"Prosci"

Supplier: Prosci

IRAK Antibody: Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) is a ubiquitous transcription factor and an essential mediator of gene expression during activation of immune and inflammatory responses. NF-kappa B mediates the expression of a great variety of genes in response to extracellular stimuli including IL-1, TNF alpha and LPS. A serine/threonine protein kinase associated with IL-1 receptor (IRAK) and its homologue mouse pelle-like protein kinase (mPLK) were identified recently. IRAK is associated with the IL-1 receptor subunits IL-1RI and IL-1RAcP after IL-1 binding and serves as a signaling molecule to mediate IL-1 response. IRAK mediates a signaling cascade leading to NF-kappa B activation by members in IL-1 family including IL-1 and a novel cytokine IL-18 (also termed IGIF).

Supplier: Prosci

CXCR4 Antibody: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and related viruses require coreceptors, in addition to CD4, to infect target cells. Some G protein-coupled receptors including CCR5, CXCR4, CCR3, CCR2b and CCR8 in the chemokine receptor family, and four new human molecules GPR15, STRL33, GPR1 and V28 were recently identified as HIV coreceptors. Among them, CXCR4 (fusin, LESTR or HUMSTR) is a principal coreceptor for T-cell tropic strains of HIV-1 fusion and entry of human white blood cells. CXCR4 is also required for the infection by dual-tropic strains of HIV-1 and mediates CD-4 independent infection by HIV-2. The a-chemokine SDF-1 is the ligand for CXCR4 and prevents infection by T-tropic HIV-1. CXCR4 associates with the surface CD4-gp120 complex before HIV enters target cells. CXCR4 messenger RNA levels correlated with HIV-1 permissiveness in diverse human cell types. Antibodies to CXCR4 block HIV-1 and HIV-2 fusion and infection of human target cells. The amino-terminal domain and the second extracellular loop of CXCR4 serve as HIV binding sites.

Supplier: Prosci

CXCR4 Antibody: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and related viruses require coreceptors, in addition to CD4, to infect target cells. Some G protein-coupled receptors including CCR5, CXCR4, CCR3, CCR2b and CCR8 in the chemokine receptor family, and four new human molecules GPR15, STRL33, GPR1 and V28 were recently identified as HIV coreceptors. Among them, CXCR4 (fusin, LESTR or HUMSTR) is a principal coreceptor for T-cell tropic strains of HIV-1 fusion and entry of human white blood cells. CXCR4 is also required for the infection by dual-tropic strains of HIV-1 and mediates CD-4 independent infection by HIV-2. The a-chemokine SDF-1 is the ligand for CXCR4 and prevents infection by T-tropic HIV-1. CXCR4 associates with the surface CD4-gp120 complex before HIV enters target cells. CXCR4 messenger RNA levels correlated with HIV-1 permissiveness in diverse human cell types. Antibodies to CXCR4 block HIV-1 and HIV-2 fusion and infection of human target cells. The amino-terminal domain and the second extracellular loop of CXCR4 serve as HIV biding sites.

Supplier: Prosci

STAT1 alpha Antibody: STATs (signal transducers and activators of transcription) are a family of cytoplasmic latent transcription factors that are activated to regulate gene expression in response to a large number of extracellular signaling polypeptides including cytokines, interferons, and growth factors. After phosphorylation by JAK tyrosine kinases, STATs enter the nucleus to regulate transcription of many different genes. Among the seven STATs (Stat1, Stat2, Stat3, Stat4, Stat5a, Stat5b, and Stat6), Stat1, Stat3, Stat5a, and Stat5b have a wide activation profile. STAT1 is activated by many different ligands including IFN family (IFN-alpha , IFN- beta , IFN- gamma and IL-10), gp130 family (IL-6, IL-11, LIF, CNTF, and G-CSF), and receptor tyrosine kinases (EGF, PDGF, and CSF-1). STAT1 has two forms, the 91 kDa STAT1 alpha and the 84 kDa STAT1 beta which are encoded by the same gene with splicing variant.

Supplier: Prosci

CCR3 Antibody: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and related virus require coreceptors to infect target cells. Some G protein-coupled receptors including CCR5, CXCR4, CCR3, CCR2b, CCR8, GPR15, STRL33, and CX3CR1 in the chemokine receptor family were recently identified as HIV coreceptors. CCR5, CXCR4 and CCR3 are the principal receptors for HIV fusion and entry of target cells. CCR3 facilitates infection by a subset of virus. CCR3 and CCR5 promote efficient infection of microglia, the major target cells in the CNS. High levels of CCR3 and CXCR4 expression were found on the neurons from both the central and peripheral nervous systems. The CCR3 ligand, eotaxin, and an anti-CCR3 antibody inhibited HIV infection of microglia. These results indicate CCR3 plays an important role in HIV infection of CNS.

