1205 Ergebnisse für: "Staining Solutions"

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

Thyroglobulin is a 660 kDa dimeric pre-protein with mutiple glycosylation sites. It is produced by and processed within the thyroid gland to produce the hormone thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Prior to forming dimers, thyroglobulin monomers undergo conformational maturation in the endoplasmic reticulation. The vast majority of follicular carcinomas of the thyroid will give positive immunoreactivity for anti-thyroglobulin even though sometimes only focally. Poorly differentiated carcinomas of the thyroid are frequently anti-thyroglobulin negative. Adenocarcinomas of other-than-thyroid origin do not react with this antibody. This antibody is useful in identification of thyroid carcinoma of the papillary and follicular types. Presence of thyroglobulin in metastatic lesions establishes the thyroid origin of tumor. Anti-thyroglobulin, combined with anti-calcitonin, can identify medullary carcinomas of the thyroid. Furthermore, anti-thyroglobulin, combined with anti-TTF1, can be a reliable marker to differentiate between primary thyroid and lung neoplasms.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

This antibody recognises a 60 kDa protein, identified as the heat shock protein 60. The antibody's epitope is localized between amino acids 383-447 of human HSP60. A wide variety of environmental and pathophysiological stressful conditions trigger the synthesis of a family of proteins known as heat shock proteins (hsp’s), more appropriately called as stress response proteins (srp’s). HSP60 is a potential antigen in a number of autoimmune diseases. In human arthritis and in experimentally induced arthritis in animals, disease development coincides with the development of immune reactivity directed against not only bacterial HSP60, but also against its mammalian homolog. Clone LK1 antibody, unlike LK2 antibody, recognises only the mammalian (not bacterial) HSP60 and is useful in distinguishing HSP60 from mammals and bacteria.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

At least five CD1 genes (CD1a, b, c, d, and e) are identified. CD1 proteins have been demonstrated to restrict T cell response to non-peptide lipid and glycolipid antigens and play a role in non-classical antigen presentation. CD1a is a non-polymorphic MHC Class 1 related cell surface glycoprotein, expressed in association with Beta-2 microglobulin. CD1a antibody labels Langerhans cell histiocytosis (Histiocytosis X), extranodal histiocytic sarcoma, a subset of T-lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia, and interdigitating dendritic cell sarcoma of the lymph node. When combined with antibody against TTF-1 and CD5, CD1a antibody is useful in distinguishing between pulmonary and thymic neoplasms since CD1a is consistently expressed in thymic lymphocytes in both typical and atypical thymomas, but only focally in 1/6 of thymic carcinomas and not in lymphocytes in pulmonary neoplasms. antibody to CD1a is reported to be a new marker for perivascular epithelial cell tumor (PEComa).

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

Tyrosine-protein kinase ZAP70 is a tyrosine kinase that plays an essential role in regulation of the adaptive immune response. Regulates motility, adhesion and cytokine expression of mature T-cells, as well as thymocyte development. Contributes also to the development and activation of primary B-lymphocytes. When antigen presenting cells (APC) activate T-cell receptor (TCR), a serie of phosphorylations lead to the recruitment of ZAP70 to the doubly phosphorylated TCR component CD247/CD3Z through ITAM motif at the plasma membrane. This recruitment serves to localization to the stimulated TCR and to relieve its autoinhibited conformation. Release of ZAP70 active conformation is further stabilized by phosphorylation mediated by LCK. Subsequently, it phosphorylates at least 2 essential adapter proteins: LAT and LCP2. In turn, a large number of signaling molecules are recruited and ultimately lead to lymphokine production, T-cell proliferation and differentiation. Furthermore, ZAP70 controls cytoskeleton modifications, adhesion and mobility of T-lymphocytes, thus ensuring correct delivery of effectors to the APC. [UniProt].

