593 Results for: "Adipogen"

Supplier: Adipogen

In recent years several groups have studied the sequence requirements, specificity, signaling pathways and kinetics of the TLR (Toll-like receptor) 9 suppression by inhibitory oligonucleotide motifs, which led to a class of novel inhibitory oligonucleotide (iODNs), that is independent of the previously thought species preference. Subsequently it has been discovered that telomeric DNA repeats (TTAGGG)n can block immune activation by CpG-ODNs. Short, 11-15 base long oligonucleotides were synthesized that were capable of potently inhibiting CpG-stimulation. The optimal inhibitory DNA motif consists of a pyrimidine-rich triplet, preferably CCT, which is positioned 5- to the GGG sequence in a singlestranded DNA molecule. Additionally, both the optimal spacing between the CCT and GGG motifs, as well as their relative order to each other, is of crucial importance for the inhibitory DNA action. Interestingly, although both TLR7/TLR8 ligands and bacterial DNA share the endosomal compartment for receptor binding and signal transduction, certain iODNs (G-type) suppress only TLR9-mediated activation, whereas prototype class I iODN may also interfere with the activation via the TLR7/TLR8 pathway. Recently, intriguing evidence has been presented that for some iODN classes the immuno-modulatory biological activity shows only limited sequence dependency or may not even involve TLR-mediated uptake and signaling pathways. For example iODNs of the class II are thought to act on immune activation through inhibition of STAT signaling and independent of TLR signaling via binding to a yet to be identified 'ODN-receptor'. Slightly modified phosphodiester versions of the most potent inhibitory ODNs were also able to profoundly block the immune activation of macrophages and just recently prove to be valuable tools for in vivo use in experimental animal models of inflammatory and auto-immune diseases. Based upon these recent insights the following classification for iODNs has been suggested: Class I: G-stretch ODNs: TLR9-specific competitors, some iODNs may also affect TLR7 and TLR8 signalingClass II: ODNs with telomeric repeats: TLR-independent inhibitors of STAT signaling (cellular uptake via an 'ODN receptor'?)Class III: Inhibitors of DNA uptake in a sequence independent mannerClass IV: Long phosphorothioate ODNs as direct competitors of TLR9 signaling in a sequence independent manner

Supplier: Adipogen

VASP (vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein) is a proline-rich protein substrate of cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinases. VASP is an actin-associated protein involved in a range of processes dependent on cytoskeleton remodeling and cell polarity such as axon guidance, lamellipodial and filopodial dynamics, platelet activation and cell migration. VASP promotes actin filament elongation. It protects the barbed end of growing actin filaments against capping and increases the rate of actin polymerization in the presence of capping proteins. VASP stimulates actin filament elongation by promoting the transfer of profilin-bound actin monomers onto the barbed end of growing actin filaments and it plays a role in actin-based mobility of Listeria monocytogenes in host cells. It regulates actin dynamics in platelets and plays an important role in regulating platelet aggregation. VASP phosphorylation is used to monitor the effect of so-called antiplatelet drugs that reduce platelet reactivity and are used to prevent stent thrombosis, strokes and heart attacks in patients. Phosphorylation of VASP at Ser157 causes a mobility shift in SDS gel electrophoresis from 46 to 50kDa, which has been used as a convenient marker to monitor cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase activity.

Supplier: Adipogen

Fc (mouse) IgG2b Control (rec.) (Prod. No. AG-35B-0008) serves as a negative control in experiments with anti-APRIL (mouse), mAb (rec.) (Blocking) (APRY-1-1) (Prod. No. AG-27B-0001).

Supplier: Adipogen

Caspase-2 is a Class I caspase with a long prodomain necessary for nuclear localization. Upon activation of the apoptotic pathway, the procaspase is cleaved into smaller fragments. Caspase-2 is the nuclear apoptotic respondent to cellular genotoxic stress or mitotic catastrophe and is involved in the activation cascade of caspases responsible for apoptosis execution. Activation occurs upon recruitment to a complex containing a p53-induced death domain protein, PIDD. This suggests caspase-2 can be a nuclear initiator caspase with a requirement for caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation in downstream apoptotic events. In apoptotic pathways resulting from UV-induced DNA damage, processing of caspase-2 occurs downstream of mitochondrial dysfunction and of caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation, extending a possible role for caspase-2 as a parallel effector caspase.