Supplier: Prosci

DOK1 Antibody: Signals from most growth factors and cytokines are transduced by receptor tyrosine kinases or non-receptor tyrosine kinases. Activated tyrosine kinases phosphorylate their substrates, which mediate the cellular response to extracellular stimuli. A long-sought major substrate termed p62dok (downstream of tyrosine kinase) for many tyrosine kinases including c-kit, v-abl, v-Fps, v-Src, v-Fms, and activated EGF, PDGF, IGF, VEGF and insulin receptors was identified recently from human and mouse by several laboratories. Upon phosphorylation, p62dok forms a complex with the ras GTPase-activating protein (RasGAP). p62dok represents a new family with very recently identified p56dok.

Supplier: Prosci

CCR3 Antibody: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and related virus require coreceptors to infect target cells. Some G protein-coupled receptors including CCR5, CXCR4, CCR3, CCR2b, CCR8, GPR15, STRL33, and CX3CR1 in the chemokine receptor family were recently identified as HIV coreceptors. CCR5, CXCR4 and CCR3 are the principal receptors for HIV fusion and entry of target cells. CCR3 facilitates infection by a subset of virus. CCR3 and CCR5 promote efficient infection of microglia, the major target cells in the CNS. High levels of CCR3 and CXCR4 expression were found on the neurons from both the central and peripheral nervous systems. The CCR3 ligand, eotaxin, and an anti-CCR3 antibody inhibited HIV infection of microglia. These results indicate CCR3 plays an important role in HIV infection of CNS.

Supplier: Prosci

CCR5 Antibody: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and related virus require coreceptors, in addition to CD4, to infect target cells. Some G protein-coupled receptors including CCR5, CXCR4, CCR3, CCR2b and CCR8 in the chemokine receptor family, and four new human molecules GPR15, STRL33, GPR1 and V28 were recently identified as HIV coreceptors. Among them, CCR5 (CC-CKR-5) is a principal coreceptor for macrophage- and dual-tropic HIV-1 strains fusion and entry of human white blood cells. CCR5 is required for the infection by HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV. The beta-chemokines RANTES, MIP-alpha and MIP-beta are the ligands for CCR5 and prevent infection by M-tropic HIV-1. CXC5 associates with the surface CD4-gp120 of HIV complex and leads to membrane fusion and virus entry of target cells. The amino-terminal domain and the extracellular loops of CCR5 serve as HIV biding sites. CCR5 messenger RNA is expressed in lymphoid organs and monocytes.

Supplier: Prosci

Trail Antibody: Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, occurs during normal cellular differentiation and development of multicellular organisms. Apoptosis is induced by certain cytokines including TNF and Fas ligand in the TNF family through their death domain containing receptors, TNFR1 and Fas. A novel member in the TNF family was recently identified and designated TRAIL (for TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) and Apo-2L (for Apo-2 ligand)1, TRAIL is a type II membrane protein and expressed in a variety of human tissues. Two novel death domain containing receptors DR4 and DR5 have been identified as the receptor for TRAIL3-6. Like TNF and Fas ligand, TRAIL induces apoptosis and NF-kappa B activation in many tissues and cells.

Supplier: Prosci

RAIDD Antibody: Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, occurs during normal cellular differentiation and development of multicellular organisms. Apoptosis is induced by certain cytokines including TNF and Fas ligand of the TNF family through their death domain (DD)-containing receptors, TNFR1 and Fas. The death signals are transduced by a group of DD-containing adapter molecules. A novel cell death adapter was recently identified by two independent groups and designated RAIDD (RIP-associated ICH-1/CED-3-homologous protein with DD) and CRADD (caspase and RIP adapter with DD)1, RAIDD contains a DD and a CARD (for caspase recruitment domain) which interact with RIP and caspase, respectively, to transduce death signals1, 3. RAIDD is constitutively expressed in many tissues and mediates apoptosis caused by Fas and TNFR-1.