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Recognises a sialoglycoprotein of 27 to 32 kDa, identified as CD99, or MIC2 gene product, or E2 antigen. MIC2 gene is located in the pseudo-autosomal region of the human X and Y chromosome. MIC2 gene encodes two distinct proteins, which are produced by alternative splicing of the CD99 gene transcript and are identified as bands of 30 and 32 kDa (p30/32). Although its function is not fully understood, CD99 is implicated in various cellular processes including homotypic aggregation of T cells, upregulation of T cell receptor and MHS molecules, apoptosis of immature thymocytes and leukocyte diapedesis. CD99 is expressed on the cell membrane of some lymphocytes, cortical thymocytes, and granulosa cells of the ovary. Most pancreatic islet cells, Sertoli cells of the testis, and some endothelial cells express this antigen. Mature granulocytes express very little or no CD99. MIC2 is strongly expressed on Ewing s sarcoma cells and primitive peripheral neuroectodermal tumors.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

The Cell-division cycle protein 20 is an essential regulator of cell division that is encoded by the CDC20 gene in humans. To the best of current knowledge its most important function is to activate the anaphase promoting complex (APC/C), a large 11-13 subunit complex that initiates chromatid separation and entrance into anaphase. The APC/C-Cdc20 protein complex has two main downstream targets. Firstly, it targets securin for destruction, enabling the eventual destruction of cohesin and thus sister chromatid separation. It also targets S and M-phase (S/M) cyclins for destruction, which inactivates S/M cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) and allows the cell to exit from mitosis. A closely related protein, Cdc20homologue-1 (Cdh1) plays a complementary role in the cell cycle.

Cdc20 appears to act as a regulatory protein interacting with many other proteins at multiple points in the cell cycle. It is required for two microtubule-dependent processes: nuclear movement prior to anaphase, and chromosome separation. [Wiki].

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Mucin-1 is a large cell surface mucin glycoprotein expressed by most glandular and ductal epithelial cells and some hematopoietic cell lineages. It is expressed on most secretory epithelium, including mammary gland and some hematopoietic cells. It is expressed abundantly in lactating mammary glands and over expressed in >90% breast carcinomas and metastases. The transgenic protein has been shown to associate with all four c-erbB receptors and localize with c-erbB1 (EGFR) in lactating glands. The gene contains seven exons and produces several different alternatively spliced variants. The major expressed form of the protein uses all seven exons and is a type 1 transmembrane protein with a large extracellular tandem repeat domain. The tandem repeat domain is highly O glycosylated and alterations in glycosylation have been shown in epithelial cancer cells. Mucin-1 antibody is useful as a pan-epithelial marker for detecting early metastatic loci of carcinoma in bone marrow or liver.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

This antibody recognises a protein of 205 kDa-220 kDa, identified as CD45RA, an isoform of the human leukocyte common antigen (CD45). Human CD45 contains three exons which encode peptide segments designated A, B and C. The differential splicing of the exons generates at least five isoforms, ABC, AB, BC, B and O. This antibody reacts with ABC and BC isoforms. CD45RA is expressed on 40-50% of peripheral CD4+ Tcells, 50% of peripheral CD8+ T-cells, B-cells, and leukemic B-cell lines. T-cells expressing CD45RA are naive or virgin Tcells. T-cells expressing CD45RO are memory Tcells. CD45RA and CD45RO define complementary, predominantly non-overlapping populations of resting peripheral Tcells. This CD45RA antibody is useful in the study of the subpopulation of CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells. It is especially useful in differentiating T-cell lymphomas (CD45RO +ve) from B cell lymphomas (CD45RA +ve).

