18577 Results for: "Bis[4,4'-dimethoxy(dithiobenzoic)]nickel(II)"

Supplier: Bioss

Making up nearly 6% of the human genome, chromosome 6 contains around 1,200 genes within 170 million base pairs of sequence. Deletion of a portion of the q arm of chromosome 6 is associated with early onset intestinal cancer suggesting the presence of a cancer susceptibility locus. Porphyria cutanea tarda is associated with chromosome 6 through the HFE gene which, when mutated, predisposes an individual to developing this porphyria. Notably, the PARK2 gene, which is associated with Parkinson's disease, and the genes encoding the major histocompatiblity complex proteins, which are key molecular components of the immune system and determine predisposition to rheumatic diseases, are also located on chromosome 6. Stickler syndrome, 21-hydroxylase deficiency and maple syrup urine disease are also associated with genes on chromosome 6. A bipolar disorder susceptibility locus has been identified on the q arm of chromosome 6. The C6orf10 gene product has been provisionally designated C6orf10 pending further characterization.

Supplier: Bioss

Making up nearly 6% of the human genome, chromosome 6 contains around 1,200 genes within 170 million base pairs of sequence. Deletion of a portion of the q arm of chromosome 6 is associated with early onset intestinal cancer suggesting the presence of a cancer susceptibility locus. Porphyria cutanea tarda is associated with chromosome 6 through the HFE gene which, when mutated, predisposes an individual to developing this porphyria. Notably, the PARK2 gene, which is associated with Parkinson's disease, and the genes encoding the major histocompatiblity complex proteins, which are key molecular components of the immune system and determine predisposition to rheumatic diseases, are also located on chromosome 6. Stickler syndrome, 21-hydroxylase deficiency and maple syrup urine disease are also associated with genes on chromosome 6. A bipolar disorder susceptibility locus has been identified on the q arm of chromosome 6. The C6orf10 gene product has been provisionally designated C6orf10 pending further characterization.

Supplier: Stemcell Technologies

RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted), also known as CCL5, is a member of the CC family of chemokines and is able to recruit leukocytes to sites of inflammation (Schall et al.). RANTES is secreted by T lymphocytes, macrophages, platelets, synovial fibroblasts, tubular epithelium, and certain types of tumor cells (Aldinucci and Colombatti; Soria and Ben-Baruch). This chemokine exerts its effect by interacting with the chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR3, CCR4, and CCR5. RANTES plays an active role in recruiting a variety of leukocytes into inflammatory sites, including T cells, macrophages, eosinophils, and basophils. In collaboration with certain cytokines that are released by T cells such as IL-2 and IFN-γ, RANTES also induces the activation and proliferation of NK cells to generate CC chemokine-activated killer cells, which are highly cytolytic (Lv et al.; Maghazachi et al.). It has been shown that RANTES produced by CD8+ T cells inhibits HIV infection of primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (Appay and Rowland-Jones; Cocchi et al.).

Supplier: Stemcell Technologies

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a member of the CSF family of glycoproteins that regulate hematopoietic cell proliferation, differentiation, and function. It is a key cytokine involved in the production of neutrophils and the stimulation of granulocyte colony formation from hematopoietic progenitor cells (Metcalf andamp; Nicola). G-CSF causes a range of effects including a transient reduction of SDF-1 expression (Petit et al.), the activation of metalloproteases that cleave VCAM-1 (Levesque et al.), and the release of norepinephrine from the sympathetic nervous system (Katayama et al.), leading to the release or mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells from the bone marrow into the periphery. The G-CSF receptor is expressed on a variety of hematopoietic cells, including myeloid-committed progenitor cells, neutrophils, granulocytes, and monocytes. In addition to hematopoietic cells, G-CSF is also expressed in cardiomyocytes, neuronal cells, mesothelial cells, and endothelial cells. Binding of G-CSF to its receptor leads to activation of the JAK/STAT, MAPK, PI3K, and AKT signal transduction pathways.