Supplier: Adipogen

Irisin is a recently described exercise-induced hormone secreted by skeletal muscle in mice and humans. Irisin activates beige fat cells (beige cells have a gene expression pattern distinct from either white or brown fat and are preferentially sensitive to the polypeptide hormone Irisin). Irisin is cleaved from the type I membrane protein FNDC5 and improves systemic metabolism by increasing energy expenditure.

Supplier: Adipogen

Kynurenine aminotransferases (KATs) are pyridoxal-5’-phosphate-dependent enzymes that catalyze the conversion of L-kynurenine into kynurenic acid, a neuroactive metabolite whose unbalancing is associated with a number of brain disorders

Supplier: Adipogen

Negative control in experiments with recombinant proteins fused to human IgG1 Fc.

Supplier: Adipogen

IL-24 is a cytokine belonging to the IL-10 family of cytokines that signals through two heterodimeric receptors: IL-20R1/IL-20R2 and IL-22R1/IL-20R2. This interleukin is also known as melanoma differentiation-associated 7 (mda-7) due to its discovery as a tumour suppressing protein. IL-24 appears to control cell survival and proliferation by inducing rapid activation of particular transcription factors called STAT1 and STAT3. It is predominantly released by activated monocytes, macrophages and T helper 2 (Th2) cells and acts on non-haematopoietic tissues such as skin, lung and reproductive tissues. IL-24 performs important roles in wound healing, psoriasis and cancer. IL-24 has antiproliferative properties is inhibiting angiogenesis and may contribute to terminal cell differentiation.

Supplier: Adipogen

Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) is a heme-containing dioxygenase catalyzing the addition of molecular oxygen across the 2,3-double bond of the indole ring of tryptophan to form N-formylkynurenine (NFK)

Supplier: Adipogen

Human CD155 (Polio Virus Receptor, PVR, Necl-5) is a 70 kd type I Ig superfamily molecule. It is involved in formation of intracellular junctions between epithelial cells. Its ligands include CD226 (DNAM-1), and CD96 (TACTILE). CD155 expression by tumor has been shown to be upregulated by nitric oxide. A soluble version of CD155 has been shown to exist. High CD155 expression has recently been exploited to use engineered poliovirus to treat glioblastoma.

Supplier: Adipogen

For application to living cells, the diacetyl derivative of ZnAF-1F, ZnAF-1F DA, was synthesized. ZnAF-1F DA can permeate through the cell membrane, and is hydrolyzed by esterase in the cytosol to yield ZnAF-1F, which is retained in the cells. ZnAF-1F DA has been used to measure the changes of intracellular Zn2+ in cultured cells and hippocampal slices. Spectral data: lambdaex 492nm; lambdaem 514nm in PBS.

Supplier: Adipogen

Detects human IgG1:Fc proteins and can be used as a secondary control antibody.

Supplier: Adipogen

Three receptors for BAFF were recently identified and designated TACI, BCMA and BAFF-R. BAFF-R signaling is essential for B cell development, survival and humoral immune responses.

Supplier: Adipogen

The inducible costimulator CD278 (ICOS; T cell activation molecule H4) is similar to human CD28 (24% homology) and plays an analogous role in the T cell activation process. Each secondary signal from CD278 results in a discrete cytokine secretion profile displayed by the activated T cell. Both activation processes are effectively down regulated by CD152 (CTLA-4) engagement.