Supplier: Biosensis

Monoclonal antibody MC192 against the rat low affinity nerve growth factor receptor (p75NTR) is derived from the fusion of Sp2/0-Ag 14 myeloma cells with mouse immune splenocytes. MC192 monoclonal antibody was originally generated by Chandlers et al. p75NTR was originally discovered as a low affinity nerve growth factor receptor. Later it was found that it was the receptor for all neurotrophins. It mediates signals of neurotrophins for neuronal survival, apoptosis, neurite outgrowth and synaptic plasticity. Recently, it has been revealed that p75NTR is not only acts as the receptor for neurotrophins but also the receptor for many other pathological ligands such as prions, rabies virus and amyloid beta. p75NTR also acts as a co-receptor for NOGO which mediates inhibitory signals of myelin associated protein. p75NTR is highly expressed in a number of non-neuronal and neuronal cells including motor neurons during development and also in damaged neurons. MC192 recognizes the extracellular domain of the neurotrophin receptor p75NTR in rat. MC192 antibody may be used for immunocytochemical localisation of rat cells expressing p75NTR, ELISA and western blot. This antibody has also been used for the construction of the MC192-saporin immunotoxin for specific elimination of neuronal populations in basal forebrain cholinergic neurons to generate an animal model for Alzheimer's disease. Using Flow Cytometry, this antibody has frequently been employed for panning to isolate p75NTR-expressing rat cells. MC192 has a potential use as the ligand for gene delivery into p75NTR-expressing rat cells via a receptor-mediated mechanism. FUNCTION: Low affinity receptor which can bind to NGF, BDNF, NT-3, and NT-4. Can mediate cell survival as well as cell death of neural cells. SUBUNIT: Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Interacts with p75NTR-associated cell death executor. Interacts with NGFRAP1/BEX3. Interacts with TRAF2, TRAF4, TRAF6, PTPN13 and RANBP9. Interacts through TRAF6 with SQSTM1 which bridges NGFR to NTRK1 (By similarity). Interacts with BEX1. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Membrane; single-pass type I membrane protein. DOMAIN: Death domain is responsible for interaction with RANBP9. PTM: N- and O-glycosylated. PTM: Phosphorylated on serine residues. SIMILARITY: Contains 1 death domain. SIMILARITY: Contains 4 TNFR-Cys repeats.

Supplier: bimos

Neben speziellen Hygieneeigenschaften muss ein Laborstuhl stets an wechselnden Aufgabenorten zur Benutzung zur Verfügung stehen. Er sollte minimalen Raum einnehmen und dennoch maximale Ergonomie und Sitzkomfort bieten, damit präzises und konzentriertes Arbeiten über längere Zeit möglich ist. Form und Funktion von Labster sind perfekt auf die tägliche Praxis im Labor abgestimmt.

Supplier: Cytiva

Ettan™ IPGphor™ 3 is a fully integrated isoelectric focusing (IEF) system optimised to deliver high throughput, speed, reproducibility, and high protein-loading capacity. Ettan™ IPGphor™ 3 is optimised for easy handling of CyDye™ labelled proteins and other light-sensitive samples, and provides temperature control critical for reproducibility in 2-D DIGE experiments.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

Recognises a 67 kDa transmembrane protein, which is identified as CD5. The CD5 antigen is found on 95% of thymocytes and 72% of peripheral blood lymphocytes. In lymph nodes, the main reactivity is observed in T cell areas. Anti-CD5 is a pan T-cell marker that also reacts with a range of neoplastic B-cells, e.g. chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL), mantle cell lymphoma, and a subset (~10%) of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. CD5 aberrant expression is useful in making a diagnosis of mature T-cell neoplasms. Anti-CD5 detection is diagnostic in CLL/SLL within a panel of other B-cell markers, especially one that includes anti-CD23. Anti-CD5 is also very useful in differentiating among mature small lymphoid cell malignancies. In addition, anti-CD5 can be used in distinguishing thymic carcinoma (+) from thymoma (-). Anti-CD5 does not react with granulocytes or monocytes.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

This antibody reacts with a protein of 22 kDa, identified as beta subunit of HCG. It does not cross react with the alpha subunit. HCG is a glycoprotein which is secreted in large quantities by normal trophoblasts. It is present only in trace amounts in non-pregnant urine and sera but rises sharply during pregnancy. HCG is composed of two non-identical, non-covalently linked polypeptide chains designated as the alpha and beta subunits. The alpha subunit is identical to that of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH). HCG-beta antibody detects cells and tumors of trophoblastic origin such as choriocarcinoma. Large cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the lung demonstrate antibody positivity in 90% and 60% of cases respectively; 20% of lung squamous cell carcinomas are positive. HCG expression by non-trophoblastic tumors may indicate aggressive behavior.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