Supplier: Bioss

Making up nearly 6% of the human genome, chromosome 6 contains around 1,200 genes within 170 million base pairs of sequence. Deletion of a portion of the q arm of chromosome 6 is associated with early onset intestinal cancer suggesting the presence of a cancer susceptibility locus. Porphyria cutanea tarda is associated with chromosome 6 through the HFE gene which, when mutated, predisposes an individual to developing this porphyria. Notably, the PARK2 gene, which is associated with Parkinson's disease, and the genes encoding the major histocompatiblity complex proteins, which are key molecular components of the immune system and determine predisposition to rheumatic diseases, are also located on chromosome 6. Stickler syndrome, 21-hydroxylase deficiency and maple syrup urine disease are also associated with genes on chromosome 6. A bipolar disorder susceptibility locus has been identified on the q arm of chromosome 6. The C6orf10 gene product has been provisionally designated C6orf10 pending further characterization.

Supplier: Stemcell Technologies

Fibroblast growth factor acidic (FGF-acidic), also known as FGF-1, is a potent activator of DNA synthesis, cell proliferation, and chemotaxis and is known to play numerous roles in development, regeneration, and angiogenesis (Jaye et al.; Galzie et al.; Presta et al.). FGF-acidic is produced by multiple cell types and is capable of activating all cells of mesodermal origin and many cells of neuroectodermal, ectodermal, and endodermal origin. It is found in large quantities in the brain, but is also expressed in hepatocytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, neurons of the CNS, skeletal muscle cells, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, endothelial cells, intestinal columnar epithelial cells, and pituitary basophils and acidophils. FGF-acidic is secreted as a disulfide-linked homodimer and is stored in complex with heparan sulfate, a requirement for its interaction with FGF receptors (Guerrini et al.; Mohammadi et al.). Internalized FGF-acidic signals through protein kinase C and promotes cell survival by inhibiting p53 and proapoptotic signaling (Bouleau et al.).

Supplier: Stemcell Technologies

Chimeric mouse (V), human (C) monoclonal IgG antibody against SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) S protein (HEK293-expressed recombinant).

Supplier: Stemcell Technologies

Interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1α) is a member of the IL-1 family and a dual-function cytokine. Both the unprocessed precursor and a processed IL-1α protein signal through IL-1 receptor type 1 (IL-1R1). Various cells, including keratinocytes, thymic epithelium, hepatocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and the epithelial cells of mucous membranes, have high levels of intracellular IL-1α precursor. The precursor is also expressed on the surface of monocytes and B lymphocytes (Netea et al.). IL-1α recruits infiltrating cells to a site of injury during necrosis and plays an important role during processes of sterile inflammation (Cohen et al.; Rider et al.). During hypoxia, IL-1α contributes to angiogenesis (Carmi et al.). Studies in mice show that IL-1α is produced by microglia-like cells after ischemic brain injury, which contributes to the inflammation (Luheshi et al.).

Supplier: Stemcell Technologies

Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic growth factor with a wide range of biological activities in immune regulation, hematopoiesis, and oncogenesis. IL-6 is produced by a variety of cell types including T cells, B cells, monocytes and macrophages, fibroblasts, hepatocytes, vascular endothelial cells, and various tumor cell lines. On its own or in combination with other factors such as IL-2 and interferon-γ, IL-6 stimulates the proliferation of B cells, T cells, and hybridoma cells (Nordan et al.; Van Snick et al.; Gauldie et al.; Mihara et al.; Tanaka et al). In combination with cytokines such as IL-3, GM-CSF, and SCF, IL-6 has been shown to promote hematopoietic progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation in vitro. IL-6 signals through a cell surface type I cytokine receptor complex consisting of the ligand-binding IL-6α (CD126) and the signal-transducing gp130 subunits. The binding of IL-6 to its receptor system includes activation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway (Mihara et al.; Peters et al; Tanaka et al.).