Supplier: Adipogen

NF-kappaB is a pleiotropic transcription factor present in almost all cell types and is the endpoint of a series of signal transduction events that are initiated by a vast array of stimuli related to many biological processes such as inflammation, immunity, differentiation, cell growth, tumorigenesis and apoptosis. NF-kappaB is a homo- or heterodimeric complex formed by the Rel-like domain-containing proteins RELA/p65, RELB, NFKB1/p105, NFKB1/p50, REL and NFKB2/p52. The heterodimeric p65-p50 complex is the most abundant complex. The dimers bind at kappaB sites in the DNA of their target genes and the individual dimers have distinct preferences for different kappaB sites that they can bind with distinguishable affinity and specificity. Different dimer combinations act as transcriptional activators or repressors, respectively. NF-kappaB complexes are held in the cytoplasm in an inactive state complexed with members of the NF-kappaB inhibitor (I-kappaB) family. In a conventional activation pathway, I-kappaB is phosphorylated by I-kappaB kinases (IKKs) in response to different activators, subsequently degraded thus liberating the active NF-kappaB complex which translocates to the nucleus. NF-kappaB heterodimeric p65-p50 and RelB-p50 complexes are transcriptional activators. The NF-kappaB p50-p50 homodimer is a transcriptional repressor, but can act as a transcriptional activator when associated with BCL3.

Supplier: Adipogen

Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a 47kDa secreted glycoprotein that belongs to the non-inhibitory serpin family group. PEDF is widely expressed in adult and fetal tissues, including brain, spinal cord, plasma, bone, prostate, pancreas, heart and lung. PEDF acts as an angiogenesis inhibitor with neurotrophic, immunomodulation and antitumor properties. It functions as anti-angiogenic agent by counterbalancing the proangiogenic effect of VEGF. PEDF is one of the most abundant proteins released by adipocytes and induces insulin resistance in adipocytes and human skeletal muscle cells. Recently, it has been reported that PEDF is sufficient to maintain the self-renewal of pluripotent human embryonic stem cells. Anti-PEDF (human), mAb (rec.) (Serpy-1-4) is an antibody developed by antibody phage display technology using a human naive antibody gene library. These libraries consist of scFv (single chain fragment variable) composed of VH (variable domain of the human immunoglobulin heavy chain) and VL (variable domain of the human immunoglobulin light chain) connected by a polypeptide linker. The antibody fragments are displayed on the surface of filamentous bacteriophage (M13). This scFv was selected by affinity selection on antigen in a process termed panning. Multiple rounds of panning are performed to enrich for antigen-specific scFv-phage. Monoclonal antibodies are subsequently identified by screening after each round of selection. The selected monoclonal scFv is cloned into an appropriate vector containing a Fc portion of interest and then produced in mammalian cells to generate an IgG like scFv-Fc fusion protein.

Supplier: Adipogen

Dectin-1 and dectin-2 are type II transmembrane proteins of the C-type lectin family. They contain single carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) in their extracellular region. Dectin-1 and dectin-2 are expressed in macrophages and dendritic cells. Dectin-1 recognizes beta-glucans with its CRD and signals through its immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-like motif in the cytoplasmic domain, whereas dectin-2 recognizes alpha-mannans and transduces its signal through association with the ITAM-containing Fc receptor gamma-chain.

Supplier: Adipogen

NFATc1 plays a role in the inducible expression of cytokine genes in T cells, especially in the induction of the IL-2 or IL-4 gene transcription. It controls gene expression in embryonic cardiac cells. Regulates not only the activation and proliferation but also the differentiation and programmed death of T-lymphocytes as well as lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells.

Supplier: Adipogen

CD273 (B7-DC; PD-L2) is a type I surface molecule with homology to CD80, CD86, CD274. It is expressed primarily by dendritic cells and provides a stimulatory signal to CD279 (PD-1; programmed death molecule) which has an important immunoregulatory role by downregulating the T cell response. CD273 binds to CD279 (PD-1) with a 2-6 fold higher affinity than CD274.

