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Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Trigger a variety of immunological responses with E. coli Lipopolysaccharide O55:B5 (S-form), a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from the O55:B5 serotype of the Gram-negative bacteria and nbsp Escherichia coli. Composed of a lipid A, a core oligosaccharide, and an O antigen, LPS are glycolipid constituents that reside on the outer membranes of gram-negative bacteria (Kitchens RL et al.). LPS protects bacteria against bile salts and lipophilic antibiotics by maintaining the outer integrity of the cell membrane (Bäckhed F et al.). E. coli lipopolysaccharide O55:B5 (S-form), in particular, is predominantly recognized by toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which leads to the activation of NF-κβ, a protein complex which plays a key role in regulating immune response (Kuzmich N et al.). Activation of NF-κβ can trigger increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1 and TNF-α by macrophages (Matuschak GM et al.). This LPS can also interact with CD14 to activate phospholipase Cγ2 and kinases of the Src family, trigger influxes of extracellular Ca2+, as well as calcineurin-dependent translocation of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) family of transcription factors (Li CC et al.). When added to ImmunoCult™-SF macrophage medium (Catalog #10961), stimulation with lipopolysaccharide from E. coli (O55:B5) and IFN-γ supports the polarization to M1 (classically activated) macrophages. Warning: This product is highly pyrogenic. Avoid all means by which the product may enter the bloodstream.

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Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) is synthesised as an inactive precursor protein or pro-IL-1β. This precursor is cleaved intracellularly by caspase 1 (IL-1β convertase) to form the active form of the protein that is later secreted (Allan et al.). IL-1β binds to IL-1 receptor and activates intracellular signaling via the MAPK or NF-kB pathway. IL-1β is released by monocytes, tissue macrophages, and dendritic cells in response to infection or injury and induces expression of acute-phase proteins. It also promotes the infiltration of inflammatory and immunocompetent cells from the circulation into the extravascular space and affected tissues, by stimulating the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells. IL-1β also affects other immune cells; for example, it co-stimulates T cell functions together with antigen or mitogen. It also stimulates Th17 differentiation and B cell proliferation in an IL-6-dependent manner. Mice deficient in IL-1β do not show phenotypical differences from wild-type mice; however, they have a reduced response to inflammation, suggesting that IL-1β plays a key role in inflammatory diseases (Dinarello).

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Oncostatin M (OSM) is a member of interleukin 6 (IL-6) family of cytokines and bears close resemblance to leukemia-inhibitory factor (LIF) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in amino acid sequence and its modulation of differentiation in a variety of cell types (Rose and Bruce). OSM signals through type I receptor (consisting of gp130 and LIF receptor (LIFR)) and type II receptor (consisting of gp130 and OSM receptor (OSMR)), which eventually activate the JAK/STAT pathway (Auguste et al.; Gómez-Lechón). OSM is primarily produced by activated T cells and monocytes, and also by activated macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells, and dendritic cells. OSM is also produced within the bone microenvironment by cells of both hematopoietic and mesenchymal origin including osteocytes and osteoblasts. OSM is involved in differentiation, cell proliferation, hematopoiesis, and inflammation, and also has been shown to have implications in liver development, bone formation and resorption (Sims and Quinn; Tanaka and Miyajima).

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Stimulating T cells with HIV (HLA Class I Control) Peptide pool releases downstream cytokines and upregulates activation markers, enabling antigen-specific T cells to be detected or isolated for analysis. HIV Peptide pool is a lyophilised mixture of 22 peptides from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and consists of defined HLA class I-restricted T cell epitopes. Viral peptide pools are useful for a broad range of applications, including vaccine development, immunological research, and diagnostic assay development.

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Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) is a homodimeric cytokine that belongs to receptor tyrosine kinase subclass III of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. M-CSF acts on a CSF-1 receptor tyrosine kinase, which initiates signaling cascades to support cell proliferation and differentiation (Hamilton). M-CSF is produced by endothelial cells, osteoblasts, and during pregnancy by the uterine epithelial cells (Ryan). M-CSF synergizes with other factors to support proliferation and differentiation of multipotent hematopoietic progenitor cells, and regulates proliferation and differentiation of the mononuclear phagocyte progenitor cells to monocytes and macrophages. It also supports survival, proliferation, and function of the differentiated macrophages and regulates differentiation of mononuclear phagocytes to osteoclasts (Pixley and Stanley). M-CSF plays an important role in the implantation of the embryo and early development (Makrigiannakis et al.).

