652 Results for: "Shenandoah Biotechnology"

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Interleukin 3 (IL-3) is a cytokine that is produced by activated T cells and mast cells. IL-3 induces the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into myeloid precursor cells, such as erythrocyte, megakaryocyte, granulocyte, monocyte, and dendritic cells. IL-3 also functions in the nervous system and is important during the B-1 cell regulation of chronic inflammatory diseases.

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Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a hematopoietic cytokine produced in several tissues including the heart, liver, and prostate. TSLP induces the release of T-cell attracting chemokines from monocytes, and regulates the maturation of myeloid and epidermal dendritic cells. TSLP signals through a heterodimeric receptor complex containing the TSLP receptor (TSLP-R/CRLF2) and IL-7R alpha chain.

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Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is an immunomodulatory cytokine that is produced by lymphocytes.  IL-2 signals through the IL-2R receptor to induce activated T cell proliferation and promote T cell differentiation. IL-2 also stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of B cells, natural killer cells, monocytes, and macrophages.

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Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) is produced by a wide variety of cell types, including tumor and vascular cells. VEGF-A is a mediator of vascular growth, vascular permeability, and plays a role in stimulating vasodilation via nitric oxide-dependent pathways. VEGF-A has several alternatively spliced isoforms, with one being VEGF-121. The VEGF-121 isoform is a secreted protein that acts on receptors VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 to modulate endothelial cell function.

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Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta (MIP-1 β), also known as CCL4, is produced by macrophages and functions as a mitogen-inducible cytokine. MIP-1 β signals through the chemokine receptor CCR5 to chemoattract immune cells. MIP-1 β induces inflammatory responses, including neutrophil superoxide production. The MIP-1 β and MIP-1 α heterodimer exhibits antiviral activity against the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1). 

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Oncostatin M is a cytokine that is produced by macrophages, dendritic cells, and T lymphocytes during inflammatory events. The Type-I and Type-II Oncostatin M receptors are located on the cell surface of endothelial and tumor cells, contain the glycoprotein 130 (gp130) subunit, and activate the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Oncostatin M functions to inhibit tumor cell proliferation, induce liver stem cell maturation, regulate cytokine production during hematopoiesis and inflammation, stimulate bone formation, and promote nervous system development.

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Interleukin 17F (IL-17F), a member of the IL-17 cytokine family, is secreted by activated CD4+ T cells and monocytes. IL-17F binds the IL-17 receptor related molecule, IL17RC, to promote the production of the interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) cytokines. IL-17F also functions to regulate matrix turnover rates, inhibit endothelial cell angiogenesis, and induce the endothelial cell expression of interleukin 2 (IL-2), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-b1).

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Interleukin 7 (IL-7) is a hematopoietic cytokine that is an important regulator of B and T cell development. IL-7 is secreted by bone marrow and thymic stromal cells, dendritic cells, intestinal epithelial cells, hepatocytes, and keratinocytes. IL-7 signals through the interleukin 7 receptor (IL-7R) to promote the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells. IL-7 is also a regulator of intestinal mucosal lymphocyte proliferation. Human and mouse IL-7 show species cross-reactivity.

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Omentin is an adipokine that is produced and secreted by the small intestine, visceral adipose tissue, perivascular adipose tissue, and epicardial adipose tissue. Omentin enhances insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes and is a link between obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Omentin also functions as a vasodilator and plays a protective role during coronary atherosclerosis and hypertension.

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Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is an immunomodulatory cytokine that is produced by lymphocytes. IL-2 signals through the IL-2R receptor to induce activated T cell proliferation and promote T cell differentiation. IL-2 also stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of B cells, natural killer cells, monocytes, and macrophages.

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Interleukin 16 (IL-16) is produced by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and functions as a chemoattractant for lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, dendritic cells, and Langerhans cells. Additionally, IL-16 upregulates the expression of the interleukin 2 receptor (CD25), modulates T lymphocyte growth, and suppresses the replication of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV).

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Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family and functions as a potent inducer of bone and cartilage development. BMP proteins are synthesized as large precursor molecules which are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes. Active BMP-2 consists of forming a homodimer or a heterodimer with a related BMP, such as BMP-7. BMP-2 signals through type I and type II receptor tyrosine kinases in conjuction with SMAD proteins to directly promote osteoblast differentiation. BMP-2 is also important during cardiac development and supports epicardial cell migration.

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Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1 α), also known as CCL3, is a cytokine produced by macrophages. MIP-1 α binds the chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR4, and CCR5 to induce inflammatory responses, including the recruitment of granulocytes and neutrophil superoxide production. The MIP-1 α and MIP-1 β heterodimer exhibits antiviral activity against the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1).

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Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a neurotrophic factor that signals through a multicomponent receptor system to activate receptor tyrosine kinase RET signaling. GDNF promotes dopamine uptake, prevents motor neuron apoptosis, and supports the survival and differentiation of neurons.

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Macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) is a hematopoietic growth factor that is widely produced by a variety of cells. M-CSF stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into monocyte and macrophage cell types.

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Growth regulated protein beta (GRO-β), also known as CXCL2, is a chemokine that is secreted by macrophages, neutrophils, and monocytes at sites of inflammation. GRO-β functions as a chemoattractant for leukocytes and hematopoietic stem cells. GRO-β activity is mediated through binding the G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor CXCR2.

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Interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10), or CXCL10, is a chemokine secreted by monocytes, endothelial cells and fibroblasts in response to interferon gamma (IFN-ɣ). IP-10 functions as a chemoattractant for activated T cells, monocytes, dendritic, and natural killer (NK) cells that express the G protein-coupled receptor CXCR3. IP-10 is an important factor in autoimmune diseases such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, and Type 1 diabetes mellitus.