Supplier: Adipogen

In recent years several groups have studied the sequence requirements, specificity, signaling pathways and kinetics of the TLR (Toll-like receptor) 9 suppression by inhibitory oligonucleotide motifs, which led to a class of novel inhibitory oligonucleotide (iODNs), that is independent of the previously thought species preference. Subsequently it has been discovered that telomeric DNA repeats (TTAGGG)n can block immune activation by CpG-ODNs. Short, 11-15 base long oligonucleotides were synthesized that were capable of potently inhibiting CpG-stimulation. The optimal inhibitory DNA motif consists of a pyrimidine-rich triplet, preferably CCT, which is positioned 5- to the GGG sequence in a singlestranded DNA molecule. Additionally, both the optimal spacing between the CCT and GGG motifs, as well as their relative order to each other, is of crucial importance for the inhibitory DNA action. Interestingly, although both TLR7/TLR8 ligands and bacterial DNA share the endosomal compartment for receptor binding and signal transduction, certain iODNs (G-type) suppress only TLR9-mediated activation, whereas prototype class I iODN may also interfere with the activation via the TLR7/TLR8 pathway. Recently, intriguing evidence has been presented that for some iODN classes the immuno-modulatory biological activity shows only limited sequence dependency or may not even involve TLR-mediated uptake and signaling pathways. For example iODNs of the class II are thought to act on immune activation through inhibition of STAT signaling and independent of TLR signaling via binding to a yet to be identified 'ODN-receptor'. Slightly modified phosphodiester versions of the most potent inhibitory ODNs were also able to profoundly block the immune activation of macrophages and just recently prove to be valuable tools for in vivo use in experimental animal models of inflammatory and auto-immune diseases. Based upon these recent insights the following classification for iODNs has been suggested: Class I: G-stretch ODNs: TLR9-specific competitors, some iODNs may also affect TLR7 and TLR8 signalingClass II: ODNs with telomeric repeats: TLR-independent inhibitors of STAT signaling (cellular uptake via an 'ODN receptor'?)Class III: Inhibitors of DNA uptake in a sequence independent mannerClass IV: Long phosphorothioate ODNs as direct competitors of TLR9 signaling in a sequence independent manner

Supplier: Adipogen

Human nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase (NAPRTase) is localized in the cytoplasm and is involved in biological processes such as NAD biosynthetic and metabolic processes, nicotinamide metabolic process, nicotinate nucleotide salvage, response to oxidative stress and water-soluble vitamin metabolic process

Supplier: Adipogen

Detects human IgG1:Fc proteins and can be used as a secondary control antibody. Can also be used for detection and coating/coupling of Fc-based proteins on ELISA kit plates.

Supplier: Adipogen

TIP60 is the catalytic subunit of the NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex which is involved in transcriptional activation of selected genes principally by acetylation of nucleosomal histones H4 and H2A. This modification may both alter nucleosome-DNA interactions and promote interaction of the modified histones with other proteins which positively regulate transcription. This complex is required for the activation of transcriptional programs associated with oncogene and proto-oncogene mediated growth induction, tumor suppressor mediated growth arrest and replicative senescence, apoptosis and DNA repair. NuA4 may also play a direct role in DNA repair when recruited to sites of DNA damage. TIP60 directly acetylates and activates ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM). In case of HIV-1 infection, interaction with the viral Tat protein leads to KAT5 polyubiquitination and targets it to degradation.

Supplier: Adipogen

DLL3 (Delta-like protein 3; Delta3) inhibits primary neurogenesis. It plays a role in the formation of somite boundaries during segmentation of the paraxial mesoderm. DLL3 binds and activates Notch-1. Defects in DLL3 are the cause of spondylocostal dysostosis type 1 (SCDO1).