Supplier: Stemcell Technologies

Interleukin 15 (IL-15) is a four-alpha helix bundle cytokine with many similar properties to IL-2. The IL-15 receptor is a heterotrimeric receptor composed of IL-15Ra (the high-affinity receptor for IL-15), as well as IL-2/15Rb (CD122) and common gamma chain (CD132). IL-15 binds to IL-15Rα receptor and can then be presented in trans to IL-2/15Rb and common gamma chain on other cells. Trans-presentation is thought to be the major mechanism by which IL-15-mediated responses occur in mice, although may not be necessary in humans (Castillo et al.). The cytoplasmic domains of IL-2/15Rb and common gamma chain mediate signaling to activate JAK/STAT and PI3K pathways. IL-15 supports the survival and proliferation of naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and promotes homeostasis of memory T cells. IL-15 also promotes the survival and differentiation of NK cells and regulates their cytolytic activity (Ma et al.). This product is animal component-free.

Supplier: Stemcell Technologies

A member of the SIBLING family of glycoproteins (Rangaswami et al.), Osteopontin (OPN) functions as T-helper 1 cytokine, and plays an important role in cell signaling, migration, and activation (Weber et al., 2002). Osteopontin has been shown to regulate inflammation both in vitro and in vivo (Agnholt et al.; Kiefer et al.), and has been implicated in the pathophysiology of numerous cancers, including prostate (Thalmann et al.), lung (Chambers et al.), ovarian (Kim et al.), and breast etiologies (Weber et al., 2015). In humans, OPN is initially secreted as a 317 amino acid protein which is subject to tissue-specific post-translational modifications by glycosylation, phosphorylation, and transglutamination (Kazanecki et al.; Sodek et al.). This protein product contains a His-residue tag at the amino end of the polypeptide chain. For consistency and reproducibility across your applications, Osteopontin from STEMCELL comes lyophilized with ≥ 92% purity, and endotoxin levels are verified to be ≤1.0 EU/μg protein.

Supplier: Stemcell Technologies

Fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF-7) is a member of the FGF family, and acts exclusively through a subset of FGF receptor isoforms expressed predominantly by epithelial cells (Finch and Rubin). FGF-7 seems to act specifically on epithelial cells and stimulates proliferation, migration, and differentiation of these cells, and also participates in epithelial protection and repair both in vitro and in vivo (Finch and Rubin; Werner). In contrast, FGF-7 is produced solely by cells of mesenchymal origin, and functions as a paracrine mediator of mesenchymal-epithelial communication (Rubin et al.). FGF-7 has also been shown to supplement several wound-healing properties of bioengineered skin (Erdag et al.) and to induce autophagy in human keratinocytes (Belleudi et al.). Additionally, FGF-7 has a role in the differentiation of pluripotent stem cell to endodermal pancreatic-like insulin-producing cells and thymic epithelial cells (Inami et al.; Niu et al.). This product is animal component-free.

Supplier: Stemcell Technologies

Interleukin 19 (IL-19) is a member of the IL-10 cytokine family and is produced by keratinocytes, B cells, and monocytes (Romer et al.; Wolk et al.). Expression of IL-19 can be induced by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS; Gallagher et al.). IL-19 is considered to be a proinflammatory cytokine, as it upregulates IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α; Liao et al. 2002). IL-19 binds the IL-20 receptor complex (IL-20R) which comprises IL-20R alpha and IL-20R beta to activate the STAT3 pathway (Dumoutier et al.). IL-19 also induces T-helper cell differentiation towards a Th2 response, resulting in the production of IL-10 and additional IL-19 (Liao et al. 2002; Liao et al. 2004). IL-19 has been implicated in aging, vascular disease, Type I diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis.