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Sonic hedgehog (SHH) is a member of a small group of hedgehog secreted proteins that are essential for development in both vertebrates and invertebrates. There are three mammalian hedgehog homologues, sonic, desert, and indian, that signal via the Patched-1 and Patched-2 receptors. SHH is a morphogen that is essential during vertebrate organogenesis and adult stem cell division.

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Epstein-Barr virus induced gene 3 (EBI3) is a secreted glycoprotein belonging to the hematopoietin receptor family related to the p40 subunit of interleukin 12 (IL-12). EBI3 expression is induced in B-lymphocytes in response to epstein-barr virus infection.  EBI3 forms heterodimers with p28 to form interleukin 27 (IL-27), and with p35 to form interleukin 35 (IL-35).  Both IL-27 and IL-35 have anti-inflammatory and regulatory activity.

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IL-15 is a widely expressed proinflammatory cytokine that is structurally and functionally related to IL-2.

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PDGF-BB (Platelet-derived growth factor) comprises a family of homo or heterodimeric growth factors, including PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, PDGF-CC, and PDGF-DD. Binds to two different transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptors (PDGFR-alpha and PDFGR-beta). Released from degranulating platelets and plays a role in each stage of wound healing. Stimulates mitogenicity and chemotaxis of neutrophils, macrophages, fibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells to the wound site.

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IL-2C126S, an immune-regulating cytokine originating from lymphocytes, operates via the IL-2R receptor to trigger the expansion of activated T cells and encourage T cell maturation. IL-2 mediates its action by binding to IL-2 receptors (IL-2R), consisting of either trimeric receptors made of IL-2Rα (CD25), IL-2Rβ (CD122), and IL-2Rγ (γc, CD132) chains or dimeric βγ IL-2Rs.

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Cytokines for human neuronal cell culture. Neural Stem Cells (NSC) are self-renewing cells, of the neural lineage, capable of generating neurons (GABA, dopamine and motor neurons), astrocytes and oligodenrocytes. NSCs are marked by expression of Nestin and can be derived from fetal neural stem cells, adult neural stem cells, embryonic stem cells and adult somatic cells. NSCs are typically expanded and maintained in 2D monolayers or 3D neurosphere cultures containing recombinant EGF and FGF-basic (also called FGF-2 or FGFb). To differentiate NSCs to more specific cell types, the EGF and FGF-basic containing media is often replaced with media containing various cocktails of BDNF, SHH, FGF-8, CNTF, LIF, BMP-4, NT-3, NT-4, PDGFs and other cytokines. Recombinant human EGF and FGF-basic show cross-species reactivity so they are sometimes used in mouse and/or rat cultures.

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Cytokines for polarizing human T cells into Th9 cells. Th9 cells are a unique subset of T helper cells that produce IL-9. An important function of IL-9 producing T cells is fighting inflammation and helminth infections. Th9 cells can be generated from naive CD4+ T cells in culture by culturing them in the presence of IL-4 and TGF-β 1. It also appears that IFNγ and IL-27 can inhibit the generation of Th9 cells.

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Cytokines for polarising human T cells into Th17 cells. T helper 17 cells (Th17) are a distinct type of T cell subset that are thought to be important in immunity against microbes at the epitilial and mucosal interfaces of the body. Disruption of the regular function or balance of Th17 cells is thought to be involved in several autoimmune diseases and/or opportunistic infections. Th17 cells are characterised by their ability to produce IL-17, IL-22 and IL-21. Th17 cells can be cultured from naive CD4+ T cells by culturing them in the presence of anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 stimulation with recombinant IL-6 and recombinant TGF-β 1.

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IL-21 is a common chain cytokine regulating many cell types of the immune system. The IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) activates the JAK/STAT signaling pathway and is expressed on T, B, and natural killer (NK) cells. Plays an important role in the development of humoral immunity through its effects on B cell biology including differentiation, affinity maturation, and memory responses.

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Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) is produced by a wide variety of cell types, including tumor and vascular cells. VEGF-A is a mediator of vascular growth, vascular permeability, and plays a role in stimulating vasodilation via nitric oxide-dependent pathways. VEGF-A has several alternatively spliced isoforms, with VEGF-165 being the most abundant. The VEGF-165 isoform is a secreted protein that acts on receptors VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 to modulate endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis.

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Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is an important regulator of cell growth, proliferation, and angiogenesis. PDGF synthesis is induced by IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β, and EGF signaling. PDGF functions as a mitogenic growth hormone on cells of mesenchymal lineage, such as smooth muscle and glial cells. PDGF is also stored in the alpha-granules of platelets and is released upon adherence to traumatised tissues. PDGF is a dimeric glycoprotein formed by two A chains (AA), two B chains (BB), or as a heterodimer with an A and a B chain (AB). The PDGF dimer binds the cell surface receptor tyrosine kinases PDGFR-α and PDGFR-β.

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IL-2C126S is an immunomodulatory cytokine that is produced by lymphocytes. IL-2C126S signals through the IL-2R receptor to induce activated T cell proliferation and promote T cell differentiation.

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Interleukin 17A (IL-17A), also known as CTLA-8, is a member of the IL-17 family of proteins. IL-17A is a proinflammatory cytokine that is secreted by activated CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. IL-17A acts through its receptor, IL-17R, to promote increased cytokine and chemokine secretion. In turn, the cytokines and chemokines mediate the immunoregulatory function of IL-17A by promoting the proliferation, maturation, and chemoattraction of neutrophils to inflammatory sites.  Elevated levels of IL-17A are associated with rheumatoid arthritis, airway inflammation, allograft rejection, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, cancer, and multiple sclerosis.  Human, mouse, and rat IL-17A show activity on mouse cells.