via signaling from the macula densa, which responds to the rate of fluid flow through the distal tubule, by decreases in renal perfusion pressure (through stretch receptors in the vascular wall), and by sympathetic nervous stimulation, mainly through beta-1 receptor activation. Renin can bind to ATP6AP2, which results in a fourfold increase in the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I over that shown by soluble renin. In addition, renin binding results in phosphorylation of serine and tyrosine residues of ATP6AP2. The level of renin mRNA appears to be modulated by the binding of HADHB, HuR and CP1 to a regulatory region in the 3' UTR. An over-active renin-angiotension system leads to vasoconstriction and retention of sodium and water. These effects lead to hypertension. Therefore, renin inhibitors can be used for the treatment of hypertension.

Supplier: Prosci

MEK3 belongs to MAPKK family. This kinase is activated by mitogenic and environmental stress, and participates in the MAPK-mediated signaling cascade. It phosphorylates and thus activates p38. This kinase can be activated by insulin, and is necessary for the expression of glucose transporter. Expression of Ras oncogene is found to result in the accumulation of the active form of this kinase, which thus leads to the constitutive activation of p38, and confers oncogenic transformation of primary cells. The inhibition of this kinase is involved in the pathogenesis of Yersina pseudotuberculosis.

Supplier: Genetex

The protein encoded by this gene is a cytokine receptor for interleukin 21 (IL21). It belongs to the type I cytokine receptors, and has been shown to form a heterodimeric receptor complex with the common gamma-chain, a receptor subunit also shared by the receptors for interleukin 2 (IL2) and interleukin 5 (IL5). This receptor transduces the growth promoting signal of IL21, and is important for the proliferation and differentiation of T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. The ligand binding of this receptor leads to the activation of multiple downstream signaling molecules, including JAK1, JAK3, STAT1, and STAT3. Knockout studies of a similar gene in mouse suggest a role for this gene in regulating immunoglobulin production. Three alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been described.

Supplier: Genetex

Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. AIDS, tuberculosis (TB), malaria, diarrhoeal and respiratory infections account for 78% of deaths caused by infectious disease. As many infectious diseases are controlled, new diseases emerge and old diseases become resistant to current drugs. Many infectious diseases have been associated with an increase risk of carcinoma. Influenza continues to attract researchers as new strains appear by the ability of the influenza gene to mix with different forms of the virus. Recently, research on SARS and West Nile virus has risen due to the increased number of infections. These antibodies assist in research by detecting the infectious disease agent.

Supplier: Prosci

SPT1 Antibody: Serine palmitoyltransferase, which consists of two different subunits, is the key enzyme in sphingolipid biosynthesis. It converts L-serine and palmitoyl-CoA to 3-oxosphinganine with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate as a cofactor. SPT1 is the long chain base subunit 1 of mammalian serine palmitoyltransferase. SPT1 is not catalytically active but is necessary for the stabilization of the SPT2 subunit and anchoring the holoenzyme to the cytosolic face of the endoplasmic reticulum. Missense mutations in this gene have been identified in patients with hereditary sensory neuropathy type 1 (HSAN1). These mutations induce a shift in the substrate specificity of the holoenzyme, leading to the formation and accumulation of two neurotoxic sphingolipids.

Supplier: Genetex

This gene encodes a member of the RSK (ribosomal S6 kinase) family of serine/threonine kinases. This kinase contains 2 non-identical kinase catalytic domains and phosphorylates several residues of the S6 ribosomal protein. The kinase activity of this protein leads to an increase in protein synthesis and cell proliferation. Amplification of the region of DNA encoding this gene and overexpression of this kinase are seen in some breast cancer cell lines. Alternate translational start sites have been described and alternate transcriptional splice variants have been observed but have not been thoroughly characterized.

Supplier: Prosci

MECR Antibody: The mitochondrial trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase (MECR), was initially identified as nuclear receptor-binding factor 1 (NRBF1), which can interact with a multitude of nuclear hormone receptors in the presence of the respective ligands. MECR has been shown to be part of the mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis (FAS II) system and to catalyze the NAPDH-dependent reduction of 2-enoyl thioesters, generating saturated acyl-groups. Overexpression of this gene in transgenic mice can lead to cardiac abnormalities, suggesting that inappropriate expression of genes of FAS II can result in the development of hereditary cardiomyopathy.

Supplier: Prosci

GSTP1 (glutathione-S-transferase, pi 1), also called GST3/DFN7, which is located on chromosome 11q13 , is a family of enzymes that play an important role in detoxification by catalyzing the conjugation of many hydrophobic and electrophilic compounds with reduced glutathione. GSTP1 act like a tumor suppressor gene, which when inactivated leads to tumor growth, and the -class glutathione S-transferase is commonly inactivated by somatic CpGisland hypermethylation in cancers of the prostate, liver, and breast. Methylation of regulatory sequences at the GSTP1 gene locus is found in the vast majority (>90%) of prostate carcinomas and is associated with transcriptional down-regulation.