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Stem cell factor (SCF) is an early-acting cytokine that plays a pivotal role in the regulation of embryonic and adult hematopoiesis. SCF promotes cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, and functional activation of cells at multiple levels of the hematopoietic hierarchy. Together with other cytokines such as thrombopoietin and Flt3/Flk-2 Ligand, SCF is commonly used to promote expansion of primitive hematopoietic stem cells and multi-potent progenitor cells in culture (Martin et al.; Kent et al.). In synergy with various growth factors, including IL-2, IL-3, IL-6, IL-7, G-CSF, and erythropoietin, SCF increases proliferation and differentiation of myeloid and erythroid progenitor cells and a subset of lymphoid progenitor cells (Broudy). SCF is also a primary growth and activation factor for mast cells and eosinophils. SCF exists in two biologically active splice forms: a soluble and a transmembrane isoform. Upon binding to its receptor (c-Kit tyrosine kinase receptor; CD117), it activates PI3K, JAK/STAT, and MAPK pathways. SCF and signaling from c-Kit have also been reported to play an important role in pigmentation, fertility, vasculogenesis, motility of the gut via c-Kit positive interstitial cells of Cajal, and in the migration of neuronal stem and progenitor cells to sites of injury in the brain. This product is animal component-free.

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Transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-α) a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family that is expressed in normal epithelial cells, monocytes, macrophages, brain cells, keratinocytes, and cancer cells. TGF-α binds EGF receptor (EGFR) and activates tyrosine kinase signaling. In epidermal and epithelial cells, this results in proliferation and differentiation. TGF-α is not structurally or genetically related to TGF-β, and the two ligands act through different signaling pathways. In vitro, TGF-α was shown to stimulate anchorage-independent growth (Singh and Coffey).

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Fibroblast growth factor 8B (FGF-8B) is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family and is an isoform of FGF-8. Cytokines in the FGF family possess broad mitogenic and cell survival activities (Folkman and Klagsbrun; Kimelman and Kirschner) and are involved in a variety of biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis (Folkman and Klagsbrun; Klagsbrun; Rifkin and Moscatelli). FGF-8B signals through FGF receptors (FGFRs) to activate PI3K and MAPK pathways. FGF-8B regulates gastrulation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and mesenchymal to epithelial differentiation during embryonic development. FGF-8B has also been found in peripheral blood leukocytes and healthy bone marrow samples (Mattila and Härkönen). FGF-8B has mitogenic effects on somatic cells in the germinal epithelium and is expressed in adult mouse ovarian cells and tissues, which suggests that it regulates maturation of oocytes and seminiferous epithelium in testes (Valve et al.). This product is animal component-free.

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Stimulating T cells with EBV (HLA Class I Control) peptide pool releases downstream cytokines and upregulates activation markers, enabling antigen-specific T cells to be detected or isolated for analysis. EBV (HLA Class I Control) Peptide Pool is a lyophilised mixture of 26 peptides from Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and consists of defined HLA class I-restricted T cell epitopes. Viral peptide pools are useful for a broad range of applications, including vaccine development, immunological research, and diagnostic assay development. For consistency and reproducibility across your applications, CMV peptide pool from STEMCELL has a purity ≥95%.

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) is a homodimeric glycoprotein growth factor that regulates proliferation and differentiation of myeloid hematopoietic progenitors to mononuclear phagocytic cell lineages, including monocytes, macrophages, and osteoclasts. M-CSF is a crucial factor for the development of tissue-resident macrophages in most tissues (Ginhoux andamp; Jung). It is required for the maturation and activation of monocytes and macrophages, and regulates inflammatory responses in conjunction with other stimuli such as IFN-γ, LPS, and IL-4 (Murray et al.). M-CSF is also required for bone resorption by osteoclasts, and is involved in the development and regulation of placenta, mammary gland, and brain. M-CSF is produced by monocytes, fibroblasts, osteoclasts, stromal cells, endothelial cells, and tumor cells (Chockalingam andamp; Ghosh). M-CSF exerts its biological effects by signaling through a receptor tyrosine kinase (CSF-1R or M-CSF-R) encoded by the c-fms proto-oncogene (Hamilton). CSF-1R shares similar structural features with other growth factor receptors, including the stem cell factor (SCF) receptor, platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGF-R), and Flt3/Flk-2 receptor tyrosine kinase. Stimulation of the CSF-1R upon binding to M-CSF activates MAPK, PI3K, and PLCγ signaling pathways (Chockalingam andamp; Ghosh). Human and mouse M-CSF sequences are highly conserved both at nucleotide and amino acid levels (80% homology; DeLamarter et al.). This product is animal component-free.

