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MITF (microphthalmia transcription factor) is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of genes with essential roles in cell differentiation, proliferation and survival. Binds to symmetrical DNA sequences (E-boxes) (5'-CACGTG-3') found in the promoters of target genes, such as BCL2 and tyrosinase (TYR). Plays an important role in melanocyte development by regulating the expression of tyrosinase (TYR) and tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1). Plays a critical role in the differentiation of various cell types, such as neural crest-derived melanocytes, mast cells, osteoclasts and optic cup-derived retinal pigment epithelium. [UniProt].

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CD43 is one of the major glycoproteins of thymocytes and T lymphocytes. Plays a role in the physicochemical properties of the T-cell surface and in lectin binding. Presents carbohydrate ligands to selectins. Has an extended rodlike structure that could protrude above the glycocalyx of the cell and allow multiple glycan chains to be accessible for binding. Is a counter-receptor for SN/Siglec-1 (By similarity). During T-cell activation is actively removed from the T-cell-APC (antigen-presenting cell) contact site thus suggesting a negative regulatory role in adaptive immune response (By similarity). [UniProt].

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CD59 is a potent inhibitor of the complement membrane attack complex (MAC) action. Acts by binding to the C8 and/or C9 complements of the assembling MAC, thereby preventing incorporation of the multiple copies of C9 required for complete formation of the osmolytic pore. This inhibitor appears to be species-specific. Involved in signal transduction for T-cell activation complexed to a protein tyrosine kinase. The soluble form from urine retains its specific complement binding activity, but exhibits greatly reduced ability to inhibit MAC assembly on cell membranes. [UniProt].

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This mAb recognises the peptide core of gastric mucin M1 (>1,000 kDa) (recently identified as Mucin 5AC). Its epitope is destroyed by beta-mercaptoethanol and proteases but not by periodate treatment. Antibody to gastric mucin M1 reacts with the gastric epithelium of normal human gastrointestinal tract as well as with the precancerous and cancerous colon but not with normal adult colon. It also reacts with fetal colonic mucosa. Resurgence of gastric mucin reactivity during colonic carcinogenesis is due to re-expression of the peptide core of gastric (or fetal colonic) mucins.

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This antibody reacts with a protein of ~13 kDa, identified as alpha sub-unit of HCG. HCG is a glycoprotein which is secreted in large quantities by normal trophoblasts. HCG is present only in trace amounts in non-pregnant urine and sera but rises sharply during pregnancy. HCG is composed of two non-identical, non-covalently linked polypeptide chains designated as the alpha and beta subunits. The alpha subunit is identical to that of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH).

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This antibody reacts with a reduction-resistant epitope present in both free and SIgA bound Secretory component. It does not react with the cell lines lacking this protein. The antibody is useful for studying the distribution and level of both free and bound secretory component. Secretory component is differentially expressed in epithelium, and the antibody is a popular marker for identifying subpopulations of epithelial cells and epithelial differentiation. The Secretory component antibody is a useful research tool for studying mucosal immunity, inflammation, remodeling, differentiation and tumorigenesis, all processes associated with differential secretory component expression.

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Expression of NKX2.2 has been found in neuroendocrine tumors of the gut, making it a potential marker for the study of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors. More recently, NKX2.2 protein was identified as a target of EWS-FLI-1, the fusion protein specific to Ewing sarcoma, and was shown to be differentially upregulated in Ewing sarcoma on the basis of array-based gene expression analysis. antibody to NKX2.2 detects a valuable marker for Ewing sarcoma, with a sensitivity of 93% and a specificity of 89%, and aids in the differential diagnosis of small round cell tumors.

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This mAb recognises a protein of ~50 kDa which is identified as Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP). It shows no cross-reaction with other intermediate filament proteins. GFAP is specifically found in astroglia. GFAP is a very popular marker for localizing benign astrocyte and neoplastic cells of glial origin in the central nervous system. Antibody to GFAP is useful in differentiating primary gliomas from metastatic lesions in the brain and for documenting astrocytic differentiation in tumors outside the CNS.

