Macrophage inflammatory protein-4 (MIP-4) plays a role in adaptive and innate immune responses, acting as a chemoattractant for T and B lymphocytes, and natural killer cells (Krohn et al.). MIP-4 can also induce immune tolerance through its effects on dendritic cells and macrophages (Azzaoui et al., Schraufstatter et al.). In breast cancer, MIP-4 has been shown to promote the invasiveness and metastasis of cancer cells in vivo by binding PITPNM3 (Chen et al.).This small cytokine belongs to the chemokine family found only in primates. Based on amino acid sequence, MIP-4 is closely related to MIP-1 alpha (CCL3) and MIP-1 beta (CCL4) (Liang et al.). MIP-4 is produced by antigen-presenting immune cells including dendritic cells, macrophages, and monocytes (Lieshout et al.). For consistency and reproducibility across your applications, macrophage inflammatory protein-4 from STEMCELL comes lyophilized with ≥95% purity, and is verified by LAL analysis to ensure endotoxin levels are ≤1.0 EU/μg protein.