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Add this high-quality human recombinant transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) to your cell culture workflow. Its verified endotoxin level of ≤0,2 EU/μg, measured using the LAL method, allows confidence for use across multiple applications. A member of the TGF-β superfamily, TGF-β1 regulates diverse cellular phenotypes. TGF-β1 binds to serine-threonine kinase type I and II receptors and activates signal transduction through SMAD2/3 proteins.

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Fibroblast growth factor 8B (FGF-8B) is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family and is an isoform of FGF-8. Cytokines in the FGF family possess broad mitogenic and cell survival activities (Folkman andamp; Klagsbrun; Kimelman andamp; Kirschner) and are involved in a variety of biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis (Folkman andamp; Klagsbrun; Klagsbrun; Rifkin andamp; Moscatelli). FGF-8B signals through FGF receptors (FGFRs) to activate PI3K and MAPK pathways. FGF-8B is broadly associated with mitogenic and cell survival activities, and regulates gastrulation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and later on mesenchymal to epithelial differentiation during embryonic development. FGF-8B has also been found in peripheral blood leukocytes and healthy bone marrow samples (Mattila andamp; Härkönen). FGF-8B has mitogenic effects on somatic cells in the germinal epithelium and is expressed in adult mouse ovarian cells and tissues, which suggests that it regulates maturation of oocytes and seminiferous epithelium in testis (Valve et al.).

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is the founding member of the IL-10 family of class II cytokines. All of the IL-10 cytokine family members have a four-helix bundle consisting of α-helical folds. Upon binding to its receptor, IL-10 activates signaling through JAK1 and STAT3. It is produced by dendritic cells, macrophages, and CD4+ T regulatory cells, as well as mast cells, NK cells, neutrophils, and regulatory B cells, under specific stimulating conditions (Saraiva and O'Garra). IL-10 can inhibit the activation of certain immune cells while it promotes the function of B cells, and facilitate healing process. Specifically, this cytokine is important for the function of T regulatory cells as it is a potent suppressor of effector T cell proliferation and cytokine production. Also, IL-10 produced by a subset of macrophages inhibits activation and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by neighboring macrophages, thus allowing a level of self-regulation. IL-10 enhances B cell proliferation, immunoglobulin secretion, and class II MHC expression (Ouyang et al.).

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Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that activates NF-κB, MAPK, and PI3K/AKT pathways. Activated T cells and macrophages are the primary producers of TNF-α in response to inflammation and infectious conditions. Many other cell types have been shown to produce TNF-α, among them B cells, NK cells, mast cells, neutrophils, dendritic cells, microglia, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, cardiomyocytes, and fibroblasts. TNF-α has cytotoxic effects on cancerous cells by stimulating anti-tumor immunosuppressive responses. TNF-α stimulates expression of E- and P-selectins, thus facilitating adhesion of neutrophils, monocytes, and memory T cells to activated platelets and endothelial cells (Zelová and Hošek). Other effects of TNF-α include vasodilatation and edema formation. In vitro studies of adult rat neural progenitor cells (NPCs) demonstrate that TNF-α reduces neurogenesis in dentate gyrus-derived NPCs, and promotes astrogliogenesis in subventricular zone-derived NPCs (Borsini et al.).

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Flt3/Flk-2 (Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3/fetal liver kinase-2) Ligand is a hematopoietic cytokine that plays an important role as a co-stimulatory factor in the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and the development of the immune system (Hannum et al.). Flt3/Flk-2 Ligand, together with stem cell factor and thrombopoietin, is commonly used to promote expansion of primitive CD34+ hematopoietic cells in culture. In combination with myeloid cytokines such as GM-CSF, G-CSF, or M-CSF, Flt3/Flk-2 Ligand enhances the growth and numbers of clonogenic myeloid progenitor cells. In synergy with the interleukins IL-3, IL-4, IL-7, IL-11, IL-12, IL-15, and GM-CSF and TNF-α, Flt3/Flk-2 Ligand regulates the development of various lymphoid progenitor cells, including dendritic cell, B cell, T cell, and NK cell progenitors. In contrast, Flt3/Flk-2 Ligand has no significant effect on erythropoiesis or megakaryopoiesis (Drexler and Quentmeier; Wodnar-Filipowicz). Flt3/Flk-2 Ligand exists as membrane-bound and soluble isoforms. Both isoforms are biologically active and signal through the class III tyrosine kinase receptor (Flt3/Flk-2, CD135; Rosnet et al.). Flt3/Flk-2 Ligand is produced by a variety of cell types, including uncommitted and committed hematopoietic cells and stromal fibroblasts, whereas expression of the Flt3/Flk-2 receptor is restricted to CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Flt3/Flk-2 receptor is also expressed on leukemic cells and outside the hematopoietic system in the brain, placenta, and testis (Drexler and Quentmeier; Hannum et al.). This product is animal component-free.

