"Shenandoah Biotechnology"

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Macrophage inflammatory protein-3 alpha (MIP-3 α), also called CCL20, is expressed in the liver, lungs, lymph nodes, and peripheral blood lymphocytes. MIP-3 α expression is strongly induced by inflammatory signals, and downregulated by the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10). MIP-3 α signals through the G protein-coupled receptor CCR6 to function as a chemoattractant to lymphocytes and dendritic cells.

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Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a cytokine that functions as a potent inducer of neutrophilic granulocyte proliferation, terminal differentiation, and activation. G-CSF synthesis occurs in monocyte, macrophage, epithelial, endothelial, and fibroblast cells after activation by bacterial endotoxins, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 (IL-1), or interleukin 17 (IL-17).

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Myostatin (GDF-8), a member of the TGF-beta superfamily, is a potent and negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass. The recombinant myostatin propeptide binds and inhibits myostatin to enhance the repair and regeneration of injured muscle and bone.

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Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) is an important fetal growth hormone made by theca cells during gestation. IGF-II engages the IGF-I receptor (IGF1R) to mediate embryonic growth. IGF-II also binds the sink IGF-II receptor (IGF2R) leading to IGF-II degradation.

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Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta (MIP-1 β), also known as CCL4, is  produced by macrophages and functions as a mitogen-inducible cytokine. MIP-1 β signals through the chemokine receptor CCR5 to chemoattract immune cells. MIP-1 β induces inflammatory responses, including neutrophil superoxide production. The MIP-1 β and MIP-1 α heterodimer exhibits antiviral activity against the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1).

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Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1 α), also known as CCL3, is a cytokine produced by macrophages. MIP-1 α binds the chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR4 and CCR5 to induce inflammatory responses, including the recruitment of granulocytes and neutrophil superoxide production. The MIP-1 α and MIP-1 β heterodimer exhibits antiviral activity against the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1).

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Cytokines for polarizing human T cells into Th9 cells. Th9 cells are a unique subset of T helper cells that produce IL-9. An important function of IL-9 producing T cells is fighting inflammation and helminth infections. Th9 cells can be generated from naive CD4+ T cells in culture by culturing them in the presence of IL-4 and TGF-β 1. It also appears that IFNγ and IL-27 can inhibit the generation of Th9 cells.

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Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is a neurotrophic factor that promotes the survival of neuronal cell populations, neurite outgrowth, and neurotransmitter synthesis.CNTF also plays an important protective role during nervous system injury.

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Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is an important regulator of cell growth, proliferation, and angiogenesis. PDGF synthesis is induced by IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β, and EGF signaling. PDGF functions as a mitogenic growth hormone on cells of mesenchymal lineage, such as smooth muscle and glial cells.

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Interleukin 5 (IL-5) is a hematopoietic growth factor that is expressed in type 2 T helper (Th2) cells, mast cells, and eosinophils. IL-5 acts through the IL-5 receptor (IL-5R), stimulates B cell growth, and mediates eosinophil activation. IL-5 expression is regulated by the GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3) transcription factor. Human and mouse IL-5 show cross-reactivity.

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Interleukin 4 (IL-4) is an immunomodulatory cytokine that functions to induce naïve helper T cells to differentiate into type 2 T helper (Th2) cells. Th2 cells subsequently produce more IL-4 in a positive feedback loop. IL-4 also promotes immunoglobulin IgG to IgE isotype switching on B cells. IL-4 binds the IL-4Rα receptor to activate STAT6 signaling.

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Leptin is a hormone that is produced by adipose tissue and plays critical roles in the physiologic regulation of body weight. Leptin acts through the leptin receptor (LEPR) to regulate adipose mass by inhibiting hunger and balancing energy usage. Leptin mutations cause severe hereditary obesity and hypogonadism in rodents and humans. Leptin also has thermogenic actions, regulates enzymes of fatty acid oxidation, and is involved in hematopoiesis, angiogenesis, wound healing, inflammation, and immune responses.

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Monocyte chemotactic protein 2 (MCP-2), also known as CCL8, is a cytokine that is important during allergic and inflammatory responses. MCP-2 activates mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils through the G protein-coupled chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR2B, and CCR5.

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Interferon-alpha 2b (IFN-α 2b) is a type I interferon made by leukocytes during viral infection. The JAK-STAT pathway mediates the antiviral and anti-cell proliferation activities of IFN-α 2b. IFN-α proteins are widely used as standard treatments during antiviral and antineoplastic therapies. The IFN-α 2b variant differs from IFN-α 2a by one amino acid.

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Interleukin 17F (IL-17F), a member of the IL-17 cytokine family, is secreted by activated CD4+ T cells and monocytes. IL-17F binds the IL-17 receptor related molecule, IL17RC, to promote the production of the interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) cytokines. IL-17F also functions to regulate matrix turnover rates, inhibit endothelial cell angiogenesis, and induce the endothelial cell expression of interleukin 2 (IL-2), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1).

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PDGF-BB (Platelet-derived growth factor) comprises a family of homo or heterodimeric growth factors, including PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, PDGF-CC, and PDGF-DD. Binds to two different transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptors (PDGFR-alpha and PDFGR-beta). Released from degranulating platelets and plays a role in each stage of wound healing. Stimulates mitogenicity and chemotaxis of neutrophils, macrophages, fibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells to the wound site.