Supplier: Bioss

Making up nearly 6% of the human genome, chromosome 6 contains around 1,200 genes within 170 million base pairs of sequence. Deletion of a portion of the q arm of chromosome 6 is associated with early onset intestinal cancer suggesting the presence of a cancer susceptibility locus. Porphyria cutanea tarda is associated with chromosome 6 through the HFE gene which, when mutated, predisposes an individual to developing this porphyria. Notably, the PARK2 gene, which is associated with Parkinson's disease, and the genes encoding the major histocompatiblity complex proteins, which are key molecular components of the immune system and determine predisposition to rheumatic diseases, are also located on chromosome 6. Stickler syndrome, 21-hydroxylase deficiency and maple syrup urine disease are also associated with genes on chromosome 6. A bipolar disorder susceptibility locus has been identified on the q arm of chromosome 6. The C6orf10 gene product has been provisionally designated C6orf10 pending further characterization.

Supplier: Stemcell Technologies

Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) is synthesized as an inactive precursor protein or pro-IL-1β. This precursor is cleaved intracellularly by caspase 1 (IL-1β convertase) to form the active form of the protein that is later secreted (Allan et al.). IL-1β binds to IL-1 receptor and activates intracellular signaling via the MAPK or NF-kB pathway. IL-1β is released by monocytes, tissue macrophages, and dendritic cells in response to infection or injury and induces expression of acute-phase proteins. It also promotes the infiltration of inflammatory and immunocompetent cells from the circulation into the extravascular space and affected tissues, by stimulating the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells. IL-1β also affects other immune cells; for example, it co-stimulates T cell functions together with antigen or mitogen. It also stimulates Th17 differentiation and B cell proliferation in an IL-6-dependent manner. Mice deficient in IL-1β do not show phenotypical differences from wild-type mice; however, they have a reduced response to inflammation, suggesting that IL-1β plays a key role in inflammatory diseases (Dinarello).

Supplier: Stemcell Technologies

Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), also known as CCL2, is a member of the CC family of chemokines. The protein is primarily induced by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) gene (Cochran et al.). The biological effects of MCP-1 are mediated via the specific G-protein-coupled receptor CCR2 which in turn activates signal transduction pathways leading to monocyte transmigration (Sozzani et al.). Migration of monocytes from the bloodstream across the vascular endothelium is required for routine immunological surveillance of tissues, as well as other immunomodulatory effects. MCP-1 is produced by a variety of cell types, including fibroblasts and endothelial, epithelial, smooth muscle, mesangial, astrocytic, monocytic, and microglial cells, which are important for antiviral responses in the peripheral circulations and in tissues (Cushing et al.; Deshmane et al.). MCP-1 plays a role in physiological processes such as neurogenesis, neuroprotection, and neurotransmission and has important implications in neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease, in which it is produced during neuroinflammation at the sites of lesions (Conductier et al.).

Supplier: Stemcell Technologies

Interleukin 21 (IL-21) is a pleiotropic cytokine that is composed of four α-helical bundles and primarily produced by natural killer T (NKT) cells, T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, and Th17 cells (Spolski and Leonard 2008). IL-21 signals via heterodimers of the IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) and the IL2RG encoded common cytokine receptor γ-chain (Parrish-Novak et al.; Ozaki K et al. 2000), and utilizes the JAK/STAT, MAPK, and PI3K pathways (Spolski and Leonard 2014). IL-21 has been shown to have a critical role in regulating immunoglobulin production and differentiation of the pro-inflammatory Th17 population of cells (Ozaki et al. 2002; Nurieva et al.). Additionally, IL-21 specifically sustains CD8+ T cell effector activity and provides a mechanism of CD4+ T cell help during chronic viral infection (Elsaesser et al.). IL-21 signaling was also found critical for the development of type 1 diabetes in NOD mice (Sutherland et al.) and control of T cell autoimmunity by regulatory B cells (Yoshizaki et al.).