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Oncostatin M (OSM) is a member of interleukin 6 (IL-6) family of cytokines and bears close resemblance to leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in amino acid sequence and its modulation of differentiation in a variety of cell types (Rose and Bruce). OSM signals through type I receptor (consisting of gp130 and LIF receptor [LIFR]) and type II receptor (consisting of gp130 and OSM receptor [OSMR]), which eventually activate the JAK/STAT pathway (Auguste et al.; Gómez-Lechón). OSM is primarily produced by activated T cells and monocytes, and also by activated macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells, and dendritic cells. OSM is also produced within the bone microenvironment by cells of both hematopoietic and mesenchymal origin, including osteocytes and osteoblasts. OSM is involved in differentiation, cell proliferation, hematopoiesis, and inflammation, and also has been shown to have implications in liver development and bone formation and resorption (Sims and Quinn; Tanaka and Miyajima). This product is animal component-free.

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Interleukin 5 (IL-5) is a member of the short-chain 4-α-helical bundle subset of hematopoietic cytokines. It binds to the specific α receptor, which in turn recruits the common β receptor that initiates signaling via JAK/STAT and MAPK pathways. IL-5 is produced by Th2 cells, eosinophils, activated mast cells, and ILC2 cells. IL-5 affects the differentiation, activation, and survival of eosinophils, thus playing an important role in allergic inflammation, asthma, and parasite immunity. Stimulation of eosinophils with IL-5 leads to their activation, upregulation of CD11b expression, and inhibition of apoptosis (Shearer).

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Use Interferon beta (IFN-β) to modulate the activity of genes that control dendritic cell activation, T cell survival, NK cell activation, chemokine expression, lymph node retention, and antiproliferative and antiviral effects (Dunn et al. Nat Rev Immunol, 2006). IFN-β binds to a receptor complex composed of IFNAR1 and IFNAR2, and initiates signal transduction via the JAK/STAT pathway. It is predominantly produced by fibroblasts, with smaller amounts from plasmocytoid dendritic cells. Macrophages and endothelial cells secrete IFN-β in response to viral infection (Reder and Feng. Front Immunol, 2013). IFN-β suppresses Th17 cells by affecting expression of IL-4, IL-10, and IL-27, and is a first-line treatment for multiple sclerosis. IFN-β was also shown to expand regulatory T cells and limit T cell trafficking to the central nervous system (Inoue and Shinohara. Immunology, 2013). Of the two IFN-β variants (IFN-β1 and IFN-β3), this product is the IFN-β1 form.

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Stimulating T cells with CMV (HLA Class I Control) Peptide pool releases downstream cytokines and upregulates activation markers, enabling antigen-specific T cells to be detected or isolated for analysis. CMV Peptide pool is a lyophilised mixture of 14 peptides from the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) and consists of defined HLA class I-restricted T cell epitopes. Viral peptide pools are useful for a broad range of applications, including vaccine development, immunological research, and diagnostic assay development. For consistency and reproducibility across your applications, CMV Peptide pools from STEMCELL are formulated as lyophilised trifluoroacetate salts, with a purity ≥95%.

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) is a homodimeric glycoprotein growth factor that regulates proliferation and differentiation of myeloid hematopoietic progenitor cells to mononuclear phagocytic cell lineages, including monocytes, macrophages, and osteoclasts. M-CSF is a crucial factor for the development of tissue-resident macrophages in most tissues (Ginhoux and Jung). It is required for the maturation and activation of monocytes and macrophages, and regulates inflammatory responses in conjunction with other stimuli such as IFN-γ, LPS, and IL-4 (Murray et al.). M-CSF is also required for bone resorption by osteoclasts, and is involved in the development and regulation of the placenta, mammary gland, and brain. M-CSF is produced by monocytes, fibroblasts, osteoclasts, stromal cells, endothelial cells, and tumor cells (Chockalingam and Ghosh). M-CSF exerts its biological effects by signaling through a receptor tyrosine kinase (CSF-1R or M-CSF-R) encoded by the c-fms proto-oncogene (Hamilton). CSF-1R shares similar structural features with other growth factor receptors, including the stem cell factor (SCF) receptor, platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGF-R), and Flt3/Flk-2 receptor tyrosine kinase. Stimulation of the CSF-1R upon binding to M-CSF activates MAPK, PI3K, and PLCγ signaling pathways (Chockalingam and Ghosh). Human and mouse M-CSF sequences are highly conserved both at nucleotide and amino acid levels (80% homology; DeLamarter et al.).