This antibody reacts with a protein of 22 kDa, identified as beta subunit of HCG. It does not cross react with the alpha subunit. HCG is a glycoprotein which is secreted in large quantities by normal trophoblasts. It is present only in trace amounts in non-pregnant urine and sera but rises sharply during pregnancy. HCG is composed of two non-identical, non-covalently linked polypeptide chains designated as the alpha and beta subunits. The alpha subunit is identical to that of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH). HCG-beta antibody detects cells and tumors of trophoblastic origin such as choriocarcinoma. Large cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the lung demonstrate antibody positivity in 90% and 60% of cases respectively; 20% of lung squamous cell carcinomas are positive. HCG expression by non-trophoblastic tumors may indicate aggressive behavior.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

Recognises a protein of 55 kDa, which is identified as fascin-1. Its actin binding ability is regulated by phosphorylation. Antibody to fascin-1 is a very sensitive marker for Reed-Sternberg cells and variants in nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity, and lymphocyte depletion Hodgkin's disease. It is uniformly negative in lymphoid cells, plasma cells, and myeloid cells. Fascin-1 is also expressed in dendritic cells. This marker may be helpful to distinguish between Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma in difficult cases. Also, the lack of expression of fascin-1 in the neoplastic follicles in follicular lymphoma may be helpful in distinguishing these lymphomas from reactive follicular hyperplasia in which the number of follicular dendritic cells is normal or increased. Antibody to fascin-1 has been suggested as a prognostic marker in neuroendocrine neoplasms of the lung as well as in ovarian cancer. Fascin-1 expression may be induced by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection of B cells with the possibility that viral induction of fascin in lymphoid or other cell types must also be considered in EBV-positive cases.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

Cyclin B1 (CCNB1) is a regulatory protein involved in mitosis. The gene product complexes with p34 (Cdk1) to form the maturation-promoting factor (MPF). Cyclin B1 contributes to the switch-like all or none behavior of the cell in deciding to commit to mitosis. Its activation is well-regulated, and positive feedback loops ensure that once the CCNB1-Cdk1 complex is activated, it is not deactivated. CCNB1-Cdk1 is involved in the early events of mitosis, such as chromosome condensation, nuclear envelope breakdown, and spindle pole assembly. Once activated, CCNB1-Cdk1 promotes several of the events of early mitosis. The active complex phosphorylates and activates 13S condensin, which helps to condense chromosomes. Another important function of the complex is to break down the nuclear envelope. The nuclear envelope is a membranous structure containing large protein complexes supported by a network of nuclear lamins. Phosphorylation of the lamins by CCBN1-Cdk1 causes them to dissociate, compromising the structural integrity of the nuclear envelope so that it breaks down. The destruction of the nuclear envelope is important because it allows the mitotic spindle to access the chromosomes. [Wiki].

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

This mAb reacts with MUC1/Mucin-1/Epithelial Marker Antigen/EMA. MUC1 is a large cell surface mucin glycoprotein expressed by most glandular and ductal epithelial cells and some hematopoietic cell lineages. It is expressed on most secretory epithelium, including mammary gland and some hematopoietic cells. It is expressed abundantly in lactating mammary glands and over expressed abundantly in >90% breast carcinomas and metastases. Transgenic MUC1 has been shown to associate with all four c-erbB receptors and localize with c-erbB1 (EGFR) in lactating glands. The MUC1 gene contains seven exons and produces several different alternatively spliced variants. The major expressed form of MUC1 uses all seven exons and is a type 1 transmembrane protein with a large extracellular tandem repeat domain. The tandem repeat domain is highly O glycosylated and alterations in glycosylation have been shown in epithelial cancer cells. Antibody to EMA is useful as a pan-epithelial marker for detecting early metastatic loci of carcinoma in bone marrow or liver.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

This antibody recognises a 67 kDa transmembrane protein, which is identified as CD5. The CD5 antigen is found on 95% of thymocytes and 72% of peripheral blood lymphocytes. In lymph nodes, the main reactivity is observed in T cell areas. antibody to CD5 is a pan T-cell marker that also reacts with a range of neoplastic B-cells, e.g. chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL), mantle cell lymphoma, and a subset (~10%) of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. CD5 aberrant expression is useful in making a diagnosis of mature T-cell neoplasms. CD5 antibody detection is diagnostic in CLL/SLL within a panel of other B-cell markers, especially one that includes anti-CD23. CD5 antibody is also very useful in differentiating among mature small lymphoid cell malignancies. In addition, antibody to CD5 can be used in distinguishing thymic carcinoma (+) from thymoma (-). CD5 antibody does not react with granulocytes or monocytes.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