Supplier: Prosci

RAIDD Antibody: Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, occurs during normal cellular differentiation and development of multicellular organisms. Apoptosis is induced by certain cytokines including TNF and Fas ligand of the TNF family through their death domain (DD)-containing receptors, TNFR1 and Fas. The death signals are transduced by a group of DD-containing adapter molecules. A novel cell death adapter was recently identified by two independent groups and designated RAIDD (RIP-associated ICH-1/CED-3-homologous protein with DD) and CRADD (caspase and RIP adapter with DD)1, RAIDD contains a DD and a CARD (for caspase recruitment domain) which interact with RIP and caspase, respectively, to transduce death signals. RAIDD is constitutively expressed in many tissues and mediates apoptosis caused by Fas and TNFR-1.

Supplier: Prosci

DR3 Antibody: Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, occurs during normal cellular differentiation and development of multicellular organisms. Apoptosis is induced by certain cytokines including TNF and Fas ligand of the TNF family through their death domain containing receptors, TNFR1 and Fas. A novel cell death receptor was recently identified by several groups independently and designated DR3, Wsl-1, Apo-3, TRAMP and LARD1-5. The ligand for this novel cell death receptor has not yet been defined. DR3 is highly expressed in the tissues enriched in lymphocytes including PBL, thymus and spleen. Like TNFR1, DR3 induces apoptosis and NF-kappa B activation.

Supplier: Prosci

Neurturin Antibody: Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) plays key roles in the control of vertebrate neuron survival and differentiation. A novel neurotrophic factor was recently cloned from human and mouse and designated neurturin. Physiological responses to neurturin (NTN) require the presence of receptor tyrosine kinase RET and a novel glycosylphosphatidylinositol linked receptor NTNRalpha. The cDNAs encoding NTNRalpha from human, rat, chicken, and mouse have been cloned recently and termed GDNFR beta , Ret ligand 2 (RETL2) or TGF-beta-related neurotrophic factor receptor 2 (TrnR2) and nominated as GFR alpha -2 recently. NTN binds to and forms a complex with GFR alpha -2 and the Ret PTK and activates the RET receptor tyrosine kinase pathway. Both NTN and GDNF can activate the MAP kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways and play a critical role in the development of many neuronal populations. Neurturin and GDNF define a new family of neurotrophic factors.

Supplier: Prosci

Eotaxin Antibody: Chemokines play a key role in inflammation. The CC chemokine eotaxin is a potent and specific eosinophil chemoattractant that is expressed by a variety of cell types in certain inflammatory conditions. Some G-protein coupled chemokine receptors are also utilized as virus coreceptors for fusion and infection of cells. The eotaxin receptor CCR3 is required for HIV-1 entry into target cells such as microglia and eotaxin inhibits the infection of HIV-1.

Supplier: Prosci

SIRP alpha Antibody: Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) SHP-1 and SHP-2 are critical regulators in the intracellular signaling pathways that result in cell responses such as mitosis, differentiation, migration, survival, transformation or death. SHP-2 is a signal transducer for several receptor tyrosine kinases and cytokine receptors. A novel SHP-2 associated glycoprotein was recently cloned from human, rat, mouse and cattle by several labs and was designated SIRPalpha, SHPS-1, MyD-1, BIT and p84. SIRPalpha is a new gene family containing at least fifteen members. SIRPalpha is a substrate of many activated tyrosine kinases such as insulin receptor, EGFR, PDGFR and src, and a specific docking protein for SHP-2. SIRPalpha has regulatory effects on cellular responses induced by serum, growth factors, insulin, oncogenes, growth hormones and cell adhesion and plays a general role in different physiological and pathological processes.

Supplier: Prosci

Caspase-10 Antibody: Apoptosis is related to many diseases and induced by a family of cell death receptors and their ligands. Cell death signals are transduced by death domain (DD)- containing adapter molecules and members of the ICE/CED-3 protease family. A novel ICE/CED-3 protease was identified recently, designated FLICE2 and Mch4 and renamed as caspase-10. Caspase-10 has two death effector domains (DEDs) that bind to the DED in the adapter molecule FADD and recruits both TNFR1 and CD95 to form complexes with these receptors. Caspase-10 is therefore involved in the CD95 and TNFR1 induced apoptosis. Caspase-10 cleaves and activates caspase-3, -4, -6, -7, -8 and -9, which causes the proteolytic cleavage of many key proteins such as PARP. Cleavage of PARP occurs in many different systems during apoptosis and is the hallmark of programmed cell death. Caspase-10 is expressed in many tissues and cell lines.