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Interleukin 17A (IL-17A) is the founding member of the family of cytokines that includes Interleukin 17B through Interleukin 17F. It is a potent proinflammatory cytokine that plays a key role in defense against pathogens. IL-17A and IL-17F signal as homodimers or heterodimers through the same receptor, and activate NF-kB, MAPK, and C/EBP pathways (Gaffen). IL-17A receptor is expressed on a variety of cell types, including hematopoietic cell compartments. IL-17A is produced by T helper 17 cells, CD8+ T cells, γδ T cells, natural killer T cells, B cells, neutrophils, innate lymphoid cells and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs; Zenobia and amp; Hajishengallis; Mojsilovic et al.). IL-17A receptor is expressed at particularly high levels on stromal cells, including MSCs. IL-17A increases the frequency and the average size of colony-forming units-fibroblast derived from bone marrow, as well as the proliferation of bone marrow-derived MSCs. IL-17A suppresses osteogenic differentiation and bone formation of bone marrow-derived MSCs. The action of IL-17A on hematopoiesis is deeply reliant on the microenvironment and the induction of other regulators. In healthy mouse bone marrow, IL-17A stimulates myeloid and early stage erythroid progenitor cells but inhibits late stage erythroid progenitor cells (Mojsilovic et al.).

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Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-II) is a polypeptide that belongs to the family of insulin-like growth factors that are similar in molecular structure to proinsulin. IGF-II binding to IGF-I receptor activates a signaling cascade via the MAPK and PI3K pathways. IGF-II affects growth, differentiation, and survival of cells in a variety of tissues during embryonic development. It stimulates proliferation and migration of primary lymphatic endothelial cells, and induces lymphangiogenesis (Guvakova).

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The SARS-CoV-2 (ORF3a) Peptide pool is a lyophilised mixture of 66 peptides from open reading frame 3a (ORF3a) protein of SARS-CoV-2. ORF3a is found in both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 and the two proteins share high sequence similarity. SARS-CoV ORF3a has been shown to cause apoptosis of infected cells and form potassium-sensitive ion channels, modulating the release of viruses. Additionally, it induces ligand-independent downregulation of Type 1 interferon receptor. The sequence similarity between the two proteins suggests it may play a similar role in SARS-CoV-2. The pool consists of 15-mer peptides with 11-amino-acid overlaps that cover amino acids 1 to 275 on SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a.

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Flt3/Flk-2 (Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3/fetal liver kinase-2) ligand is a hematopoietic cytokine that plays an important role as a co-stimulatory factor in the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and the development of the immune system (Lyman et al.; Rosnet et al.). Flt3/Flk-2 ligand, together with stem cell factor and thrombopoietin, is commonly used to promote expansion of primitive hematopoietic cells in culture. In combination with myeloid cytokines such as GM-CSF, G-CSF, or M-CSF, Flt3/Flk-2 ligand enhances the growth and numbers of clonogenic myeloid progenitor cells. In synergy with IL-3, IL-4, IL-7, IL-11, IL-12, IL-15, GM-CSF, and TNF-α, Flt3/Flk-2 ligand regulates the development of various lymphoid progenitor cells, including dendritic cell, B cell, T cell, and NK cell progenitors. In contrast, Flt3/Flk-2 ligand has no significant effect on erythropoiesis or megakaryopoiesis (Drexler and Quentmeier; Wodnar-Filipowicz). Flt3/Flk-2 ligand exists as membrane-bound and soluble isoforms. Both isoforms are biologically active and signal through the class III tyrosine kinase receptor (Flt3/Flk-2, CD135; Rosnet et al.). Flt3/Flk-2 ligand is produced by a variety of cell types, including uncommitted and committed hematopoietic cells and stromal fibroblasts, whereas expression of the Flt3/Flk-2 receptor is restricted to CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Flt3/Flk-2 receptor is also expressed outside the hematopoietic system in the brain, placenta, and testis (Drexler and Quentmeier; Hannum et al.).