Thyroglobulin is a 660 kDa dimeric pre-protein with mutiple glycosylation sites, detected at ~300 kDa in western blot. It is produced by and processed within the thyroid gland to produce the hormone thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Prior to forming dimers, thyroglobulin monomers undergo conformational maturation in the endoplasmic reticulation. The vast majority of follicular carcinomas of the thyroid will give positive immunoreactivity for thyroglobulin antibody even though sometimes only focally. Poorly differentiated carcinomas of the thyroid are frequently thyroglobulin antibody negative. Adenocarcinomas of other-than-thyroid origin do not react with this antibody. This antibody is useful in identification of thyroid carcinoma of the papillary and follicular types. Presence of thyroglobulin in metastatic lesions establishes the thyroid origin of tumor. Thyroglobulin antibody, combined with calcitonin antibody, can identify medullary carcinomas of the thyroid. Furthermore, thyroglobulin antibody, combined with TTF1 antibody, can be a reliable marker to differentiate between primary thyroid and lung neoplasms.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

This mAb reacts with a 58 kDa protein identified as vimentin. It shows no cross-reaction with other closely related intermediate filament proteins (IFPs) such as desmin, keratin, neurofilament, and glial fibrillary acid protein. Anti-vimentin alone is of limited value as a diagnostic tool; however, when used in panels with other antibodies, it is useful for the sub-classification of a given tumor. Expression of vimentin, when used in conjunction with anti-keratin, is helpful when distinguishing melanomas from undifferentiated carcinomas and large cell lymphomas. All melanomas and Schwannomas react strongly with anti-vimentin. It labels a variety of mesenchymal cells, including melanocytes, lymphocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. Non-reactivity of anti-vimentin is often considered more useful than its positive reactivity, since there are a few tumors that do not contain vimentin, e.g. hepatoma and seminoma. Anti-vimentin is also useful as a tissue process control reagent.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

This antibody reacts with both SUMO2 and SUMO3. The small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) proteins, which include SUMO1, 2 and 3, belong to the ubiquitin-like protein family. Like ubiquitin, the SUMO proteins are synthesised as precursors that undergo processing before conjugation to target proteins. Also, both utilize the E1, E2 and E3 cascade enzymes for conjugation. However, SUMO and ubiquitin differ with respect to targeting. Ubiquitination predominantly targets proteins for degradation, whereas sumoylation targets for a variety of cellular processing, including nuclear transport, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis and protein stability. The unconjugated SUMO1/2/3 proteins localize to the nuclear membrane, nuclear bodies and cytoplasm, respectively. SUMO1 utilizes Ubc9 for conjugation to several targets, which include MDM2, p53, Pml and RanGap1. SUMO2/3 contribute to a greater percentage of protein modification than does SUMO1 and they can form polymeric chains. In addition, SUMO3 regulates beta-Amyloid generation and may be critical in the onset or progression of Alzheimer’s disease.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

Mucin-1 is a large cell surface mucin glycoprotein expressed by most glandular and ductal epithelial cells and some hematopoietic cell lineages. It is expressed on most secretory epithelium, including mammary gland and some hematopoietic cells. It is expressed abundantly in lactating mammary glands and over expressed in >90% breast carcinomas and metastases. The transgenic protein has been shown to associate with all four c-erbB receptors and localize with c-erbB1 (EGFR) in lactating glands. The gene contains seven exons and produces several different alternatively spliced variants. The major expressed form of the protein uses all seven exons and is a type 1 transmembrane protein with a large extracellular tandem repeat domain. The tandem repeat domain is highly O glycosylated and alterations in glycosylation have been shown in epithelial cancer cells. Mucin-1 antibody is useful as a pan-epithelial marker for detecting early metastatic loci of carcinoma in bone marrow or liver. The specific epitope of this Mucin-1 antibody has not yet been determined.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