Supplier: Adipogen

Recombinant human soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (sVEGFR-1) is the naturally occurring form and is a glycosylated monomeric protein. The biological function of sVEGFR-1 seems to be an endogenous regulator of angiogenesis, binding VEGF with the same affinity as the full-length receptor. VEGFR-1 is a tyrosine-protein kinase that acts as a cell-surface receptor for VEGFA, VEGFB and PGF, and plays an essential role in the development of embryonic vasculature, the regulation of angiogenesis, cell survival, cell migration, macrophage function, chemotaxis and cancer cell invasion. It may play an essential role as a negative regulator of embryonic angiogenesis by inhibiting excessive proliferation of endothelial cells. It can promote endothelial cell proliferation, survival and angiogenesis in adulthood. Its function in promoting cell proliferation seems to be cell-type specific. Promotes PGF-mediated proliferation of endothelial cells, proliferation of some types of cancer cells, but does not promote proliferation of normal fibroblasts (in vitro). It has a very high affinity for VEGFA and relatively low protein kinase activity. It may function as a negative regulator of VEGFA signaling by limiting the amount of free VEGFA and preventing its binding to KDR. Modulates KDR signaling by forming heterodimers with KDR. Ligand binding leads to the activation of several signaling cascades. Activation of phospholipase C-gamma (PLCG) leads to the production of the cellular signaling molecules diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and the activation of protein kinase C. Mediates phosphorylation of PIK3R1, the regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, leading to activation of phosphatidylinositol kinase and the downstream signaling pathway. Mediates activation of MAPK1/ERK2, MAPK3/ERK1 and the MAP kinase signaling pathway, as well as of the AKT1 signaling pathway. Phosphorylates SRC and YES1 and may also phosphorylate CBL.

Supplier: Adipogen

Bim belongs to the Bcl-2 protein family. Bcl-2 family members form hetero- or homodimers and act as anti- or pro-apoptotic regulators that are involved in a wide variety of cellular activities. This protein contains a Bcl-2 homology domain 3 (BH3). It has been shown to interact with other members of the Bcl-2 protein family (BCL2, BCL2L1/BCL-X(L) and MCL1) and to act as an apoptotic activator, inducing apoptosis and anoikis. Several variants have been identified. The isoforms vary in cytotoxicity with isoform BimS being the most potent and isoform BimEL being the least potent.

Supplier: Adipogen

The anti-IgG (mouse), pAb (R-PE) is cross-absorbed against mouse IgM and IgA, pooled human sera and purified human paraproteins and affinity-purified on pooled mouse IgG covalently linked to agarose.

Supplier: Adipogen

LYVE-1 has been identified as a major receptor for HA (extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan) on the lymph vessel wall. Like CD44, the LYVE-1 molecule binds both soluble and immobilized HA. However, unlike CD44, the LYVE-1 molecule co-localizes with HA on the luminal face of the lymph vessel wall and is completely absent from blood vessels. Hence, LYVE-1 is the first lymph-specific HA receptor to be characterized and is a uniquely powerful marker for lymph vessels themselves.

Supplier: Adipogen

Collagen triple helix repeat containing-1 (CTHRC1) is a 30kDa glycosylated secretory protein containing a short collagen-like motif contributing to vascular remodeling by limiting collagen matrix deposition and promoting cell migration. CTHRC1 is expressed in calcified atherosclerotic plaque and chondrocyte-like cells, in the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and remodeling tissues. Aberrant expression of CTHRC1 is present in human solid cancers and likely to be associated with cancer invasion and metastasis. With adiponectin and other members of the C1q/TNF-related protein (CTRP) family, CTHRC1 shares the presence of a short N-terminal collagen domain but it lacks the characteristic C1q domain that defines the CTRP family of proteins. A recent study identifies CTHRC1 as a novel circulating hormone with metabolic effects.

Supplier: Adipogen

IL-36Ra/IL-1F5 is a highly and a specific antagonist of the IL-1 receptor-related protein 2-mediated response to IL-36alpha (IL-1F6), IL-36beta (IL-1F8) and IL-36gamma (IL-1F9). These cytokines bind to IL-36R (IL-1Rrp2) and IL-1RAcP, activating similar intracellular signals as IL-1. IL-36Ra inhibits the production of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-12, IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha and IL-23 induced by IL-36 in BMDC and CD4 T cells. Skin and dendritic cells are target of the IL-36 interleukins leading to a Th1 response. Recently mutations that affect the levels and the activity of IL-36Ra have been found in patients with pustular psoriasis, leading to enhanced production of inflammatory cytokines (IL-8 in particular) by keratinocytes.