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SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Nucleocapsid Protein, aa1-419 is expressed in HEK293 cells and is one of four structural proteins encoded by the SARS-CoV-2 genome. The Nucleocapsid Protein is transcribed from the viral “N” gene and is the protein that interacts with RNA to form the nucleocapsid. The protein forms a homo-oligomer, and both the monomer and the oligomer can interact with RNA. This protein also interacts with the membrane protein (protein M) after infection of the host cell during packaging of the positive-strand viral genome RNA into the ribonucleocapsid during virion assembly.

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Conveniently and consistently add transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-ꞵ1) to your cultures with this cell culture-ready formulation. This human recombinant TGF-ꞵ1 is precisely reconstituted to 0,1 mg/ml in 100 mM acetic acid and requires no additional preparation, improving reproducibility. Endotoxin levels are verified, using the LAL method to ensure consistency for use across multiple applications. A member of the TGF-β superfamily, TGF-β1 regulates diverse cellular phenotypes. TGF-β1 binds to serine-threonine kinase type I and II receptors and activates signal transduction through SMAD2/3 proteins.

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) is a homodimeric glycoprotein growth factor that regulates proliferation and differentiation of myeloid hematopoietic progenitors to mononuclear phagocytic cell lineages, including monocytes, macrophages, and osteoclasts. M-CSF is a crucial factor for the development of tissue-resident macrophages in most tissues (Ginhoux andamp; Jung). It is required for the maturation and activation of monocytes and macrophages, and regulates inflammatory responses in conjunction with other stimuli such as IFN-γ, LPS, and IL-4 (Murray et al.). M-CSF is also required for bone resorption by osteoclasts, and is involved in the development and regulation of placenta, mammary gland, and brain. M-CSF is produced by monocytes, fibroblasts, osteoclasts, stromal cells, endothelial cells, and tumor cells (Chockalingam andamp; Ghosh). M-CSF exerts its biological effects by signaling through a receptor tyrosine kinase (CSF-1R or M-CSF-R) encoded by the c-fms proto-oncogene (Hamilton). CSF-1R shares similar structural features with other growth factor receptors, including the stem cell factor (SCF) receptor, platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGF-R), and Flt3/Flk-2 receptor tyrosine kinase. Stimulation of the CSF-1R upon binding to M-CSF activates MAPK, PI3K, and PLCγ signaling pathways (Chockalingam andamp; Ghosh). Human and mouse M-CSF sequences are highly conserved both at nucleotide and amino acid levels (80% homology; DeLamarter et al.).

Supplier: STEMCELL Technologies

SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Nucleocapsid Protein, aa1-419 is expressed in E. coli and is one of four structural proteins encoded by the SARS-CoV-2 genome. The Nucleocapsid Protein is transcribed from the viral “N” gene and is the protein that interacts with RNA to form the nucleocapsid. The protein is a homo-oligomer, and both the monomer and the oligomer can interact with RNA. This protein also interacts with the membrane protein (protein M) after infection of the host cell during packaging of the positive-strand viral genome RNA into the ribonucleocapsid during virion assembly. At the amino terminus, SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Nucleocapsid Protein contains a thrombin site, a T7 tag, and a polyhistidine tag.

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Thrombopoietin (TPO) is a key regulator of megakaryocytopoiesis and thrombopoiesis in vitro and in vivo. TPO stimulates the proliferation and maturation of megakaryocytes and has an important role in regulating the level of circulating platelets in vivo. TPO also promotes the survival, self-renewal, and expansion of hematopoietic stem cells and primitive multilineage progenitor cells. It is commonly used with other cytokines such as stem cell factor (SCF) and Flt3/Flk-2 Ligand to promote expansion of primitive hematopoietic cells in culture (Hitchcock andamp; Kaushansky). The TPO receptor, c-Mpl, is expressed at all stages of megakaryopoiesis, from hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells to mature platelets.

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Fibroblast growth factor 5 (FGF-5) is a secreted, heparin-binding member of the FGF subfamily. FGFs possess broad mitogenic and cell survival activities and are expressed during embryonic development. FGF-5 is expressed in the mesenchyme, skeletal muscles, central nervous systems, and hair follicles. FGF-5 promotes cell differentiation and proliferation by binding FGF receptor 1 and FGF receptor 2 (FGFR1 and FGFR2, respectively). FGF-5 plays an important regulatory role in skeletal muscle development. FGF-5 has also been identified in neurons of the limbic system, especially those of the olfactory bulb and pyramidal cells of the hippocampus (Haub and Goldfarb).