This mAb recognises granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in the cytoplasm of mature granulocytes. It shows no reactivity with any other cell types. Markers of myeloid cells are useful in the identification of different levels of cellular differentiation. It reacts with early precursor and mature forms of myeloid cells. It is useful for the detection of myeloid leukemias and granulocytic sarcomas. It can be used as a marker of granulocytes in normal tissues or inflammatory processes.G-CSF is a pleiotropic cytokine that influences differentiation, proliferation and activation of the neutrophilic granulocyte lineage. The human G-CSF cDNA encodes a 207 amino acid precursor containing a 29 amino acid signal peptide that is proteolytically cleaved to form a 178 amino acid residue mature protein. Two G-CSFs, which are identical except for a three amino acid deletion in the amino-terminus of one form of the protein have been isolated from human cells. Murine and human G-CSF s share 73% sequence identity at the amino acid level.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

This mAb recognises granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in the cytoplasm of mature granulocytes. It shows no reactivity with any other cell types. Markers of myeloid cells are useful in the identification of different levels of cellular differentiation. It reacts with early precursor and mature forms of myeloid cells. It is useful for the detection of myeloid leukemias and granulocytic sarcomas. It can be used as a marker of granulocytes in normal tissues or inflammatory processes.G-CSF is a pleiotropic cytokine that influences differentiation, proliferation and activation of the neutrophilic granulocyte lineage. The human G-CSF cDNA encodes a 207 amino acid precursor containing a 29 amino acid signal peptide that is proteolytically cleaved to form a 178 amino acid residue mature protein. Two G-CSF's, which are identical except for a three amino acid deletion in the amino-terminus of one form of the protein have been isolated from human cells. Murine and human G-CSF's share 73% sequence identity at the amino acid level.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

This antibody recognises a protein of 33-37 kDa, identified as CD20 (Workshop V; Code CD20.12). The antibody recognises the extracellular domain of the protein. The epitope is similar to or identical to that recognized by other CD20 antibodies including Leu-16 and B1. This antibody can be used for immunophenotyping of leukemia and malignant cells, B lymphocyte detection in peripheral blood, Bcell localization in tissues and B lymphocyte purification by immunosorbent methods. CD20 is a non-Ig differentiation antigen of Bcells and its expression is restricted to normal and neoplastic Bcells, being absent from all other leukocytes and tissues. It is expressed by pre Bcells and persists during all stages of Bcell maturation but is lost upon terminal differentiation into plasma cells. Protein passes through the membrane 4 times with both ends in cytoplasm and exposes one short and one longer loop to the external environment. CD20 is not glycosylated in resting Bcells and its cytoplasmic domains are differentially phosphorylated upon activation. It acts as a calcium channel involved in Bcell activation and cell cycle progression.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

This antibody is specific to Complement 4d (C4d) and it reacts with the secreted as well as cell-bound protein. C4d is a degradation product of the activated complement factor C4b. Complement 4b is typically activated by binding of antibodies to specific target molecules. Following activation and degradation of the C4 molecule, thio-ester groups are exposed, which allow transient, covalent binding of the degradation product C4d to endothelial cell surfaces and extracellular matrix components of vascular basement membranes near the sites of C4 activation. The presence of C4d in peritubular capillaries is a key indicator for acute humoral (i.e. antibody-mediated) rejection of kidney, heart, pancreas and lung allografts. As an established marker of antibody-mediated acute renal allograft rejection and its proclivity for endothelium, this component can be detected in peritubular capillaries in chronic renal allograft rejection as well as hyperacute rejection, acute vascular rejection, acute cellular rejection, and borderline rejection. C4d has been shown to be a significant predictor of transplant kidney graft survival. C4d antibody, combined with antibody to C3d, can be utilized as a tool for diagnosis of allograft rejection that may warrant a prompt and aggressive anti-rejection treatment.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