Supplier: Stemcell Technologies

A member of the apolipoprotein family, Apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) is a major glycoprotein component of high density lipoprotein (HDL) particles (Frank and Marcel) which facilitate the reverse transport of cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver. Apo A-I binds to the scavenger receptor SR-A1, allowing HDL particles to interact with cells in peripheral tissues (Neyen et al.), and is involved in the esterification of cholesterol, acting as a cofactor for lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT; Frohlich). Apo A-I has been shown to bind to the scavenger receptor SR-B1 (Williams et al.) and the beta chain of ATP synthase (Martinez et al.) on hepatocytes, highlighting its importance in HDL endocytosis. Mutations in the APOA1 encoding gene may result in dysregulated HDL levels, leading to an increased risk of amyloidosis and ischemic heart disease (Haase et al.; Obici et al.). This protein product contains a His-residue tag at the amino end of the polypeptide chain. This protein product contains a His-residue tag at the amino end of the polypeptide chain. For consistency and reproducibility across your applications, sclerostin from STEMCELL comes lyophilized with ≥ 92% purity.

Supplier: Stemcell Technologies

Apolipoprotein H (apo H) has been shown to promote the coagulation of blood platelets by inhibiting thrombomodulin complex and inactivating protein C (Keeling et al.), but can also act as an anticoagulant by binding thrombin and inhibiting its procoagulant effects (Pozzi et al.). Belonging to the lipid-binding apolipoprotein family, within the lipocalin superfamily, apo H is a protein constituent of plasma, with a high affinity for negatively charged phospholipids. The structure of apo H reveals four N-terminal complement control protein (CCP) modules, also known as 'sushi' domains, and a distinct fifth C-terminal domain with four antiparallel beta sheets, two alpha-helices, and an extended loop (Schwarzenbacher et al.). Apo H is the main antigen implicated in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), an autoimmune condition involving pregnancy complications and vascular thrombosis (Brusch). Studies have also reported that Apo H is involved in the progression of atherosclerosis (Harats and George). This protein contains a His-residue tag at the carboxyl end of the polypeptide chain. For consistency and reproducibility across your applications, apolipoprotein H from STEMCELL comes lyophilized with ≥93% purity, and is verified by LAL analysis to ensure endotoxin levels are ≤1.0 EU/μg protein.

Supplier: Stemcell Technologies

The platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) family has five heparin-binding members that assemble into four homodimers (PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, PDGF-CC, and PDGF-DD) and one heterodimer (PDGF-AB; Fretto et al.; Li and Eriksson). PDGF signals through the receptor tyrosine kinases PDGFRα and PDGFRβ. It has been shown that PDGF-induced migration involves signaling pathways involving MEK/ERK, EGFR, Src, and PI3K/AKT (Kim et al.). PDGF is a potent mitogen for cells of mesenchymal origin, such as fibroblasts, glial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells. PDGF has been implicated in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, glomerulonephritis, cancer, and in the contraction of vascular smooth muscle cells of rat aortic tissues (Fretto et al.; Sachinidis et al.). PDGF-DD promotes growth and survival of renal artery smooth muscle cells and lens epithelial cells, and can act as a macrophage chemoattractant (Changsirikulchai et al.; Lokker et al.; Ray et al.; Uutela et al.).

Supplier: Prosci

RFX4 is a transcription factors that contain a highly-conserved winged helix DNA binding domain. RFX4 is structurally related to regulatory factors X1, X2, X3, and X5. It has been shown to interact with itself as well as with regulatory factors X2 and X3, but it does not interact with regulatory factor X1. RFX4 may be a transcriptional repressor rather than a transcriptional activator.This gene is a member of the regulatory factor X gene family, which encodes transcription factors that contain a highly-conserved winged helix DNA binding domain. The protein encoded by this gene is structurally related to regulatory factors X1, X2, X3, and X5. It has been shown to interact with itself as well as with regulatory factors X2 and X3, but it does not interact with regulatory factor X1. This protein may be a transcriptional repressor rather than a transcriptional activator. Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene.

