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Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Fibroblast growth factor 8A (FGF-8A) is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family and is an isoform of FGF-8. FGF-8A binds the FGF receptor (FGFR) and activates Ras/MAPK signaling (Hulstrand and Houston). The FGF family possesses broad mitogenic and cell survival activities (Folkman and Klagsbrun; Kimelman and Kirschner) and is involved in a variety of biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis (Folkman and Klagsbrun; Klagsbrun; Rifkin and Moscatelli). FGF-8 RNA is spliced to produce 4 protein isoforms in humans: FGF-8A, FGF-8B, FGF-8E, and FGF-8F. The functional differences are not fully understood; however, studies in zebrafish and Xenopus show that FGF-8A is required for endoderm morphogenesis and neurogenesis (Choe and Crump; Hulstrand and Houston).

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Spike Protein, aa319-541 is expressed in Pichia pastoris and is one of four structural proteins encoded by the SARS-CoV-2 genome. The Spike Protein plays a key role in attachment to host cells allowing invasion through clathrin-mediated endocytosis. The spike protein can be cleaved by host cell proteases after aa685 to yield the N-terminal S1 subunit, and C-terminal S2 region. The S1 subunit is responsible for interacting with the host cell receptor (angiotensin-converting enzyme II) through a receptor-binding domain that is highly conserved with SARS-CoV. The S1 subunit has two conformations: a ‘down’ conformation in which the receptor is inaccessible, and an ‘up’ conformation in which the receptor is accessible. These conformational changes are key for monoclonal antibody drugs and vaccine development. At the amino terminus of the polypeptide chain, SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant spike protein contains a polyhistidine tag and a SUMOstar site.

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that activates NF-kB, MAPK, and PI3K/AKT pathways. Activated T cells and macrophages are the primary producers of TNF-α in response to inflammation and infectious conditions. Many other cell types have been shown to produce TNF-α, among them B cells, NK cells, mast cells, neutrophils, dendritic cells, microglia, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, cardiomyocytes, and fibroblasts. TNF-α has cytotoxic effects on cancer cells in vitro by stimulating anti-tumor immuno- suppressive responses. TNF-α stimulates expression of E- and P-selectins, thus facilitating adhesion of neutrophils, monocytes, and memory T cells to activated platelets and endothelial cells (Zelová and Hosek). Other effects of TNF-α include vasodilatation and edema formation.

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Spike Protein, aa16-685 is expressed in HEK293 cells and is one of four structural proteins encoded by the SARS-CoV-2 genome. The Spike Protein plays a key role in attachment to host cells, allowing invasion through clathrin-mediated endocytosis. The Spike Protein can be cleaved by host cell proteases after aa685 to yield the N-terminal S1 subunit and C-terminal S2 region. The S1 subunit is responsible for interacting with the host cell receptor (angiotensin-converting enzyme II) through a receptor-binding domain that is highly conserved with SARS-CoV. The S1 subunit has two conformations: a ‘down’ conformation in which the receptor is inaccessible, and an ‘up’ conformation in which the receptor is accessible. These conformational changes are key for monoclonal antibody drugs and vaccine development. SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Spike Protein contains a polyhistidine tag at the amino terminus; it also contains a FLAG tag at the carboxy terminus.

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Human Recombinant Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) Protein, aa18-740, is expressed in HEK293 cells. ACE2 activity results in vasodilation by degrading vasoconstrictor angiotensin II to produce vasodilator angiotensin. Decreased expression of this enzyme is associated with cardiovascular disease and possibly also glomerular injury in diabetic nephropathy. ACE2 contains a peptidase domain at the N-terminus and a single transmembrane helix. ACE2 is also the primary human receptor for the surface spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. This receptor is expressed in human lung and small intestine epithelia as well as the heart, kidney, and testes. The peptidase domain of ACE2 binds to the protein-binding domain of the S1 protein subunit of the spike protein; this binding results in a cleavage site becoming exposed. Cleavage, or ‘protein priming’, is done by TMPRSS2, a cellular serine protease, and by cathepsins. This cleavage activates the S2 subunit of the spike protein, allowing the fusion of the viral membrane to the host cell membrane. At the carboxy terminus, Human Recombinant ACE2 Protein contains a TEV site and a human IgG1 Fc tag.

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Interleukin 13 (IL-13) is a type I cytokine, and signals through type I cytokine receptors to activate JAK/STAT and IRS-1/IRS-2 pathways. IL-13 is produced by T cells and innate lymphoid cells (Pulendran and Artis) and it inhibits production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, prostaglandins, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species by monocytes and macrophages (Hershey). Unlike human B cells, IL-13 has no effect on mouse B cell development and function. IL-13 promotes eosinophil survival, activation, and recruitment, and also activates mast cells (Hershey). IL-13 regulates gastrointestinal parasite expulsion, airway hyperresponsiveness, allergic inflammation, tissue eosinophilia, goblet cell hyperplasia, intracellular parasitism, tissue remodeling, tumor cell growth, and fibrosis. IL-13 induces hypercontractility of smooth muscles by directly acting on the muscle cells as well as the enteric nerves (Wynn).

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Interleukin 13 (IL-13) is a cytokine important in type 2 immune responses and is expressed by T helper type 2 (Th2) cells and group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) (Pulendran and Artis). IL-13 binds a receptor composed of IL-4Ra and IL-13Ra1 or IL-13Ra2 (Wynn 2003). IL-13 receptor is expressed on B cells and promotes B cell proliferation, induces class switching to IgG4 and IgE, and functions in the recruitment and activation of IgE-producing B cells (Hershey). The receptor is also expressed on basophils, eosinophils, mast cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, monocytes, macrophages, respiratory epithelial cells, and smooth muscle cells (Hershey). Signaling through the IL-13 receptor activates the JAK/STAT and IRS-1/IRS-2 pathways. in vivo, IL-13 has a role in resistance to extracellular helminth parasites by regulating gastrointestinal parasite expulsion, as well as in airway hyperresponsiveness, allergic inflammation, tissue remodeling, tumor cell growth, and fibrosis (Wynn 2015). Secreted IL-13 is a protein consisting of 112 amino acids with a molecular mass of 10 kDa (Hershey). Human IL-13 is not species-specific but has greater activity on human cells compared to mouse cells (Hershey).

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Streptavidin is conjugated with APC/Fire™ 750 under optimal conditions.