Cytokeratin 8 is the product of the KRT8 gene and one of the most abundant keratins. The KRT8 gene is a member of the type II keratin family clustered on the long arm of chromosome 12. Cytokeratin 8 participates in cellular differentiation and signal transduction, protects against apoptosis, stress and injury, and helps maintain cellular structural integrity. It is primarily found in the non-squamous epithelia and is present in majority of adenocarcinomas and ductal carcinomas. It is absent in squamous cell carcinomas. Specific combinations of cytokeratins are associated with certain epithelial cells, and therefore useful in the characterization of poorly differentiated carcinoma. Hepatocellular carcinomas are defined by the use of antibody that recognises only cytokeratin 8 and 18. Keratin 8 exists on several types of normal and neoplastic epithelia, including many ductal and glandular epithelia such as colon, stomach, small intestine, trachea, and esophagus as well as in transitional epithelium. Antibody to Cytokeratin 8 does not react with skeletal muscle or nerve cells. Epithelioid sarcoma, chordoma, and adamantinoma show strong positivity corresponding to that of simple epithelia (with antibodies against Keratin 8, 18 and 19). Reportedly, Cytokeratin 8 antibody is useful for the differentiation of lobular (ring-like, perinuclear) from ductal (peripheral-predominant) carcinoma of the breast.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

This mAb reacts with both SUMO-2 and SUMO-3. The small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) proteins, which include SUMO-1, 2 and 3, belong to the ubiquitin-like protein family. Like ubiquitin, the SUMO proteins are synthesised as precursor proteins that undergo processing before conjugation to target proteins. Also, both utilize the E1, E2 and E3 cascade enzymes for conjugation. However, SUMO and ubiquitin differ with respect to targeting. Ubiquitination predominantly targets proteins for degradation, whereas sumoylation targets proteins to a variety of cellular processing, including nuclear transport, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis and protein stability. The unconjugated SUMO-1, 2 and 3 proteins localize to the nuclear membrane, nuclear bodies and cytoplasm, respectively. SUMO-1 utilizes Ubc9 for conjugation to several target proteins, which include MDM2, p53, Pml and RanGap1. SUMO-2 and 3 contribute to a greater percentage of protein modification than does SUMO-1 and unlike SUMO-1, they can form polymeric chains. In addition, SUMO-3 regulates beta-Amyloid generation and may be critical in the onset or progression of Alzheimer s disease.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

Recognises an epitope on the extracellular domain of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor or luteinizing hormone receptor (LHCGR). Lutropin (also designated luteinizing hormone) plays a role in spermatogenesis and ovulation by stimulating the testes and ovaries to produce steroids. Gonadotropin (also designated choriogonadotropin) production in the placenta maintains estrogen and progesterone levels during the first trimester of pregnancy. Ovaries and testes abundantly express luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor. GnRH receptor contains seven hydrophobic transmembrane domains connected by hydrophilic extracellular and intracellular loops characteristic of G-protein coupled receptors. GnRH stimulates the gonadotrophs of the anterior pituitary to secrete luteinizing hormone (LH) as well as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). GnRH influences the protective effect of pregnancy and Gonadotropin against breast cancer. The expression of GnRH on breast carcinoma correlates in part to the degree of tumor differentiation. GnRH-positive breast tumors occur more frequently in tumors with greater cell differentiation in premenopausal women. GnRH is present in luteal and granulosa cells as well as in ovarian cell membrane preparations.

Supplier: ProSci Inc.

This mAb is specific to Complement 4d (C4d) and it reacts with the secreted as well as cell-bound C4d. C4d is a degradation product of the activated complement factor C4b. Complement 4b is typically activated by binding of Abs to specific target molecules. Following activation and degradation of the C4 molecule, thio-ester groups are exposed, which allow transient, covalent binding of the degradation product Complement 4d to endothelial cell surfaces and extracellular matrix components of vascular basement membranes near the sites of C4 activation. The presence of C4d in peritubular capillaries is a key indicator for acute humoral (i.e. antibody-mediated) rejection of kidney, heart, pancreas and lung allografts. As an established marker of antibody-mediated acute renal allograft rejection and its proclivity for endothelium, this component can be detected in peritubular capillaries in chronic renal allograft rejection as well as hyperacute rejection, acute vascular rejection, acute cellular rejection, and borderline rejection. It has been shown to be a significant predictor of transplant kidney graft survival. Anti-C4d, combined with anti-C3d, can be utilized as a tool for diagnosis of allograft rejection that may warrant a prompt and aggressive anti-rejection treatment.