Supplier: Stemcell Technologies

Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is an interleukin 6 class cytokine that regulates a broad variety of developmental functions. After LIF binds to LIF receptor (LIFR), LIFR associates with gp130 and activates JAK/STAT and MAPK signaling (Auernhammer and Melmed; Suman et al.). LIFR activation of STAT3 is essential for maintaining the mouse embryonic stem cell phenotype (Niwa et al.). Produced by the endometrium, LIF plays an important autocrine and paracrine role in implantation by regulating proliferation, invasion, and differentiation of trophoblasts following blastocyst attachment (Auernhammer and Melmed; Suman et al.). Human LIF can be used for the maintenance of mouse embryonic stem cells, however mouse LIF cannot bind to the human receptor, thus rendering mouse LIF inactive (Dahéron et al.). LIF is produced by CD4+ and activated regulatory T cells, and promotes Foxp3 expression, while repressing Th17 lineage-specific genes (Metcalfe). LIF is also secreted by mesenchymal stromal cells, where it supports hematopoiesis and immune modulation (Nasef et al.).

Supplier: Stemcell Technologies

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a dimeric glycoprotein consisting of two disulfide bridge stabilized polypeptide chains, A and B, which are assembled as heterodimers (PDGF-AB) or homodimers (PDGF-AA and PDGF-BB) (Fretto et al.; Westermark and Heldin). PDGF signals through the receptor tyrosine kinases PDGFRalpha and PDGFRbeta. It has been shown that PDGF-induced migration involves signaling pathways involving MEK/ERK, EGFR, Src and PI3K/AKT (Kim et al.). PDGF is a potent mitogen for cells of mesenchymal origin- like fibroblasts, glial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells. PDGF has been implicated in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, glomerulonephritis, cancer, and in the contraction of vascular smooth muscle cells of rat aortic tissues (Fretto et al.; Sachinidis et al.). PDGF-BB is secreted by osteoblasts to induce mesenchymal stem cell migration and angiogenesis. It has also been shown that PDGF-BB is secreted by preosteoclasts during bone modeling and remodeling to induce angiogenesis and thus proper osteogenesis (Xie et al.).

Supplier: Anaspec

Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a large family of endopeptidases. Collectively, MMPs can degrade all kinds of extracellular matrix proteins, and can also process a number of bioactive molecules. They are known to be involved in the cleavage of cell surface receptors, the release of apoptotic ligands, and chemokine/cytokine inactivation. MMPs are also thought to play a major role in cell behaviors such as cell proliferation, migration (adhesion/dispersion), differentiation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and host defense.
This peptide is a fluorogenic substrate that is best cleaved by MMP-7, 8, 9 and 13. The highly fluorescent Mca moiety is efficiently quenched by energy transfer to the Dnp group. The punctuated metallo proteinase (PUMP, EC 3.4.24.23) cleaves the substrate at the Gly-Leu bond with a 190-fold increase in fluorescence (Abs/Em = 325/393 nm). In human MMP assays, this substrate is about 50 to 100 times more sensitive than the generic MMP substrate, Dnp-PLGLWAr-NH2.
Sequence:Mca-PLGL-Dap(Dnp)-AR-NH2
MW:1093.2 Da
% peak area by HPLC:95
Storage condition:-20° C

Supplier: Thermo Scientific Chemicals

Sodium deoxycholate monohydrate 98%

Supplier: Stemcell Technologies

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a prototypic member of the fibroblast growth factor family. Cytokines in the FGF family possess broad mitogenic and cell survival activities (Folkman and Klagsbrun; Kimelman and Kirschner) and are involved in a variety of biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis (Folkman and Klagsbrun; Klagsbrun; Rifkin and Moscatelli). bFGF has the β-trefoil structure (Ponting and Russell), binds to the four FGF receptor (FGFR) family members, and activates JAK/STAT, PI3K, ERK1/2, and other receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling pathways. It supports the maintenance of undifferentiated human pluripotent stem cells (Xu et al.; Kang et al.), stimulates human pluripotent stem cells to form neural rosettes (Zhang et al.), and improves proliferation of human mesenchymal stem cells and enhances chondrogenic differentiation (Solchaga et al.). This version of bFGF is the full-length bFGF protein encoded by the human FGF2 gene consisting of 154 amino acid residues. This product is animal component-free.