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Recognises a protein of 40-45 kDa, identified as human milk fat globule membrane protein (HMFG), Lactadherin or MFG-E8. HMFG is present on normal human breast epithelial cells and cell lines derived from breast carcinomas, as well as to the outer surface of the human milk fat globule. HMFG is considered as a differentiation marker. It is useful as specific breast epithelial marker and can also provide a tool to study the role of the cell surface in normal and neoplastic mammary development.

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This antibody reacts with a protein of ~13 kDa, identified as alpha sub-unit of HCG. HCG is a glycoprotein which is secreted in large quantities by normal trophoblasts. HCG is present only in trace amounts in non-pregnant urine and sera but rises sharply during pregnancy. HCG is composed of two non-identical, non-covalently linked polypeptide chains designated as the alpha and beta subunits. The alpha subunit is identical to that of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH).

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Wilms Tumor is a transcription factor that plays an important role in cellular development and cell survival. Regulates the expression of numerous target genes, including EPO. Plays an essential role for development of the urogenital system. recognises and binds to the DNA sequence 5'-CGCCCCCGC-3'. It has a tumor suppressor as well as an oncogenic role in tumor formation. Function may be isoform-specific: isoforms lacking the KTS motif may act as transcription factors. Isoforms containing the KTS motif may bind mRNA and play a role in mRNA metabolism or splicing. Isoform 1 has lower affinity for DNA, and can bind RNA. [UniProt].

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Tyrosinase is an oxidase that is the rate-limiting enzyme for controlling the production of melanin. It is mainly involved in two distinct reactions of melanin synthesis; firstly, the hydroxylation of a monophenol and secondly, the conversion of an o-diphenol to the corresponding o-quinone. o-Quinone undergoes several reactions to eventually form melanin. Tyrosinase is a copper-containing enzyme present in plant and animal tissues that catalyses the production of melanin and other pigments from tyrosine by oxidation, as in the blackening of a peeled or sliced potato exposed to air. It is found inside melanosomes which are synthesised in the skin melanocytes. In humans, the tyrosinase enzyme is encoded by the TYR gene. [Wiki].

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This mAb is specific to kappa light chain of immunoglobulin and shows no cross-reaction with lambda light chain or any of the five heavy chains. In mammals, the two light chains in an antibody are always identical, with only one type of light chain, kappa or lambda. The ratio of Kappa to Lambda is 70:30. However, with the occurrence of multiple myeloma or other B-cell malignancies this ratio is disturbed. Antibody to the kappa light chain is reportedly useful in the identification of leukemias, plasmacytomas, and certain non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Demonstration of clonality in lymphoid infiltrates indicates that the infiltrate is malignant.

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Bcl10, with an N-terminal caspase recruitment domain (CARD), is found in a number of apoptotic regulatory molecules. It was identified through its direct involvement in t(1;14) of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Expression of Bcl10 was shown to induce NF-kB activation in a NIK-dependent pathway. This mAb labels subpopulations of normal B and T cells and is a useful tool for the sub-classification of lymphomas. In MALT lymphomas with the t(1;14) translocation, while 55% of MALT lymphomas lacking this translocation exhibited the same labeling pattern, although at a much lower level.

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CD6 is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein that contains a 24-amino acid signal sequence, three extracellular 'scavenger receptor cysteine-rich' (SRCR) domains, a membrane-spanning domain and a 44-amino acid cytoplasmic domain. The CD6 glycoprotein is tyrosine phosphorylated during TCR-mediated T cell activation. CD6 shows significant homology to CD5. CD6 is present on mature thymocytes, peripheral T cells and a subset of B cells. Antibodies to CD6 are used to deplete T cells from bone marrow transplants to prevent graft versus host disease.

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Podocalyxin is a member of the CD34 transmembrane sialomucin family. It is over-expressed on the podocyte foot projections and plays essential roles in kidney development and homeostasis, blood filtration and urine formation. It is also expressed on vascular endothelia, hematopoietic progenitors and a subset of neurons. Overexpression may be linked to more aggressive tumor behavior. Podocalyxin antibody can identify podocytes in the urine (podocyturia) that may indicate glomerular disease, pre-eclampsia, and other kidney pathology.