Supplier: Prosci

TAF5L functions as a component of the PCAF complex. The PCAF complex is capable of efficiently acetylating histones in a nucleosomal context. The PCAF complex could be considered as the human version of the yeast SAGA complex.The product of this gene belongs to the WD-repeat TAF5 family of proteins. This gene encodes a protein that is a component of the PCAF histone acetylase complex. The PCAF histone acetylase complex, which is composed of more than 20 polypeptides some of which are TAFs, is required for myogenic transcription and differentiation. TAFs may participate in basal transcription, serve as coactivators, function in promoter recognition or modify general transcription factors to facilitate complex assembly and transcription initiation. The encoded protein is structurally similar to one of the histone-like TAFs, TAF5. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene.

Supplier: Stemcell Technologies

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that activates NF-κB, MAPK, and PI3K/AKT pathways. Activated T cells and macrophages are the primary producers of TNF-α in response to inflammation and infectious conditions. Many other cell types have been shown to produce TNF-α, among them B cells, NK cells, mast cells, neutrophils, dendritic cells, microglia, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, cardiomyocytes, and fibroblasts. TNF-α has cytotoxic effects on cancerous cells by stimulating anti-tumor immunosuppressive responses. TNF-α stimulates expression of E- and P-selectins, thus facilitating adhesion of neutrophils, monocytes, and memory T cells to activated platelets and endothelial cells (Zelová and Hošek). Other effects of TNF-α include vasodilatation and edema formation. in vitro studies of adult rat neural progenitor cells (NPCs) demonstrate that TNF-α reduces neurogenesis in dentate gyrus-derived NPCs, and promotes astrogliogenesis in subventricular zone-derived NPCs (Borsini et al.).

Supplier: Stemcell Technologies

Fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF-10) is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family predominantly expressed by mesenchymal fibroblasts during embryonic development (Emoto et al.; Igarashi et al.). It binds with high affinity to fibroblast growth factor receptor 2-IIIb (FGFR2-IIIb), and also has a weaker affinity for FGFR1-IIIb (Beer et al.). FGF-10 and FGF-7 have similar receptor binding properties and target cell specificities but are differentially regulated by components of the extracellular matrix (Emoto et al.; Igarashi et al.). FGF-10 has been shown to mediate epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, which are essential to lung development (Sekine et al; Ware and Matthay). FGF-10 also has a role in mobilization and proliferation of lung-resident mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and protection and repair against acute lung injury (Tong et al.; Ware and Matthay), as well as endodermal differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells to insulin-producing pancreatic-like cells (Takeuchi et al.).

Supplier: Stemcell Technologies

Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) is a neurotrophic factor and a member of the nerve growth factor (NGF) family of proteins that includes neuron growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neurotrophin-4/5. NT-3 signals a number of trophic effects through its transducing receptor tyrosine kinase TrkC. NT-3 is known to promote survival, development, and differentiation of neurons, and modulates transmitter release at several types of synapses in the peripheral and central nervous systems (Chalazonitis 1996). NT-3 has been shown to have an important role in the overall development of enteric neurons, which are crucial for gut peristalsis (Chalazonitis 2004). Studies in rats have shown the potential of NT-3 in dorsal column axonal regeneration (Bradbury et al.). NT-3 was shown to protect neurons against amyloid-β toxicity (Lesne et al.). NT-3 has applications in neuronal differentiation protocols to generate β-tubulin III+ peripheral neurons from neural crest stem cells (Menendez et al.) and oligodendrocyte precursor cells from human embryonic stem (ES) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells (Douvaras et al.).